Conveying Systems

Elevator
Moving Stairs and Walks
Pneumatic Tube Systems
Movement Pattern

Vertical – Elevator – Lifts

Inclined – Escalators – Movingstairs

Horizontal – Conveyors - Walkways

Vertical Transportation
A. Elevator

Prevalent throughout many multi-level structures

CONTROLING FOOT TRAFFIC

ALLOWING DISABLED PERSONS TO ACCESS UPPER LEVEL
FLOORS

FACILITATE THE MOVEMENT OF LARGE ITEMS
A. Elevator

1800s, the invention of elevator system make skyscraper a

dream comes true.
A. Elevator
overview

Types of Elevator:-

1. Hydraulic

2. Cable
Types Cost Speed Capacity Safety Reliability

Hydraulic

Cable
A. Elevator
hydraulic
 Hydraulic elevator
systems lift a car
using a hydraulic
ram, a fluid-driven
piston mounted
inside a cylinder.
You can see how
this system works
in the diagram
below.
A. Elevator
hydraulic

Disadvantages:-

Size of the equipment

Inefficiency
A. Elevator
hydraulic

The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping
system (typically, hydraulic systems like this use oil, but
other incompressible fluids would also work). The hydraulic
system has three parts:

A tank (the fluid reservoir)

A pump, powered by an electric motor

A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
 A. Elevator
cable

1. Control System

2. Electric Motor

3. Sheave / pulley

4. Counterweight

5. Guide rail
Machine Room
A. Elevator
cable

Advantages:-

Versatile

Efficient

Safer
 A. Elevator
safety

Each elevator rope is made from

several lengths of steel material
wound around one another

Roped elevator cars have built-in
braking systems

safeties, that grab onto the rail
when the car moves too fast
 A. Elevator
safety

Safeties

In this governor, the sheave is
outfitted with two
hooked flyweights (weighted metal
arms) that pivot on pins. The
flyweights are attached in such a
way that they can swing freely back
and forth on the governor. But most
of the time, they are kept in position
by a high-tension spring.
A. Elevator
safety
A. Elevator
safety

electromagnetic brakes

automatic braking systems near the top and the bottom

The bottom of the shaft has a heavy-duty shock absorber
system -- typically a piston mounted in an oil-filled cylinder.
A. Elevator
planning

Many modern elevators are controlled by a computer , the
computer needs to know at least three things.

Where people want to go

Where each floor is

Where the elevator car is
A. Elevator
planning

Passenger Elevators

1. Residential High Rise

2. Elevators in Normal Office Buildings

3. Elevators in Small Office Buildings

4. Elevators in Tall Office Buildings
A. Elevator
planning

Planning required:-

1. Determined Required Capacity

2. Calculate the number of elevators necessary

3. Demands on elevators to be clearly defined
A. Elevator
planning

Useable Floor Space

Basic Parameters

Hotel – number of hotel rooms

1.5 – 1.7 people/ double room

1 person/ single room

Office – The planned office space

8 – 10 sq.m net area/ person (one user)

10-12 sq.m net area/ person

Residential – number and soize of apartments

13 sq.m/ person

2.3 – 5 people/ apartment
A. Elevator
planning

Required Handling Capacity

The total probable mean occupancy for each floor is used to
determine the necessary capacity of each elevator group during
in-rush period with the 5 minute handling capacity as standard.

Office – 17 – 20% (one user)

- 11-15% (multi user)

High Prestige – 17-25%

Residential Apartment – 7 – 9%

Typical dimensions:

Width and Depth of Cab
and Door

Width, Depth and Height of
Machine Room

Width, Depth and Height of
Pit
A. Elevator

Each person estimated at
planning 70kg
 A. Elevator
planning

Average Waiting Time

Office Building – 20 – 25 sec

Other Buildings – 25 – 30 sec

Residential and Hotels – 40 -100 sec

Zoning

Helps to optimize round trip time

Decreases the interval

Decreases the passenger waiting time

Maximum 15 – 16 floors with a lift, or a group lift

Interleaved – lifts serving either the even floors or the
odd floors.

Disaster as described by Strakisch, 1988.
Skip-Stop

Stacked - whole building is divided into horizontal layers, with a
common footprint.

Generally being divided into Low Zone, Mid Zone, High Zone,
with the service direct from the main terminal floor.
A. Elevator
planning

Any Building > 20 storey needs more than one grouping
A. Elevator
planning
Indicator to reduce anxiety
A. Elevator
planning

Elevator cabs

24” – 36”: allowing only one person to pass at a time

42” – 60”: allowing simultaneous loading and unloading

For physical challenged accessible elevator : 1725mm (68”) with

side opening doors or 2030mm for center opening door and
depth of 1295 (51”)
Machine room-less

Machine room-less elevators are designed so that most of its
components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car;
and a small cabinet houses the elevator controller. Other
than the machinery being in the hoistway, the equipment is
similar to a normal traction elevator.

Benefits

creates more usable space

use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic elevators)

uses no oil

all components are above ground similar to roped hydraulic
type elevators (this takes away the environmental concern
that was created by the hydraulic cylinder on direct hydraulic
type elevators being stored underground)

slightly lower cost than other elevators

can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal
traction units

Detriments

Equipment can be harder to service and maintain.

No code has been approved for the installation of Residential
elevator Equipment.
Other Elevators

Freight Elevators

Stage Lifts
 B. Escalator
overview

At its most basic level, an escalator is just a

simple variation on the conveyer belt. A pair
of rotating chain loops pull a series of stairs
in a constant cycle, moving a lot of people a
short distance at a good speed.
B. Escalator
overview
B. Escalator
overview

Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feet per minute to 180
feet per minute (27 to 55 meters per minute). An escalator
moving 145 feet (44 m) per minute can carry more than
10,000 people an hour -- many more people than a standard
elevator.
 B. Escalator
overview

The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal
floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet
(18 m).
B. Escalator
planning

Escalator have 3 typical configuration options:-

Parallel
B. Escalator planning

Crisscross
 B.
Escalator
planning

Multiple Parallel
B. Escalator planning

A number of factors affect escalator design, including:-

physical requirements,

location,

traffic patterns,

safety considerations,

aesthetic preferences.

Inclination of 30 and 35 degrees are the common
international standard for escalators.
B. Escalator planning
C. Conveyor planning

Inclination of 10, 11 and 12 degrees are the common
international standard for passenger conveyors.

Horizontal passenger conveyor can basically be provided for

inclinations between 0 and 6 degrees.
C. Elevator and Conveyor

An intermediate support is necessary at installed
lengths exceeding 16m at a step width of 1000mm.

Escalators are available with step widths of 600,

800 and 1000mm

Pallets of 10 – 12 degree inclination: 800mm and
1000mm

Pallets of 0 – 6 degrees inclination: 800, 1000,
1200 and 1400mm.
D. Special lifts and elevators

Inclined platform lifts
Residential elevators

Motor-room less lift

http://www.easy-
living.com.au/media/Brochures/AquaGlide_Brochure.PDF

Check out the different sizes for various capacity elevator

(motor room, pit, cab size)

Check out how a Motor-room less lift works and their
limitations…
Pneumatic Tube System

systems in which cylindrical containers
are propelled through a network of tubes
by compressed air or by partial vacuum.

It is used to transport small but

urgent packages (such as mail or
money) over relatively short
distances (within a building, or, at most,
within a city).

Drive-Thru Pneumatic Tubes to
collect cash

The Central
Telegraph
Office of the
GPO in
London, Oct
1932
Flagship Swatch store in NYC
Berlin: 1865 - 1976

While the Berlin pneumatic
dispatch system was one of the
largest of the word, at more than
250 miles, and operated from 1865
to 1976, it was primarily intended to
transport letters and packages
THE END