Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Software – Programs
DATA – a collection of facts relating to events that take place. These facts could be in
the form of numbers, letters, special symbols or combination of these.
INFORMATION – data that has been organized and processed so that it is meaningful.
It is essential for effective performance of management functions of planning, organizing,
directing, and controlling for effective internal operations and external reporting.
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
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2.) Variables – Is a portion of the computer’s main memory used to store a numeric or
string constant. The value stored in the variable must be given a unique variable name
but it can only hold one value at a given time.
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
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Variable names must conform to the following requirements:
a.) Must contain only letters, numbers and/or an underscore.
b.) Must begin with a letter.
c.) Must Stop either with a letter or a number.
d.) Must be unique that is, not a name of another variable.
e.) Must not be a keyword like IF, WHILE and the like.
Note: Variable names are case sensitive, that is, upper and lower case letters are
differentiated. For example the variable TOTAL is not the same as total.
The following are example of incorrect variable name:
Arithmetic Expressions
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators
Examples:
1.) 10 + 4 * 8
= 10 + 32
= 42
2.) 50 % 6 – 5
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer
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=2–5
= -3
3.) 20 / 4 * 9
=5*9
= 45
String Expressions
Examples:
1.) “3” + “4” = “34”
2.) “Cris” + “tina” = ”Cristina”
Examples of incorrect usage of the + operator:
“3” + 4 100 + “Peso”
Examples:
Logical Expressions
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
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Hierarchy or Priority of Operators
X !X
FALSE TRUE
TRUE FALSE
X Y X && Y
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
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FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
TRUE TRUE TRUE
X Y X || Y
FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE
Examples:
15 >= 10 && 15 <= 20
T && T
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T
Statements – are keywords, which perform a predefined procedure. The following
statements are available:
1.) IF Statement
2.) WHILE Statement
3.) FOR Statement
Exercises:
1.) 11 % 2 + 3 * 7 –2
2.) 100 % 5 % 3 % 2
3.) – (45 / 9) * 6 + 4
4.) (5 + 7) % (10 * 2 – 5) / (15 – (8 – 6 % 4))
5.) (8 + 21 % (18 – 5 * 3)) % (17 – (6 + 13 % 5))
6.) (12 == 12 % 2 * 2) && !(( 5 > 3) && (8<3))
7.) (6 > 3) && (8 != 8) || !(10 <= 10)
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
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8.) 15 / 3 == 15 % 3
9.) 5 != 11 / 2
Exercises:
10.) Number of enrollees exceeded 5,000 students.
11.) HEIGHT is at least 170 cm.
12.) REVENUE is at most 80% of SALES.
13.) X is either 6, 8 , or 10
14.) X is any number except 1, 2, and 3.
15.) X is between 100 and 200.
FLOWCHARTS
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Computer Fundamentals and ProgrammingComputer Fundamentals and
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TYPES OF FLOWCHARTS
1.) System Flowchart – present the total picture without worrying about taking
care of every detail.
2.) Program Flowcharts – depicts a main segment of a complete computer
program.
FLOWCHARTING GUIDELINES
Preparation Symbol
Processing Symbol
Decision Symbol
Onpage Connector
Offpage Connector
Punched Card
Magnetic Tape
Online Storage
Document Printout
C++ SPECIFICS
C++ SPECIFICS
Compound Operators
The following are the compound Operators in C++: *=, /=, %=, +=, and - =
The available unary operators in C++ are ++ which increments a variable by 1 and - -
which decrements a variable by 1. It can be written as PREFIX or before the variable or
POSTFIX after the variable.
#include<iostream.h>
Sample Program 1 : int main()
{ int num1=1, num2=2;
num1++; cout<<num1++<<endl;
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++num2; cout<<num2++<<endl<<endl;
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} Page 25 of 87Course Material for CS10
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Value of num1 = 2 and value of25
Page num2 =3
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++num1; cout<<++num1<<endl;
num2++; cout<<++num2<<endl<<endl;
/*This program will prompt the user to input length and width
of a rectangle and compute and output its area*/
//Programmer: CRISTINA A. PASCUA 1
#include<iostream.h> 2
int main() 3
{ int length, width, area;
4
5
cout<<“Input length and width of a rectangle: “;
6
cin>>length>>width;
area = length * width; 7
cout<<“ Area of a rectangle = “<<area;
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syntax: cin>>variable_name;
cin>>var1>>var2>>var3;
example: cin>>num;
cin>>num1>>num2>>num3;
1.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that will input temperature in Celsius and
output the corresponding temperature in Fahrenheit.
Fahrenheit = 9 (Celsius) + 32
5
void main()
F=0 {
double F, C;
Input C F = 0;
cout<<” Input temperature in Celsius: ”;
cin>> C;
F = (9.0/5.0) * C + 32 F = (9.0 / 5.0) * C + 32;
cout<< “Temperature in Fahrenheit:”<<F<<endl;
}
Output F
Start #include<iostream.h>
void main()
TBill = 0
{ int GBill, Amt, change, TBill;
change = 0
TBill = 0;
change = 0;
Input GBill, Amt cout<< ” Input Gross Bill and Amount Given: ”;
cin>> GBill>> Amt;
TBill = GBill + GBill * 0.1 + GBill * 0.05;
TBill = Gbill + Gbill *0.1 + Gbill * 0.05 change = Amt – Tbill;
change = Amt - TBill
cout<< “Total Bill = ”<< Tbill<<endl;
cout<< “Change = ”<< change<<endl;
Output TBill, change }
3.) Ten young men agreed to purchase a gift worth RO10.000 for their idol: Lady Gogo.
In addition, they agreed to continue with their plan even if at least one of them drops out.
Create a flowchart and a c++ program that would input the number of men who dropped
out (assume 0 to 9 only) and output how much more will each have to contribute toward
the purchase of the gift.
C++ Program
#include <iostream.h>
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void main() Page 38 of 87Course Material for CS10
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{ double DO, AC;38 of 87Course Material for CS10
Page
AC = 0;
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cout<< ” Input
Pagenumber of menMaterial
38 of 87Course who dropped out:
for CS10 ”;
cin>> DO; Page 38 of 87Course Material for CS10
AC =Page 38 of 87Course
(1000.00 Material
* DO) / (10 for CS10
– DO);
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cout “Additional
Page 38Contribution
of 87Course=”<< AC<<endl;
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Flowchart
Start
AC = 0
Input DO
Output AC
4.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that would input an integer number and then
output its one’s digit or the right most digit.
Output RDigit
5.) Workers at a particular company were given a 15.5% salary increase. Moreover, the
increase was retroactive for 2 months, that is, effective two months ago. Create a
flowchart and a c++ program that takes the employee’s old salary as input and then
output the amount of retroactive pay (balance) due the employee and his new salary as
well.
#include <iostream.h>
Start
void main()
Retro = 0 { double OS, Retro, NS;
NS = 0
Retro = 0;
NS = 0;
Input OS cout<<” Input employees old salary: ”;
cin>>OS;
Retro = (OS * 0.155) * 2;
Retro = (OS *0.155) *2 NS = OS + OS * 0.155;
NS = OS + OS * 0.155 cout<<“Retroactive pay = ”<<Retro<<endl;
cout<<“New salary = ”<<NS<<endl;
}
Output Retro, NS
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6.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that would input numeric values to A, B, C, D
and exchange their values such that A goes to B, B goes to C, C goes to D, and D goes
to A.
1.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that will prompt the user to input two numbers
and output the highest number entered.
2.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that would input an integer number and then
indicate whether the number is an even or an odd number.
Start
Input num
Y
If Output
num % 2 == 0 A
“even number”
N
Output
“odd number”
A
End
C++ Program
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{ int num
3.) Juan dela Cruz Restaurant is offering a 10% discount to all customers whose last
name is also dela Cruz. Input the last name of the customer and the total amount due to
the customer and then output the amount to be paid.
Y
If
Lname == AmtPd = AmtDue - Amtdue*0.1
“dela Cruz”
AmtPd = Amtdue
#include <iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{ char Lname[40];
double AmtPd, AmtDue;
4.) Workers at Kookaburra Factory have a regular working hours of 30 hours per week
and are paid $ 10.00 per hour. However, if the workers rendered more than 30 hours
per week, the excess hours are paid 75% more. Create a flowchart and a c++ program
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that would input the number of hours rendered by a worker in one week and output his
net salary.
Start
Input NHrs
N
If Salary = NHrs *10 A
NHrs > 30
Y
Salary = 300 + (NHrs – 30) * 17.50
A
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End Page 58 of 87Course Material for CS10
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C++ Program
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{ double NHrs, Salary;
5.) The fine for an over-speeding violation depends on the speed of the erring driver, as
follows:
121 to 150 km/h = RO 30.000
151 km/h and above = RO 50.000
Create a flowchart and a c++ program to input the car’s speed and then output
the fine, if there’s any.
6.) In the game of JACK N POY each of the two player choose either a scissors (code
X), paper (code P), or stone (code S). If one chooses scissors and the other chooses
stone then stone wins. If one chooses paper and the other stone then paper wins. If one
chooses paper and the other scissors then scissors wins. If they both choose the same
then the result is a tie. Create a flowchart or a c++ program that will input two character
codes corresponding to the object selected and then output either the message
“PLAYER 1 WINS” or “PLAYER 2 WINS”.
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1.) Create a flowchart/c++ program that will generate the following number series:
10, 5, 9, 10, 8, 15, 7, 20, 6, and 25
#include <iostream.h>
X=0
Y=1
Sum = 1 void main()
{ int X, Y, Sum;
Output Sum
X = 0;
Y = 1;
Sum = 1;
Sum = X + Y
do
X=Y
{
Y = Sum
cout<< Sum<<endl;
Sum = X + Y;
X = Y;
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Y = Sum;Material for CS10
If Page 64 of 87Course Material for CS10
Sum <= 55 } while (Sum <= 55);
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N } Page 64 of 87Course Material for CS10
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Stop Page 64 of 87Course Material for CS10
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3.) Create a flowchart/c++ program that will generate the following number series:
1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, and 46
C++ Program
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{ int num, ctr=1, ctro=0, ctre=0;
do
{
cin>> num;
if (num % 2 == 0)
ctre = ctre + 1;
else
ctro = ctro + 1;
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr <= 5);
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cout<<for CS10
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5.) Create a flowchart/c++ program that will input five numbers and output how many of
the numbers entered are positive or negative.
C++ Program
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{ int num, ctr=1, ctrp=0, ctrn=0;
do
{
cin>> num;
if (num > 0)
ctrp = ctrp + 1;
else
ctrn = ctrn + 1;
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr <= 5);
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} Page 72 of 87Course Material for CS10
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6.) Create a flowchart/c++ program that will input 10 alphabetic characters and output
how many of the characters entered were vowels and consonants. Disregard characters
that are not alphabetic.
7.) Create a flowchart/ c++ program that will input 5 numbers and output the highest
number entered.
8.) Create a flowchart/ c++ program that will input 6 score for quizzes (0-100). Eliminate
the lowest quiz and compute and output the average of the five remaining quizzes.
ARRAYS
ARRAYS - a series of simple variables grouped together under one single variable.
int Score[5];
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Notice that a total of 5 adjacent slots are allotted because the array is declared as size 5.
In effect, array SCORE can hold 5 different values at the same time.
There are certain rules to follow when using subscripts and they are as follows:
* Subscript must be between 0 and the size of the array minus 1 which in this case
12.
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* Subscript must be either an integer constant, numeric variable with integer value
or an arithmetic expression with integer value or an arithmetic expression with
integer result. The above is a character array variable which violates the rule just
mentioned.
* The resulting answer of 15 exceeds the size of the array which was defined as
TOTAL is ARRAY [12]
Score[0] = 10;
Score[1] = 20 + 30;
Score[3] = X / 5;
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Score[4] = X;
To assign the content of element number 4 to element number 3, the statement is:
Score[3] = Score[4]
To assign the result of multiplying the content of element number 4 to element number 2
and putting the result in element number 1, the statement is:
To assign zero to all the elements of array Score, the statement is:
ctr = 0;
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while (ctr<5)
{
Score(ctr) = 0;
ctr = ctr + 1;
}
1.) Create a flowchart/c++ program that would accept 10 numbers and then display
all 10 numbers together with its total.
ctr = 0 ctr = 0
sum = 0
Output NUM(ctr)
Input NUM(ctr)
Y
If
Y ctr <10
If
ctr < 10 N
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A Page 80 of 87Course Material for CS10
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PageEnd
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Start
ctr = 7
ctr = 0
value = 8 Output NUM(ctr)
NUM(ctr) = value
value = value + 1 ctr = ctr - 1
ctr = ctr + 1
Y
Y If
If ctr >= 0
ctr <= 7
N
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A End
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Exercises:
1.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that will declare an array named A with 10
elements. Prompt the user to input values into its first five cells and copy the
numbers entered into its last five cells. Finally, output the content of array A.
2.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that will input values to array A[10] and
array B[10]. Exchange their values in reverse order and output the new content
of arrays A and B.
4.) Create a flowchart and a c++ program that will prompt the user to input numbers
into array C and the input should be terminated by a zero sentinel. Output the
contents of array C and also the highest and the lowest number entered.