The Future of Satellite Navigation (PNT) : Professor Brad Parkinson Stanford University

The Future of
Satellite Navigation
(PNT)
Professor Brad Parkinson
Stanford University
Much Credit and
many thanks to
Inside GNSS &
"You've got to be very careful GPS World for photos
if you don't know where you are going,

because you might not get there." –
-- Yogi Berra
Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007

Purpose of this Talk
Discuss the Future of PNT:
• Navigation Satellite Systems

• Augmentation Systems
• Applicable Technology and
• User Applications
plus
• Issues for sustaining Civil Capability
For Satellite-based PNT
Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 2

CONTEXT: The “Big Five”
Civil Goals for GPS (GNSS) (As recommended by the IRT)
1. Assured Availability of GPS signals-Including

impaired situations (mountains, urban areas, foliage, etc.)
2. Resistance to Interference (RFI)

3. Accuracy
4. Bounded inaccuracy to limit wild points
5. Integrity - eliminating HMI, meeting
required time to alarm
The Outline - What’s New?
 Satellites
 Augmentations
 Summary of New Signals and Payoffs
 New Technology
 New Applications
 Cautions
 Conclusions
The Eras of Satellite Navigation
Focus on the future
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Pioneers -Transit
D-1 IOC
Competition GPS Synthesis & Dev.

GULF IRAQ
Our Focus
Deployment
and
Applications Development
Upgraded GPS +
Galileo and
Glonass GLONASS
“Robustening”
Augmentations – WAAS et.al.

An Expanding GNSS World –
Basic Satellite Systems
 GPS
 GLONASS (Russia)
 Galileo (Europe)
 QZSS (Japan)
 Compass (China)

System Comparisons (courtesy Prof. Hein and Inside GNSS)

GPS Next Steps and Future

GPS Space Vehicle Comparisons
Our Focus
Category Block I Block II Block IIA Block IIR Block IIR-M Block IIF
444 Kg 860 Kg 860 Kg 1039 Kg 1074 Kg 1453 Kg

SV Dry Mass
(978 Lbs) (1896 Lbs) (1896 Lbs) (2291 Lbs) (2368 Lbs) (3204 Lbs)
EOL Power 410 W 710 W 798 W 1061 W 1061 W 2405 W
Design Life 5 years 7.5 years 7.5 years 10 years 10 years 12 Years
20 May2005
May 2005 2006
Q4 2008
First Launch 22 Feb 1978 14 Feb 1989 26 Nov 1990 23 Jul 1997
(Scheduled) (Scheduled)
Launch Vehicle Atlas E/F Delta II Delta II Delta II Delta II EELV (Both)
L1
L1 C/A,
C/A, L1L1 P(Y), L1 C/A, L1 P(Y),
P(Y),
EC Nav Payload L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L1 C/A, L1 P(Y) L1 M, L2 C,
L2L1M, L2C,
P(Y), L2 C,
(Signals) L2 P(Y) L2 P(Y) L2 P(Y), L3 L2 P(Y), L3 L2 P(Y), L2 P(Y),L2 M,
L1 M, L2 M,L2M,
L3
L3, (+L5) L3, L5

GPS Block IIR/IIRM Technical Specifications
Space Vehicle Weight

• 1,039kg (2,291 lbs)
Launch Vehicle – Delta II
Design Life – 10 Years
Payload Power
• Solar panels generate up to 1061 watts (EOL)
Signals
• L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L2 P(Y), L2 C/A, L1M, L2M, L3
(+ L5)
GPS Block IIF Technical Specifications
GPS IIF Space Vehicle Weight
- 1,672 kg (3,758 lbs)
Launch Vehicle
• EELV (Delta IV, Atlas V)
Improvements/Upgrades from prior satellites
include:
• Design life of 12 years
• Twice the payload power of IIR satellites (2.440 kW)
• Signals: L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L1 M, L2 C/A, L2 P(Y), L2 M,
L3, L5
Summary GPS – The Future
 IIRM(last) to add L5
 IIF to be Launched – end of 2008
 GPS III in Source Selection (RFP last July)
• Backwards Compatible
• All IIF (IIRM+) signals
• L1C – International Civil Signal
• Higher Power with Flex
• Improved Position and Timing Accuracy

Summary - Spectrum of Modernized GPS Signals
C/A Earlier GPS
P(Y) Dual Frequency w/
Semi-codeless P(Y)
New! Block IIR-M

L2C Launch 2005
L5
M Dual Frequency
L1 C/A & L2C (+L5)
Block IIF
L5 Launch 2008
Three Frequency
L1 C/A, L2C, & L5
Block III
L1C
Launch 2013
L1C, L2C, L5,
& L1 C/A Code
L5 L2 L1
ARNS/RNSS Band RNSS Band ARNS/RNSS Band

GPS Satellite Status 9 July 07
Pla Slo PR Type Launch Active life Pla Type Launch Active life
NORAD Input date Slot PRN NORAD Input date
ne t N SC date (months) ne SC date (months)
1 9 22700 II-A 26.06.93 20.07.93 166.9 1 2 28474 II-R 06.11.04 22.11.04 31.5
2 31 29486 IIR-M 25.09.06 13.10.06 8.8 2 11 25933 II-R 07.10.99 03.01.00 90.2
A 3 8 25030 II-A 06.11.97 18.12.97 114.7 D 3 21 27704 II-R 31.03.03 12.04.03 50.8
Legitimate Concern for Future:

4 27 22108 II-A 09.09.92 30.09.92 176.8 4 4 22877 II-A 26.10.93 22.11.93 163.5
5 25 21890 II-A 23.02.92 24.03.92 180.8 6 24 21552 II-A 04.07.91 30.08.91 190.2
1 16 27663 II-R 29.01.03 18.02.03 52.5 1 20 26360 II-R 11.05.00 01.06.00 85.2
B
Satellites 30 → 24 ??
2
3
30
28
24320
26407
II-A
II-R
12.09.96
16.07.00
01.10.96
17.08.00
128.4
82.8
E
2
3
22
10
28129
23953
II-R
II-A
21.12.03
16.07.96
12.01.04
15.08.96
41.9
130.8
4 5 22779 II-A 30.08.93 28.09.93 164.7 4 18 26690 II-R 30.01.01 15.02.01 76.6
5 12 29601 IIR-M 17.11.06 13.12.06 6.8 1 14 26605 II-R 10.11.00 10.12.00 78.9
1 6 23027 II-A 10.03.94 28.03.94 158.7 2 26 22014 II-A 07.07.92 23.07.92 179.4
2 3 23833 II-A 28.03.96 09.04.96 133.6 3 13 24876 II-R 23.07.97 31.01.98 113.2
F
C 3 19 28190 II-R 20.03.04 05.04.04 39.0 4 23 28362 II-R 23.06.04 09.07.04 35.9
4 17 28874 IIR-M 26.09.05 13.11.05 18.6 5 29 22275 II-A 18.12.92 05.01.93 173.1
5 7 22657 II-A 13.05.93 12.06.93 168.5 6 1 22231 II-A 22.11.92 11.12.92 174.7
Total 30 Satellites Average Age 8.9 yrs.

Standard Deviation 5.0 yrs. Oldest: operational 15.9 yrs – (Launched 4 July 1991)

GLONASS : Global Orbiting Navigation
Satellite System (Russia)
Nominally Comparable
to GPS.
Orbit
• 64.8 deg inclination Glonass - M
• 3 orbit planes
• 19,100 km circular (8 day repeat track)
Design Life -1 to 2 years
24 Active Satellites when Operational

GLONASS : Global Orbiting Navigation
Satellite System (Russia)
Accuracy: 50-70 meters C/A signals
(10-20 meter accuracy military signals)
Spacecraft
• 3-Axis stabilized, nadir pointing. Dual solar arrays.
Navigation signals (25 0.5625 MHz channels)
• 2 bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz & 1240 - 1260
MHz.
• EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. -Right hand circular polarized.
 Cesium clocks provide time accuracy to 1000
nanoseconds.
GLONASS status on 9 July 2007
(10 Operational Satellites – none older than 5 years)
Frequency GLONAS Cosmos Launch Outage Active life

Plane Slot Input date Notes
Channel S Number Number date date (months)
1 07 796 2411 26.12.04 06.02.05 26.5
2 01 794 2402 10.12.03 02.02.04 19.04.07 38.3 switched off
3 12 789 2381 01.12.01 04.01.02 59.5
4 06 795 2403 10.12.03 29.01.04 41.1

I
5 07 711 2382 01.12.01 13.02.03 09.07.06 36.1 switched off
6 01 701 2404 10.12.03 08.12.04 25.7
7 05 712 2413 26.12.04 07.10.05 18.2
8 06 797 2412 26.12.04 06.02.05 27.8
10 04 717 2426 25.12.06 03.04.07 2.7
II 14 04 715 2424 25.12.06 03.04.07 3.2
15 00 716 2425 25.12.06 Comssing
18 10 783 2374 13.10.00 05.01.01 25.05.07 66.5 switched off
19 03 798 2417 25.12.05 22.01.06 09.07.07 17.4 switched off
21 08 792 2395 25.12.02 31.01.03 49.8

III
22 10 791 2394 25.12.02 21.01.03 07.02.07 46.5 switched off
23 03 714 2419 25.12.05 31.08.06 8.9
24 02 713 2418 25.12.05 31.08.06 09.07.07 8.8 switched off

GLONASS Snapshot of Visibility

GLONASS the Future
 Renewed Funding and Support by Russia
 Apparently in negotiations with India
 FDMA signal not as useful as CDMA
• Notwithstanding, Combined GPS-GLONASS
receivers are important for impaired situations
• Apparently considering CDMA
 Central Issue remains Satellite Lifetime and

constellation sustainability/affordability

EU Galileo Satellite Constellation
 Constellation of 30 satellites in MEO

• 27 active satellites - 3 spares
• 23616 km height above earth
• 1+2/3 revolutions/day
• 56° inclination
 Cost Saving setup of
Galileo constellation
• Only 3 orbital planes compared to 6 with GPS
• 3 Soyuz (2 satellites per launch) +
3 Ariane5 (8 satellites per launch)
• Soyuz launches will be used during
the In-Orbit Validation (IOV) Phase
EADS-Astrium 2 0 0 20
3
Galileo – Technical Aspects

Galileo
Galileo Services
 Open Service (3 frequencies, free of charge)
 Commercial Service (3-4 freq., not free, +integrity)
 Safety of Life Service (airborne, railways etc.)
 Public Regulated Service (security related, military)
 Search and Rescue (compatible to COSPAS-SARSAT)

Frequency Plan
OS + OS / SOL / CS CS / PRS
E5A / L5 E5B E3 L2 G2 E4 E6
GPS/ GALILEO GALILEO GPS GLONASS GALILEO
1164 1188 1215 1216 1240 1256 1260 1300 MHz
Lower L-Band
OS / SOL / PRS Mission

Uplink
E2 L1 E1 G1 C1
GPS/ GALILEO GLONASS GALILEO
1559 1563 1587 1591 1610 MHz 5000 5010 5030 MHz
Upper L-Band C-Band
EADS-Astrium 2 0 0 23
3
First Galileo satellites
 Contracts awarded in July 2003
 GIOVE -A satellite
operational 12 Jan 2006 (by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (UK)
 GIOVE A2 on contract as frequency insurance
 EADS-Astrium (Munich) is building GIOVE – B (Launch
delayed to 2008?)

Looking Ahead - Galileo
 Galileo - operational 2013 – 2014 (?)
 Commercial Model evidently not Viable
• Difficult to compete with free resource
 World wide users will benefit from new
signals -Improved accuracy, higher reliability, better availability
Breakthrough: Instantaneous RTK
through combination of GPS & Galileo
Agreement on Interoperability with GPS
• But does this mean “Interchangeability?

Quazi –Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)
 Japanese Regional, Multi-use system
 Supplement to GPS System
 Includes WAAS like function
 Adds communications and reporting
1st satellite 2010 (following several years later)
 Orbits similar to USAF 621B of 1967

• Regional coverage - “elliptical-synchronous”

QZSS Orbit Constellation

QZSS Ground Track and Coverage

Original Planned Services of QZSS

QZSS Technical Capabilities
?
?
Original QZSS Applications
Services of QZSS

Compass (Beidou) by China
The Satellites
Satellite Launch Location Constell. Loc. Ops? Comment
31 Oct GEO
BeiDou-1A Xichang CZ-3A Yes
00 140°E
21 Dec GEO
BeiDou-1B Xichang CZ-3A Yes
00 80°E
GEO
25 May
BeiDou-1C Xichang CZ-3A 110.5° Yes
03
E
GEO Recovered from a

BeiDou-1D 3 Feb 07 Xichang CZ-3A 58.75° ? solar panel
E failure
14 Aug
BeiDou-1E Xichang CZ-3A MEO ?
07

Compass (Beidou)
 Accuracy:
• positioning 10 meters, velocity - 0.2 meter per second timing
accuracy - 50 nanoseconds.
 System : To include at least 35 satellites
• five geostationary Earth orbit (GEO)
• 30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites
4/14/2007 9:15:57 AM
China have successfully launched their second Compass
navigation satellite, which lifted off 4:11 am local time on
Saturday from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The
Long March 3-A launch vehicle placed the Beidou-2B
satellite in a 21,500 km orbit.

Compass Operational Concept
(A 2-way “active” system)
• Satellites transmit at 2491.75+/-4.08MHz

• Ground receiver transmits back at 1615.68MHz.
• The BeiDou reference - Beijing 1954 Coord. Sys.
• Time reference Chinese UTC
Consequences:
• Large, power-hungry equip.
• Location revealed
• Could institute user charges
• Limits on number of users

GPS has Fathered a
Number of Augmentations…
 Ground Based
• NDGPS (US) (Marine Beacons) + EDGPS (EU)
• LAAS (Future)
• (eLORAN) decision soon??
 Space Based
• WAAS (Operational)
• EGNOS
• MSAS We will only touch on a few
• GAGAN
• Commercial

European DGPS Beacons
 Corrections Broadcast
over marine beacons
 Similar to NDGPS (US)
 Accuracies typically 1-2
Meters
 Main Target is Marine
Users
 In US, congress
authorized at least 2
beacons for each state

Wide Area Augmentation
System (WAAS)
 Safer  Increased Capacity  Cost Effective

WAAS Prototype Results -May 1999
Vertical Accuracy - 3 Locations, 99.9% < 2.5m
Worst Accuracy of
100,000 Data points
Typical Errors was 7 Meters
less than 2 feet

Japanese MSAS Status (similar to WAAS)

MSAS Performance
Typically 1 to 2
meters 95%

Commercial Augmentations (OmniStar example)
 Well established Worldwide

service
 Partnered with GPS
equipment manufacturers
 Annual fee ~$1000
 Oil Exploration and
Agricultural Markets
 XP: "better than 20 cms" &
HP: "better than 10 cms",
95%CEP.
 Would compete with Galileo
Commercial services

eLORAN as Augmentation to GPS
Overall 95% accuracy 16.4 m
30
 Demonstrated capability East of 70 52.2W, 95% = 11.7 m

West of 70 52.2W, 95% = 18.3 m
for NPA
20
 Robust back-up signal

10
North Error - m
 Potentially “seamless”
0
backup for GPS users -10
 Relative cost is small -20
 Studied by IAT of IDA -30

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
East Error - m
20 30 40
 A potential deterrent to Example Marine Data: Boston Harbor

deliberate interference

Some Technologies of the Future
 More use of “Real-time” Kinematic
 New Signal Structures (e.g.L1C)
 Beam Steering Antennas
 Chip Scale Atomic Clocks
 Deeper “system-level” integration

Real-Time Kinematic: Today
10 km
2 cm accuracy
 L1 Code and Carrier
 L2 Carrier
 Data Link
Galileo – How will
RTK improve ?

GPS Satellite Visibility for RTK

GPS+Galileo Satellite Visibility for RTK

RTK Accuracy-some improvement with Galileo
1 Cm

Instantaneous RTK Reliability
1000 times better

failure rate at 25 km

CSAC (Chip Scale Atomic Clock)
 In April 2005, Symmetricom demonstrated

a 10 cc, 200 mW
Miniature Atomic Clock (MAC) -
surpassed DARPA's stability objectives
 CSAC technology evolving to a smaller size
and lower power, next demonstrate a laboratory prototype of a 1 cc,
30 mW atomic clock.
 At 100 seconds of integration time, the MAC stability is 4 parts in 10^11,
equivalent to gaining or losing 1 second every 10,000 years
 GNSS Payoffs
• Quicker acquisition/re-acquisition
• Longer integration Times
~10 Seconds to drift ½
a GPS wavelength
• Can substitute for a satellite

Beamforming Antenna Technology
 All Digital
(improved affordablity)
 Adapt to Satellite location

(MEMS-IMU helps)
 Reduced interference and

Multipath
 Space-Frequency Adaptive
Processing can be included
 Rejection ratios of 20dB or
more possible
 Caution - small phase shifts:
• Carrier up to 100o
• Code up to 1 Meter Courtesy Inside GNSS and Prof Lachapelle

L1C will hopefully be MBOC(6,1,1/11)
Common signal provides
hope for
“interchangeability”
 Codeless channel for
long integration times
 BOC vs MBOC Courtesy Inside GNSS and Prof. Hein
• MBOC provides more power in higher frequencies

- Crisper definition of “edges’
- Better multipath rejection
This signal is symbolic of International Cooperation
So what are the major new (or
expanded) applications going to be?
"Predicting the future is easy. It's trying to figure out
what's going on now that's hard.“ - Fritz R. S. Dressler
 Expanded Crustal Tracking

 Precicion Tracking and Reporting
 Robotic or Assisted Control
 Cell/GPS explosion – where will this go?

GPS is Vastly Increasing our Understanding of Crustal Motion and
Earthquakes
Slow “earthquakes” are

observed in Cascadia
and Japan along the
subduction zones.
In Canada, these events take about 15 days,

propagate northward, and occur every 16-18
months.

The Northridge Earthquake Affected the
Sierra Madre Fault 30 Km Away
JPL’s GPS station changed its motion as a result of
the earthquake Sierra Madre Fault
Residual Longitude (cm)

1
meter
• The earthquake probably triggered shallow slip on the Sierra Madre Fault.
• This was the first time that long range fault interactions were observed.
• Recent GPS Results Show Concentrated Deformation Near Downtown Los
Angeles
Tracking Applications Have Proliferated
GPS
is
the key

Another Precision Tracking Example
(Optimizing Skiing Trajectories- courtesy “Inside GNSS” magazine
• GPS/IMU smoothed trajectory

• Also to be Applied to Autos
• Authors
•Adrian Wagli & Jan Skaloud

Robotic Use Of GPS
Autonomous Model Helicopter
Note four
antennas to GPS Position, Velocity and Attitude
provide 0.1o
Attitude
Tracking Test @ 5 m/s – worst error ~

3 inches!
Stanford Robot Tractor
Blind Landing Tests – 110 straight successes

with one go around
Typical Accuracy- “Sandstorm” Vehicle negotiating difficult

Four Inches Terrain

GPS in GSM Receivers 2011
(69% of the Market, by units)
Current ASP ~ $2
At $4 per unit-
100% of high end
GSM Market
At $2 per unit –
100% of the total
GSM market
? IMPLICATIONS ?

Some Other Interesting Applications

Towards Auto-guided Automobiles
Vector Kinematic
Recievers
MEMS/IMU
Radars
Cooperative Tracking
of other vehicles

And Perhaps the most Humanitarian:
Removing Unexploded Ordinance

A Caution:
Three Critical Issues
for GPtS

GPS Applications have Proliferated
 Military
 Civil
• Transportation
- Aviation
- Automobile
- Maritime
- Rail Control
• Public Services
• Timing &
Frequency
• Surveying
• Surveillance
• Other

We are Victims of our success:
GPS Enormous Capability
Worldwide Dependency
What must we do to insure that the
Trust in GPtS
is not misplaced?

THE “Big Five” Civil Goals for GPS
1. Assured Availability of GPS signals-Including impaired situations

(mountains, urban areas, foliage, etc.)
• Number of GPS Satellites/Geometry
• Interoperability and Standardization with Galileo et al
2. Resistance to Interference (RFI)
• Additional Satellite RF power and Frequency Diversity
• More jam resistant GPS receivers
3. Accuracy
• Require Prediction Accuracy (Satellite Clocks and Age of Update)
• Improved Satellite Geometry is essential
• Augmentations: WAAS, LAAS,EGNOS, MSAS, NDGPS, PLs
4. Bounded inaccuracy to limit wild points
•
Three of top four Goals
Concerned with the 1% or less “wild data points”
• areGeometry
Good Satellite driven by the number
Coverage of satellites –
is Imperative
5. Integrity - eliminating HMI, hence DSB
meeting & IRT
required time to alarm
• WAAS 30+X satellite recommendation
• RAIM

GPS Issue #1 – (Availability)
Constellation Sustainment
 Average on-orbit life 8.9 years

 First IIF currently available for launch:
May 2008
 First GPS III currently available for
Operations - April 2014
It is imperative the we avoid “GPS Brownouts”
Needed: Sustained, high-level support

for earlier GPS III delivery and availability

Illustrating why current number of Satellites
is Minimal (Courtesy GPS World and John Lavrakas)
 DOP is strongly driven by Masking Angle and
number of satellites (the impaired user’s problem)
 Above 10o, less than 30 satellites destroys
accuracy and availability
Th
Monthly Availability eK
ne
of 24 sats 92 to 100% e
DOP vs. Mask Angle (degrees)

GPS Issue #2 –
GPS Robustness (Deterrence)
Constellation size of 30+X for users in
impaired environments (the GDOP imperative)
Need: Full, urgent Commitment by US
Affordable GPS Receiver Interference
Rejection Technology (inertial integration and
digital beam steering technology)
Needs full development
GPS Backup – Loran?
Needs decisions
GPS Issue #3 –GPS and Galileo-
True, Total Interoperability
Payoff – Availability, Accuracy and

Robustness
 Real Measure: Interchangeability “Mix and
Match” with same ranging accuracy
• L1C defined, implemented, and operable
• Seamless WAAS/EGNOS/+ ?
• True clock Synchronization and common grid

As providers of GtPS
we must insure the Service
is Always Available - To meet:
the Safety, Economic, and Convenience
Needs
of the World

Conclusions: The Future
New GPtS signals means better fulfillment of
the “Big Five”
Resulting Applications will increasingly be
dependent on robustness, accuracy, and
availability
Caution: the next six years may have degraded
performance if new systems continue to slip
Limited only by Imagination!


The Future of Satellite Navigation (PNT) : Professor Brad Parkinson Stanford University

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The Future of

if you don't know where you are going,

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007

• Navigation Satellite Systems

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 2

1. Assured Availability of GPS signals-Including

2. Resistance to Interference (RFI)

Competition GPS Synthesis & Dev.

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 5

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 6

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 7

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 8

444 Kg 860 Kg 860 Kg 1039 Kg 1074 Kg 1453 Kg

EOL Power 410 W 710 W 798 W 1061 W 1061 W 2405 W

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 9

Space Vehicle Weight

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 12

New! Block IIR-M

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 13

Legitimate Concern for Future:

Total 30 Satellites Average Age 8.9 yrs.

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 14

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 15

Frequency GLONAS Cosmos Launch Outage Active life

2 01 794 2402 10.12.03 02.02.04 19.04.07 38.3 switched off

3 12 789 2381 01.12.01 04.01.02 59.5

4 06 795 2403 10.12.03 29.01.04 41.1

6 01 701 2404 10.12.03 08.12.04 25.7

7 05 712 2413 26.12.04 07.10.05 18.2

8 06 797 2412 26.12.04 06.02.05 27.8

10 04 717 2426 25.12.06 03.04.07 2.7

II 14 04 715 2424 25.12.06 03.04.07 3.2

15 00 716 2425 25.12.06 Comssing

18 10 783 2374 13.10.00 05.01.01 25.05.07 66.5 switched off

19 03 798 2417 25.12.05 22.01.06 09.07.07 17.4 switched off

21 08 792 2395 25.12.02 31.01.03 49.8

24 02 713 2418 25.12.05 31.08.06 09.07.07 8.8 switched off

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 17

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 18

 Central Issue remains Satellite Lifetime and

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 19

 Constellation of 30 satellites in MEO

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 21

 Open Service (3 frequencies, free of charge)

 Commercial Service (3-4 freq., not free, +integrity)

 Safety of Life Service (airborne, railways etc.)

 Public Regulated Service (security related, military)

 Search and Rescue (compatible to COSPAS-SARSAT)

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 22

OS / SOL / PRS Mission

Upper L-Band C-Band

 Contracts awarded in July 2003

operational 12 Jan 2006 (by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (UK)

 GIOVE A2 on contract as frequency insurance

 EADS-Astrium (Munich) is building GIOVE – B (Launch

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 24

Copyright B. Parkinson July 2007 25

 Orbits similar to USAF 621B of 1967

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