Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
UW Environmental Health & Safety Department (EH&S) has prepared and will maintain this
guide to aid the campus community and project design teams with planning and design
issues. The intent of this guide is to improve design efficiency and minimize changes in
conjunction with EH&S plan review and consultation services.
The guide is a resource document to be used by design professionals, faculty, and staff,
during the planning, design and commissioning phases of a project. It is applicable to all
facilities occupied by UW employees with an emphasis on those facilities that will be used
as laboratory buildings, laboratory units, and laboratory work areas in which hazardous
materials are used, handled and stored. The criterion in this guide represents the minimum
requirement; more stringent requirements may be necessary depending on the specific
laboratory and the type of research being completed.
This guide applies to both leased and owned buildings. Supplemental requirements for UW
owned and operated buildings are also noted herein and in the UW Facility Design
Information Guide maintained by Campus Engineering and Operations.
This Design Guide covers neither all regulatory issues nor all design situations. In all cases,
EH&S should be consulted on questions regarding health, safety, and the environment.
Design Guide Layout: Each specification is broken into two or three parts. The first part if
the specification; the second is the specification source if it exists. The third portion is
explanatory text. Definitions are found in Appendix A.
Acknowledgement: This Laboratory Design Guide was adapted to the University of Washington from a 2003 Laboratory
Design Guide produced by the University of California Industrial Hygiene Program Management Group.
6 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
A. Scope
The requirements listed below illustrate some of the basic health and safety design
features required for new and remodeled laboratories. Variations from these guidelines
require approval from the Environmental Health & Safety Department (EH&S).
Because the handling and storage of hazardous materials inherently carries a high risk
of exposure and injury, it is important to segregate laboratory and non-laboratory
activities. In an academic setting, the potential for students to need access to
laboratory personnel, such as instructors and assistants, is great. A greater degree of
safety will result when non-laboratory work and interaction is conducted in a space
separated from the laboratory.
3. An automatically triggered main gas shutoff valve for the building shall be
provided for use in a seismic event. In addition, interior manual shutoff valves
shall be provided for both research and teaching areas.
Good Practice
5. Outside air intakes must be at least twelve feet above grade level.
This is the minimum recommended height from NIOSH in DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-139, “Guidance for
Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks”, published May 2002.
6. The location of outside air intakes and all sources of emissions from the new
facility must be evaluated by a consultant with experience in modeling to
determine the best location of these components relative to themselves and
to similar components of nearby existing facilities.
1. The laboratory shall be completely separated from outside areas (i.e., shall be
bound by four walls and a roof or ceiling).
5. Design laboratory workstations to accommodate the needs of the work and the
range of body dimensions that may be using the workstations. For example,
computer and microscopes workstations may require height-adjustable work
surfaces and chairs.
Good Practice
7. All work surfaces (e.g., bench tops, counters, etc.) shall be impervious to the
chemicals and materials used in the laboratory.
8 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
Good Practice
Many laboratory operations involve concurrent use of such chemical solvents such as formaldehyde, phenol, and ethanol, as
well as corrosives. The laboratory bench shall be resistant to the chemical actions of chemicals and disinfectants. Wooden
bench tops are not appropriate because an unfinished wood surface can absorb liquids. Also, wood burns rapidly in the
event of a fire. “Fiberglass” (glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin) is inappropriate because it can degrade when strong
disinfectants are applied, and it also releases toxic smoke when burned.
8. The laboratory shall be designed so that it can be easily cleaned. Bench tops
should be of a seamless one-piece design to prevent contamination.
Penetrations for electrical, plumbing, and other considerations shall be
completely and permanently sealed. If the bench top abuts a wall, it shall be
covered or have a backsplash against the wall.
Good Practice
Since portions of bench tops cannot be easily removed and replaced, the primary consideration shall be to prevent
chemicals, radioactive materials and/or potentially infectious material from seeping into cracks. Of great importance is the
absence of laminated edges, which can develop a crack between the top and the edge. Wood and wood-finish walls or floors
are not appropriate because they can absorb chemicals, radioactive materials and/or potentially infectious material,
particularly liquids, making decontamination virtually impossible. Surfaces should be as free as possible of cracks crevices,
seams, and rough surfaces to avoid surface contamination traps. Tiles and wooden planks are not appropriate because
liquids can seep through the small gaps between them. Seamless penetration-resistant construction is particularly important
for radioactive materials, highly toxic substances such as cyanides or mercury, carcinogens, explosive or flammable
substances, and materials which could become hazardous with the passage of time such as picric acid, nitrated organics and
peroxidizable substances.
9. Laboratory flooring in chemical use areas and other high hazard areas (such
as biological containment facilities) shall be chemically resistant and
preferably one-piece construction with covings to the wall.
Good Practice
A continuous floor reduces the potential for liquid absorption. Covings are recommended to facilitate clean up. Surfaces
should be as free of cracks, crevices, seams, and rough surfaces as possible to avoid surface contamination traps.
10. The walls shall be non-porous and painted with a durable, impervious finish in
such a manner to facilitate decontamination and cleaning. High gloss paint is
recommended.
Good Practice
11. Vented cabinets with electrical receptacles and sound insulation should be
provided for the placement of individual vacuum pumps, where their use is
anticipated. A one- to two-inch hole for the vacuum line hose from the cabinet
to the bench top should be provided as well as connection to an exhaust
system
Good Practice
12. Provide shelves with clear plastic lips for seismic restraint. Lips should be ¾
inch above the shelf surface for bookshelves and 1.5 inches above the shelf
surface for shelves used to store breakable containers, chemicals, or other
hazardous materials.
D. Building Requirements
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April 2005
3. Environmental Permits — The UW is the lead agency for compliance with the
State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). Project managers shall consult with
the Environmental Planner for Capital Projects to identify environmental and
permit requirements for the building. This should be done well before key
resource allocation decisions are made.
Permit Process: Project Manager’s Reference Document for Environmental Stewardship (UW
Document)
1. The laboratory shall be fitted with electrical circuits and receptacles that can
accommodate existing requirements plus an additional 30% to 40% capacity.
Good Practice
The laboratory may have several pieces of equipment that require large amounts of electrical current. Such items include
freezers, biosafety cabinets, centrifuges, and incubators. Permanent use of extension cords is not allowed by the fire code.
2. Electrical receptacles above counter tops within six feet of sinks, safety
showers, or other sources of water, should have GFCI circuit protection
unless there is a physical separation between the receptacle and the sink.
NFPA Handbook 70, Chapter 2, 210-8
4. Emergency shutoff valves for natural gas lines shall be located outside the
lab behind an access panel (similar to a medical gas system). If the corridor
is accessible to the public, valves should be secured behind a break-glass
access panel, or equal. Provide at least one valve per floor. Consideration
should be given to locating valves at a height that allows easy access and
operation.
Plumbing Code Local Interpretation and Requirement – in lieu of approved and accessible “service”
valves
Good Practice
In the event of an emergency, the laboratory may be unsafe to enter. Hence, valves for should be located outside the
laboratory. The local plumbing code authority has required these valves in research buildings where equipment and bench-
top valves are either not AGA approved or inaccessible. See also “Non-structural Seismic Hazard Abatement”.
5. Flexible connections shall be used for connecting gas and other plumbed
utilities to any freestanding device (Group II devices), including but not limited
to biosafety cabinets, incubators, and liquid nitrogen freezers.
Good Practice
Seismic activity may cause gas and other utility connections to break as equipment moves. Leaking natural gas is a fire
hazard, and flexible connections minimize this potential hazard. See also “Non-structural Seismic Hazard Abatement”.
Group I equipment is considered fixed to the building structure and no subject to seismic movement. Group II equipment is
considered equipment subject to seismic movement and is typically freestanding or movable.
H. Accessibility
Teaching and other public laboratory design should include adapted workbenches as
necessary. It is preferable to have some adjustable workbenches to allow for the large
variation in body size among individuals. Adjustable workbenches should include the
following:
1. All shelves shall have passive restraining systems. Shelf lips must be at least
one and one-half inch high. For shelves that only store books, a rubber type
sheet that you put under the books, designed specifically for this purpose,
can be used in lieu of lips. The shelves themselves shall be firmly fixed so
they cannot vibrate out of place and allow the shelf contents to fall.
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 4.E.1 and 4.E.2
Installation of seismic lips on shelving areas will prevent stored items from falling during a seismic event.
2. Any equipment shall be permanently braced or anchored to the wall and/or
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 13
April 2005
floor. This includes, but is not limited to, appliances and shelving (to be
installed by the contractor) which is forty-two inches or higher and has the
potential for blocking corridors or doors, or falling over during an earthquake.
All equipment requiring anchoring, whether installed by a contractor or the
UW, shall be anchored, supported and braced to the building structure.
Good Practice
This practice keeps such items from falling in the event of earthquakes and assures that safety while exiting is not
compromised.
3. All compressed-gas cylinders in service or in storage shall be secured to
substantial racks or, even more appropriate, sufficiently sturdy storage
brackets. They shall be secured with two chains, straps or equivalent, at
one-third and two-thirds the height of the cylinders to prevent their being
dislodged during a violent earthquake. NOTE: Clamping devices are not
acceptable as cylinder restraints.
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 4.E.4
See also Chapter 5 for other compressed gas design concerns.
J. Teaching Laboratories
Laboratory course instructors are faced with the task of introducing large numbers of
inexperienced people to the practice of handling hazardous materials. Often, the
student’s immediate supervisor is a graduate student Teaching Assistant (TA). The
teaching ability, experience, and communication skill of TA’s vary widely. Therefore, it
is very important to provide a quiet facility with clear lines of sight, more than sufficient
room to move about, and chemical storage devices which are both safe and obvious.
A. Scope
8. All sources of ionizing radiation are subject to state and federal regulations.
The proper management of radioactive materials is required to ensure
continued worker safety. The PRMDES should be consulted for specific
requirements and guidance associated with radiation sources.
11. Underground storage tanks: Underground storage tank systems can threaten
the environment and pose a long-term liability for the UW. The PRMDES
should be consulted for applicable management requirements.
A. Scope
The purpose of this standard is to set forth the requirements for new or retrofit
laboratory and fume-hood ventilation. This standard is to be considered the minimum
requirement; more stringent requirements may be necessary depending on the specific
laboratory function or contaminants generated.
1. All laboratory spaces shall have mechanically generated supply air and
exhaust air. All laboratory rooms shall use 100% outside air and exhaust to
the outside. There shall be no return of fume-hood or laboratory exhaust
back into the building.
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 8.C, 8.D
2. There shall be ten air changes per hour of ventilation for laboratories. Room
light switches shall not be used to control either hood exhaust flow rates or
room air exchange rates. Additional exhaust/local ventilation may be needed
contingent upon EH&S review.
3. Fume hoods should not be the sole means of room air exhaust. General
room exhaust shall be provided where necessary to maintain minimum air
change rates, good air mixing, and temperature control.
Good Practice
A minimum of 2.5 linear feet of hood should be provided for each worker for biochemical research. This should be adjusted
up or down depending on the type of research being conducted.
4. The system shall have at least 10% excess capacity for future expansion.
5. The noise level in the general laboratory space should not exceed 55 dBA,
consistent with good office design. This allows for easy verbal
communication.
Good Practice
18 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
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10. An adequate supply of makeup air (90% of the exhaust) shall be provided to
the laboratory.
13. Cabinetry or other structures or equipment shall not block or reduce the
effectiveness of supply or exhaust air.
Good Practice
14. Supply system air shall meet the technical requirements of the laboratory
work and the requirements of the latest version of the Washington State
Indoor Air Quality Code.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 19
April 2005
State Law
16. Cold rooms that are designed for occupancy of any duration must be
ventilated; this is not required if they are for storage only and there is no
chance of a hazardous atmosphere being created. Air supplied to the cold
room must be dehumidified first to prevent condensation and resulting
potential for biological growth. In some circumstances, low O2 / high CO2 /
high contaminant concentration alarms have been considered in lieu of room
ventilation.
17. Specialty rooms, designed for human occupancy shall have latches that can
be operated from the inside to allow for escape.
18. Latches and frames shall be designed to allow actuation under all design
conditions, such as freezing. Magnetic latches are recommended.
19. Doors of walk-in specialty rooms shall have viewing windows and external
light switches.
1. If this is not a University owned facility, see the Appendix A at the end of this
section for further design details of the FHES.
2. This section applies to the installation of fume hood exhaust systems (FHES).
A fume hood is defined as a ventilated enclosed workspace intended to
contain and exhaust fumes, vapors, or particulate, for the purpose of
protecting occupants.
3. Design FHES to incorporate user needs, room configuration and limitations,
existing ventilation design and limitations.
4. The FHES shall contain and remove fumes generated within the hood.
5. Failure to meet the performance requirements shall be cause for rejection of
the equipment and EH&S approval for general lab use may be withheld if the
FHES does not meet design requirements.
6. FHES are required in many types of teaching, research and clinical
laboratories. Discuss and identify requirements with the client and EH&S and
20 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
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1. Measure FHES face velocities, NOT just airflows, for each hood installed,
and verify that velocities are within the target criteria. The average target
face velocity of a hood intended for standard use shall be 100 fpm +/- 20%.
The project shall include testing of face velocities using a
thermoanemometer; the thermoanemometer is necessary for taking individual
point readings. A minimum of two point readings (approximately 6 inches
from the top and bottom of the sash opening) should be taken for every linear
foot of sash opening. For example, at an 18-inch sash position for a 5-foot
wide hood, 10 readings should be taken, five at 6 inches from the airfoil and
five at 12 inches from the airfoil.
2. Calibrate velocity monitors and alarms, and verify that they are tracking
appropriately.
3. Measure the terminal velocity of supply air nearest the fume hood. The
supply air velocity shall not exceed 30% of the target face velocity at the top
of the sash opening.
4. Once the contractor has verified that the face velocities, monitor and alarms,
and terminal supply velocities at the hood face are within target criteria,
EH&S will test the hood to confirm adequate performance, label it
appropriately, and approve for use.
5. If this is not a University owned facility, see Appendix A for testing details of
the FHES ducts.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 23
April 2005
A. Scope
This guide presents the minimum performance requirements for eyewash and shower
equipment for emergency treatment of the eyes or body of a person who has been
exposed to chemicals. It covers the following types of equipment: emergency
showers, eyewash equipment, and combination shower and eyewash or eye/face
wash.
B. Applications
2. Areas where emergency washing facilities are needed include chemical and
24 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
5. A combination unit shall be installed within all acid-washing work areas and in
all open- tray film-processing work areas using chemical developers and
fixers.
Good Practice
a) Chemicals are stored in quantities less than eight ounces and used
at room temperature at rates of less than two ounces per day. NOTE:
Perchloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, formaldehyde concentrations ≥ 0.1%,
and the alkali metals are not covered by this exemption.
b) Compounds hazardous to eye or skin are used in sealed systems at
or below atmospheric pressure and catastrophic failure or leakage is
unlikely. However, an eyewash or shower may be appropriate if the
system is filled, topped-off, or drained in other than a totally enclosed
manner, or
c) Materials hazardous to the eye or skin are stored in bulk in metal or
plastic containers and are not decanted.
7. When chemicals are used in small quantities and the likelihood of exposure is
limited, only an eyewash may be required. When quantities used are larger,
and significant splashing or spraying may occur, a safety shower shall also
be required.
NFPA 99 Chapter 10-6
C. Equipment Requirements
1. Safety shower, safety eyewash, and combination units shall comply with the
requirements of ANSI Z358.1-1998, with the clarifications noted in this
section.
6. The area around the emergency shower shall be painted a bright color and
shall be well lighted. Whenever possible, the floor immediately beneath the
eyewash and emergency shower, and to a radius of about twelve to thirty
inches, shall be a distinctive pattern and color to facilitate clear access.
Good Practice
26 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
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D. General Location
4. Specific locations for emergency eyewashes and safety showers are best
chosen in consultation with EH&S.
Good Practice
E. Pre-commissioning Testing
Proper operation of the equipment, in accordance within the specifications of the ANSI
Z358.1 standard and the requirements of this section, shall be demonstrated prior to
project closeout and facility occupation.
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 6.F.2.6
ANSI Z356.1 section 5.5.1
F. Approved Equipment
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April 2005
1. All emergency showers and eyewash facilities shall meet the requirements of
and be installed in accordance with ANSI Z358.1.
2. Swing-down eyewashes that drain into sinks are preferred. EH&S should be
consulted for further information.
28 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
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A. Scope
This Design Guide applies to all facilities, including leased properties. It covers all
unfired pressure vessels (i.e., storage tanks, compressed-gas cylinders) that have
been designed to operate at pressures above 15 psi, including the storage and use of
compressed-gas cylinders and cryogenic fluids. This does not cover utilities (i.e.,
“house air”) inspected and maintained by Facilities Services.
6. Storage rooms shall be provided with explosion control when toxic or highly
toxic flammable gases are stored outside gas cabinets or exhausted
enclosures.
Required for SBC/WSBC (IBC) H-5 occupancies.
7. When separate gas storage rooms are provided, they shall operate at a
negative pressure in relation to the surrounding area and they shall also
direct the exhaust ventilation to the fume exhaust system assuring that
incompatible gases are not mixed in the ductwork.
Required for SBC/WSBC (IBC) H-5 occupancies.
Where separate rooms are used to store nonflammable gases and/or storage is below “H” occupancies
limits room exhaust ventilation can be to the general building exhaust system.
10. Emergency power shall be provided for “H” occupancy gas storage rooms,
gas-cabinet exhaust ventilation, gas-detection systems, emergency alarm
systems, and temperature control systems.
Required for H-5 occupancies, but good practice for other situations.
1. Approved storage racks (e.g., Unistrut, pipe racks) shall be provided that
adequately secure gas cylinders by chains, metal straps, or other approved
materials, to prevent cylinders from falling or being knocked over. Chains are
preferable to straps. Straps shall be non-combustible.
SFC/WSFC (IFC) Chapter 30, Section 3003.3.1
NFPA 45, 8-1.5
seismically active areas, more than one chain/strap should be used (double
chains/straps should be located at one-third and two-thirds the height of the
cylinder.
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory 4.E.4
Good Practice
1. Storage and use of toxic and highly toxic compressed-gas cylinders shall be
within exhaust-ventilated gas storage cabinets, laboratory fume hoods,
exhausted enclosures, or separate ventilated gas storage rooms without
other occupancy or use. It is acceptable to mount lecture bottles connected
to a manifold in a fume hood.
Required for SBC/WSBC (IBC) H-5 occupancies, but good practice for situations using toxic and highly toxic compressed
gases.
3. Gas cabinets shall have self-closing doors and may require internal
sprinklers; they shall also be constructed of at least 0.097-inch (12-gauge)
steel; and seismically anchored.
4. Gas cabinets shall be fitted with sensors connected to alarms that give
warning in the event of a leak, or exhaust system failure, as appropriate.
Required for H-5 occupancies, but good practice for other situations. For planning purposes, gas cabinets shall contain not
more than three cylinders each, except where cylinder contents are one pound net or less, in which case gas cabinets may
contain up to 100 cylinders each. Gas cabinets shall comply with semiconductor industry standards.
1. Normal and emergency relief venting and vent piping for pressure vessels
should be adequate and in accordance with the design of the vessel.
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April 2005
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels
32 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
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A. Scope
This section of the Design Guide applies to the design, construction, and installation of
hazardous materials storage cabinets.
C. Design
3. Laboratories that store, use or handle more than ten gallons of flammable or
combustible liquids shall have one or more flammable liquid storage cabinets.
SFC/WSFC (IFC) Chapter 34, Section 3404.3.4.4
2. Flammable cabinets built into laboratory casework are not to be vented into
the fume-hood exhaust system. No acceptable method of doing this has
been identified.
Good Practice
NFPA 30 (2003) Section 6.3.4
4. If the cabinet is not vented, then it shall be sealed with the bungs supplied by
the manufacturer.
Good Practice
Cabinet Manufacturer’s Listing Requirements
5. Toxic material storage cabinets, when used to store highly toxic materials in
excess of an exempt amount, shall be vented in a manner similar to
flammable liquid storage cabinets.
Good Practice
1. Flammable liquid storage cabinets shall not be located near exit doorways,
stairways, or in locations that would impede leaving the area.
Good Practice
SFC/WSFC (IFC) Chapter 34, Section 3404.3.3.3
3. Flammable liquid storage cabinets shall not be located near an open flame or
other ignition source.
Good Practice
SFC/WSFC (IFC) Chapter 34, Section 3404.2.4
An open flame or other ignition source could start a fire or cause an explosion if an accident or natural disaster brought the
ignition source and flammable liquids or vapors together.
A. Scope
The design and construction of a facility that contributes to efficient and safe work with
biohazardous materials is the goal of this chapter. Before a proposed biosafety
containment laboratory can be effectively planned, a risk assessment determines the
containment conditions that are required. Risk assessments, conducted on a case-by-
case basis, consider the biohazardous materials, the nature of the work, procedures
involved, equipment needs, regulatory requirements, national guidelines, and UW
requirements. The guidelines presented here are for general-use Biosafety
Containment Levels 1, 2, and 3 for biological research laboratories. Containment
facilities for animals, large-scale (≥10 liters) operations, clean rooms, US Department
of Agriculture containment requirements, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
containment requirements, greenhouse and Biosafety Level 4 work (BSL 4) are
beyond the scope of this Guide.
If vertebrate animals are involved in research with biohazardous materials, special
precautions are required. Requirements will be specified on a case-by-case basis by
EH&S personnel.
See other sections of this guide for general laboratory requirements and other
requirements.
a) Sturdy.
b) Capable of supporting anticipated loads and uses.
c) Upholstered with liquid-proof and easily cleaned/decontaminated
material.
d) Such that spaces between and under benches, cabinets or
equipment shall be accessible for cleaning.
In addition to the requirements for a BSL 1 laboratory, the following are required:
1. Floors shall:
5. Doors shall:
a) Be self-closing and locking.
b) Have fire ratings as required.
c) Not be provided with any kind of hold-open device.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 37
April 2005
7. An emergency eyewash and shower unit shall that comply with requirements
of Chapter 4 of this Guide shall be provided.
The EH&S Biosafety Officer on behalf of and in accordance with the Institutional
Biosafety Committee and their policies, must approve the location and design of any
BSL 3 facility and has final authority to authorize commencement of BSL 3 work.
2. All tall and/or heavy fixtures and equipment (e.g., biological safety cabinets,
autoclaves, etc.) should be fitted with a seismic anchoring system/device.
3. A third party owner’s agent selected by Environmental Health and Safety
familiar with BSL-3 design shall commission the facility. Commissioning shall
include visual inspection and performance testing to verify that design and
operational parameters have been met before research may begin. The
commissioning plan shall be reviewed and approved by EH&S. Completed
inspection and test reports and other documentation associated with
38 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
exposed.
10. When a thimble connection is used (Class II A2 BSC) the ceiling height must
accommodate the biosafety cabinet, thimble and duct.
13. Viewing into the BSL 3 facility is not allowed from public areas.
17. A HEPA filter and disinfection traps shall be installed on vacuum system lines
before they leave the BSL 3 facility. A HEPA filter shall be installed in-line
before the pump when vacuum pumps are in the BSL 3 facility.
19. An autoclave shall be available in the BSL 3 facility with pass-through to the
anteroom or support area. Autoclaves may be located outside the BSL 3
facility but within the building when approved by EH&S. The autoclave
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April 2005
20. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems shall meet the
requirements of section 4 of this Guide. In addition, they shall:
a) Create directional airflow drawing air from low-hazard rooms/areas
to higher-hazard rooms/areas.
b) Use supply and exhaust dampers of gas-tight design and closable
from outside the facility to facilitate decontamination.
c) Be balanced so that the minimum pressure differential between the
hallway and anteroom is 0.05 inches of water and the minimum
pressure differential between the anteroom and the laboratory is
another 0.05 inches of water.
d) Be provided with alarm panels with pressure indication between the
laboratory and anteroom, and anteroom and hallway. These panels
shall have visual and audible alarms to warn of failure in differential
pressure inside and outside the containment module.
e) Provide air supply and exhaust system capacity, which is ≥ 125% of
the laboratory’s requirements. The use of a redundant fan system is
optional.
f) Not become positively pressurized if the exhaust system fails. The
supply and exhaust fans should be electrically interlocked.
g) Monitor pressure gradients in this area.
h) Maintain negative air pressure by providing 10% more exhaust
airflow air than supply air.
i) Rooms of higher hazard shall have ≥ 50 cfm flowing into them from
lower-hazard rooms.
j) Provide an air balance, which accommodates BSC thimble exhaust
requirements if Class II A2 cabinets are used.
k) Be provided with a damper in the HVAC bypass if Class II B1 or B2
cabinets are used. This damper shall be interlocked with the BSC to
exhaust the laboratory when the BSC is turned off (extends filter life,
42 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
21. HEPA filters, if provided on the exhaust system, shall be either bag-in/bag-out
or capable of isolation (by gas-tight damper) to accommodate gas
decontamination. Provisions shall be made to replace gas-decontaminated
filters after decontamination when the decontaminant is incompatible with
HEPA filter media (e.g., aqueous solutions that will weaken filter media or
substances that will corrode or degrade the filter media).
a) Exhaust-system HEPA filters shall be provided for BSL 3 facilities.
HEPA filters should comply with DOE-STD-3020-97 (or the latest
edition).
b) Arrangements shall be made to permit periodic leak testing of
exhaust-system HEPA filters. The system design should comply with
ASME AG-1. The test arrangement shall have these features:
(1) An injection port or location located upstream of the HEPA
filter to accommodate DOP (or equivalent) challenge aerosol
testing. This location will promote uniform mixing of the
challenge aerosol with subsequent turbulence.
(2) An upstream sampling port installed about six to twelve
inches upstream from the filter.
(3) A downstream sampling port located where the airflow has
become thoroughly mixed. This may be accomplished using a
Stairmand disk located four to six duct diameters downstream, a
downstream leak-tight fan, or similar arrangements.
(4) Penetrations of a design that can be plugged or capped
between leakage tests.
(5) Alternatively, commercially fabricated bag-in/bag-out
assemblies with factory-installed equipment for injection, mixing,
and sampling of challenge aerosols may be used.
c) A magnahelic gauge or other pressure-monitoring device shall be
installed to measure pressure drop across all HEPA filters. The
magnahelic gauges or pressure-monitoring devices shall be readable
from outside the BSL 3 facility.
22. Space shall be provided on or near the door for the conspicuous posting of:
a) The biohazard warning symbol.
b) A list of personnel authorized, possibly by title, to enter the area.
c) Access rules.
23. Security systems shall be used to control access to the building and/or region
of the building and the BSL 3 laboratory. The security system shall limit
access to authorized people, and record entry and exit times and dates.
Security measures shall equal or exceed the guidance set forth in Appendix F
of the latest version of the CDC-NIH “Biosafety in Microbiological and
Biomedical Laboratories”. Please contact the EH&S Biosafety Officer for
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 43
April 2005
2. Two biosafety cabinets should not be installed directly opposite each other
when they are closer than six feet apart.
Good Practice
Laminar airflow is greatly hindered by the concurrent operation of two biosafety cabinets situated across from each other.
The potential for air turbulence also increases when two cabinet operators are working at the same time in the same
immediate vicinity.
3. Do not design BSCs to be plumbed with natural gas; this is prohibited.
4. Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC) shall be installed as follows:
a) Class II, Type A2 BSC for biohazard work not involving chemicals;
they shall be connected to the exhaust system via an air gap (thimble
connection).
b) With thimble connections as provided by the BSC manufacturer or
as approved by the Biosafety Officer.
c) Class II, Type B2 BSC for biohazardous work involving flammable,
volatile, and toxic chemicals and radionuclides. Class II Type B2 BSC
shall be directly (hard) connected to a dedicated exhaust system.
d) Class II B BSC shall be interlocked with the exhaust fan so they
shut down and alarm in the event of an exhaust fan/system failure.
e) Class II B1 and B2 BSC shall be provided with a gas-tight valve for
decontamination on the exhaust that is accessible from the front or side
of the cabinet.
44 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
8. Class II Type A BSC shall be vented from the building through a thimble
connection unless specifically exempted by EH&S.
Researchers must confer with the Biosafety Officer and provide information regarding materials and agents to be used in the
cabinet. Exemptions will not be considered when information is not provided or unavailable
Good Practice
UW Chemical Hygiene Committee recommendation
9. Where BSC are connected to external ducts, a flow monitoring system with
audible and visual annunciations shall be used to alert the BSC of loss of
external ventilation. Alternatively, thimble connections or canopy mini-
enclosures in BSC shall be fitted with a ribbon streamer or equivalent
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 45
April 2005
attached at an edge through which air enters the device to indicate the airflow
direction.
10. Security measures shall be designed and installed to meet or exceed the
conditions set in Appendix F “Laboratory Security: an Emergency Response
for Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.”
CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
11. The UW Biosafety Officer must approve The BSC make and model prior to
procurement.
46 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
A. Scope
This guide presents the minimum performance requirements for fire safety building
features provided for laboratory buildings. It includes fire extinguishers, fire sprinklers,
fire alarms, fire/smoke dampers, and environmental control systems/smoke control.
This section is written primarily for leased buildings and other facilities not maintained
by UW Facilities Services.
B. Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguisher shall be conspicuously located and within required travel distances
as outlined in codes and standards. Travel distance and extinguisher capacity
requirements vary significantly with occupancy. Below are common placement and
design criteria specific to laboratory buildings.
common areas, corridors, hallways, dining and lunch or break rooms, electrical vaults, kitchenettes, locker rooms,
mechanical rooms without fuel-fired equipment, medical/hospital In-patient/clinic and treatment rooms, offices, reception
areas, waiting rooms, and lounges.
D. Fire Sprinklers/Standpipes
6. Ceiling systems collect heat and aid in the activation of fire sprinklers. Where
partial ceilings are provided for architectural reasons, special attention should
be paid to the design of the sprinkler system. Heads both above and below
the ceiling may be required where the ceiling is not continuous.
NFPA 13, Good Practice
7. Fire sprinkler mains shall be located outside of main hallways and corridors.
Good Practice
Locating fire sprinkler mains outside hallways and corridors allows more room in a commonly congested ceiling space.
1. The fire alarm control panel shall be addressable with analog sensor and
PNIS proprietary station monitoring capability.
Good Practice
Addressable technology is preferred due to its ability to pinpoint a given specific location of incident occurrence.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 49
April 2005
2. All fire alarm system wiring and cable shall be installed in metal conduit.
Good Practice
6. Smoke detectors shall not be provided in exit stairs or dirty environments that
would be prone to false alarm unless required by code.
Good Practice
7. For buildings not equipped with fire sprinklers, heat detectors shall be
provided in kitchens, storerooms, mechanical rooms, janitor closets, etc.
SFC, NFPA 72
8. Manual fire alarm pull stations shall be provided at all building exits in the
direct path of egress, regardless of code requirements. Pull stations shall be
provided on individual floors at the entrance to the exit stair.
Good Practice, NFPA 72
50 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
9. Fire alarm audibility is required throughout the building by the Seattle Fire
Code. The following guidelines are provided to ensure audibility is provided
per code and occupant sensitivity to alarms is addressed.
a) Typically, fire alarm speaker audibility can only be achieved through
a single door. Therefore, an office inside a suite would require an
audible device within the suite to ensure sufficient audibility in the office.
Audible device placement in individual offices should be avoided where
possible.
b) Audible/visual alarms shall be provided in each laboratory to
overcome ambient laboratory noise.
c) Audible devices are typically required in acoustic (sound) rooms,
coolers, environmental rooms, and other regularly occupied sound-
transmission-resistant areas. Environmental rooms may require
weatherproof devices.
d) Audible devices located in restrooms should set at a reduced level.
NFPA 72
SBC/SFC WSBC/WSFC (IBC/IFC) Chapter 9,Section 907.10.2
10. Visual alarms (strobe lights) are required throughout all public spaces and
common areas as defined by the applicable codes and standards. Visual
alarm design must include the candela rating on the individual device, and a
template should be used to ensure sufficient intensity to provide coverage of
all required areas. Synchronization of visual notification devices is required
when multiple devices are in the line of sight. Providing synchronization for
the entire building should be considered.
SBC/WSBC (IBC) Chapter 11
NFPA 72
When visual alarms are provided as part of a combination device (horn/strobe or speaker/strobe) in a non-public space (i.e.,
research laboratory), the visual alarm need not achieve the minimal candela rating throughout the room or area.
NFPA 72
Public spaces include but are not limited to hallways, corridors, classrooms, meeting rooms, conference rooms, copy rooms,
lounges, break rooms, and restrooms.
F. Fire/Smoke Dampers
2. The UW prefers the use of pneumatic dampers due to their reliability. If the
building is connected to a reliable air supply, pneumatic dampers should be
considered.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 51
April 2005
Good Practice
3. The manufacturer shall stand behind the reliability of the actuators even if
they are to be closed only once a year. The manufacturer shall not limit the
warranty of the damper due to closure only once a year. Electric actuators
shall have an end-switch or clutch to reduce force on the damper when it is
being held open. Electric actuators shall not use stall-motors.
Good Practice
2. Only the fire alarm system should control life safety fans such as atriums,
elevator shafts, and dedicated smoke control systems. Likewise, only the fire
alarm system should control the smoke dampers at air-handler inlet and
discharge. Shut down authority should be effective for all positions of the
local HOA or VFD controls. The environmental control system shall not
control fans after shutdown by the fire alarm system until after resetting the
fire alarm system. Toilet and other non-recirculating exhaust fans shall
remain on unless this creates a problem with air quality or excessive pressure
on exit doors.
SMC Section 608
Good Practice
A. Scope
All radioactive materials and their uses are governed by the terms and conditions of
the UW Radioactive Materials License, issued by the State of Washington Department
of Health, Division of Radiation Protection (DOH).
UW Type A License of Broad Scope
4. The UW RSO shall determine whether High, Very High or Airborne radiation
areas exist and specify requirements that may result from these unusual
levels of radioactive materials.
NCRP No. 127 Section 4.2
C. Ventilation Considerations
1. The UW RSO shall evaluate facilities performing procedures that involve any
unsealed radioactive materials having the potential to emit airborne
radionuclides for compliance with State of Washington Air Emission
Standards. Calculations may reveal that the facility needs to be equipped
with ventilation that will limit air concentrations to levels that are ALARA and
are lower than allowed limits. Ventilation systems shall prevent the escape of
the airborne contaminants to adjacent non-use areas to assure that air
concentrations in those areas do not exceed allowed limits. Facilities using
radioactive materials may need to be approved by the State of Washington
Department of Health and a Notice of Construction (NOC) may need to be
filed with the DOH, depending on what air emission calculations reveal.
Washington Administrative Code 246-247
A. Introduction
Machines irradiators, and high activity non-sealed sources that produce ionizing
radiation are common in research laboratories. These devices can include high-
energy accelerators that require special shielding and control as well as devices that
produce x-rays of such low energy and intensity that minimal shielding and controls is
required. This wide variation in sources makes it difficult to write detailed guidelines
for all radiation sources. It is important to involve the UW Radiation Safety Office
(RSO) or a State of Washington Department of Health (Division of Radiation
Protection) approved “qualified expert” in the processes related to design, installation,
acceptance testing, and operations of all such sources.
The purpose of this chapter is to identify common irradiators, sources, and machines
that produce external ionizing radiation at research facilities and to give general
guidelines regarding the planning, installation, storage and use of these sources. For
details, always refer to the UW RSO or “qualified expert”.
Though these recommendations deal mostly with radiation sources found in research
facilities, most campuses have medical x-ray facilities as well (e.g., hospitals, medical
and dental clinics); therefore, limited comments regarding these facilities have been
included. Typical sources include:
1. Machines:
a) X-ray radiographic and/or irradiation facilities.
b) Accelerator facilities.
c) Analytical x-ray machines (e.g., x-ray diffraction, electron
microscopes).
d) Cabinet radiography units.
e) Accelerators used for radioisotope production.
2. Radioactive Materials:
a) Sealed sources.
b) Irradiators.
c) Moisture/density gauges.
d) High activity non-sealed sources (i.e., sources which can produce
high external radiation exposures, but do not satisfy the requirements to
be considered sealed sources).
B. General Requirements/Considerations:
56 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
Early in the planning stages when an irradiator or x-ray producing device is planned for
installation in a building, the RSO shall be consulted. There are numerous regulatory
and design requirements that shall be addressed (e.g., registration, licensing and
shielding).
1. Facilities shall be designed such that the exposure limits specified in WAC
246-221 for controlled and uncontrolled areas are not exceeded when use
and occupancy factors are taken into account. In addition, Washington
Department of Health requires that shielding shall be designed to limit the
dose equivalent in controlled areas to 10% of the regulatory limits. That is,
500 millirem/year. This requirement is in accordance with the intent of
ALARA (keeping doses “As Low As Reasonably Achievable”).
Washington Administrative Code, and State of Washington DOH Division of Radiation Protection
advisory documents
2. Shielding specified for uncontrolled areas must be based on the current 100
millirem/year regulatory limit. These newer, lower limits must be adhered to
in shielding calculations rather than higher values found in National Council
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 57
April 2005
D. Special Considerations
2. Exhaust ducts and collectors shall be located and/or shielded such that
personnel exposures along its route of travel and at the collector are ALARA
58 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
and do not exceed regulatory limits. Collectors shall be equipped with bag-
in/bag-out capability and located such that there is adequate space to change
out collectors without contaminating uncontrolled areas and with minimum
disruption of uncontrolled operations. Since such ducting and associated
collectors are often located in uncontrolled areas occupied by individuals who
are unfamiliar with radiation, even small exposures may be alarming to the
occupants. Therefore, it may be advisable to design shielding in order to
reduce exposures far below regulatory limits or to provide additional training
to the occupants regarding the effects of radiation.
Good Practice
4. For most single-floor facilities with energies less than 200 kVp (kilovoltage
peak), shielding shall be extended from the floor to no less than seven feet
high. In multi-floor/multi-level facilities, shielding walls may need to be higher
than exactly seven feet. For single floor facilities with high-energy sources
that can produce “skyshine,” ceilings may require shielding and the shielding
in walls may need to extend from floor to ceiling. In multi-level facilities,
particular attention must be paid to floor shielding, since the useful radiation
beam is often predominantly pointed downward.
NCRP 49
6. For operator protection, source controls shall be located such that no first-
scattered radiation reaches the control area. These controls shall also be
located such that exposures from primary and secondary radiation do not
exceed regulatory limits when use and occupancy factors are taken into
account. The operator shall be allotted 7.5 sq. ft. or more of unobstructed
floor space in control booths to allow ease of movement behind barriers. No
dimension of this space shall be less than 2 ft. An extension of a straight line
drawn between any point on the edge of the booth shielding and the nearest
vertical edge of a cassette holder, corner of the examination table, or any part
of the tube housing assembly shall not impinge on this unobstructed space.
The operator switch must be mounted so that the operator can avoid first-
scattered radiation while energizing the machine. The requirement is for the
switch to be permanently mounted 40 inches inside the protected control
booth. A control booth-viewing window is required and shall have at least
one square foot of viewing area. The viewing window must be equal or
greater in lead equivalence to the shielding installed in the control booth
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 59
April 2005
walls.
Good Practice
WAC 246-225-030
8. The structure of the facility shall be designed (evaluated and updated for
renovated facilities) to physically support required shielding (e.g., weight “cold
flow”). It is important to recognize that some shielding materials (e.g., lead)
can “cold flow” with time, particularly for tall and thick sections. It is
necessary to support shielding in a way that will address this problem or to
use an alternative shielding material (e.g., iron or concrete).
9. Some radiation sources and associated shielding are extremely heavy, so the
structure of the facility may need to be specially designed (evaluated and
updated for renovated facilities) to physically support the equipment.
10. Shielding and equipment shall be designed and installed to meet seismic
restraint requirements.
State and local building requirements
11. Hazards associated with moving heavy shields, high voltage, and high
magnetic fields are often present around radiation sources. Often, special
administrative and engineering controls are required to deal with these
hazards safely.
12. Exhaust systems for hazardous materials (e.g., ozone, cryogens, gaseous
activation products) produced or present around radiation sources need to be
designed to maintain exposure levels for hazardous materials below the
respective occupational exposure limits (OEL). Care shall be exercised in
selecting the discharge points for these exhaust systems.
Industrial Ventilation, a Manual of Recommended Practice, latest edition
15. Warning lights, audible signals and signs shall be in compliance with the
requirements in WAC 246-225, 227, 228, and 229. Signage shall be in
compliance with the requirements in WAC 246-221, 225, 227, and 228.
Washington Administrative Code
16. Radiation area monitors are typically required when exposure rates are such
that the exposure of an individual in the area could exceed institutional
administrative controls specified by the UW RSO and/or the RSC.
Washington Administrative Code
UW Radiation Safety Committee
E. Pre-use Considerations
4. For dental radiographic facilities, the ordinary walls in a building (two layers of
5/8 inch drywall) often provide adequate shielding to protect surrounding
areas. It should be noted that one of the common layouts for dental
equipment puts the head of the dental chair adjacent to central work or
patient areas. Unless modified, this common layout can result in the
unacceptable practice of exposing the central work or patient areas to
unshielded primary radiation. For general stationary dental intraoral
equipment, the control switch shall be permanently mounted in a protected
area no less than 36 inches from access to the direct scatter radiation field.
Because of the many variables involved, the UW RSO or designee shall
evaluate the shielding in each dental x-ray room.
JCAHO recommendations
5. The UW RSO or designee shall evaluate the shielding (design and testing)
for each veterinary radiographic facility or room.
NOTE: Operator control booths are not always required for these facilities.
8. Each control booth shall have at least one viewing device so the operator can
view the patient during exposure, and have a full view of entries into the room
when using medical diagnostic and therapeutic equipment. If electronic
viewing equipment is used, an alternate viewing system shall be available as
a backup in the case of electronic failure.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 63
April 2005
2. All doors to Class 3b and Class 4 laser areas shall have ANSI Z136.1 (2000)
64 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
2. Laser enclosures, beam stops, beam barriers and other exposed surfaces
shall be diffusely reflective at the laser wavelength used. Surfaces that may
create a specular reflection at the laser wavelength shall not be used.
Good Practice
2. Provisions shall be made for the safe storage of laser dye solutions, solvents,
and other flammable materials.
NFPA 115 Section 9
2. All laser laboratories shall be provided with easy egress. Crash-bar hardware
can be used on outward-swinging doors.
Good Practice
H. Excimer Lasers
1. Halogen gas mixtures shall normally be stored in gas storage cabinets. All
transfer lines and components in contact with halogens shall be of compatible
(non-reactive) materials. Institutional toxic gas program requirements will
designate the specific storage quantities allowed (depending on toxicity and
other factors).
NFPA 115 Section 8
Conventional gas storage cabinets will effectively contain the dilute halogen and hydrogen halide in inert gas mixtures used
in excimer lasers if the delivery lines are kept bone-dry. Gas storage cabinet hardware allows this to be done using bone-dry
nitrogen purge gas.
2. The gas discharge from both the excimer laser and the associated halogen
gas storage cabinet shall be connected to an appropriate exhaust ventilation
system capable of maintaining an average face velocity of 200 fpm at the
cabinet’s window opening when the window is fully opened. An alarming
airflow meter should be used to monitor and indicate low-flow conditions in
the gas cabinet.
NFPA 115 Section 8
Lens on laser conditions (or any place where the beam irradiance exceeds 1000
watts/cm2) should be jointly evaluated by an Industrial Hygienist and Health Physicist
to identify engineering controls for laser generated air contaminants. Places where
irradiances exceed 10,000 watts/cm2 shall be enclosed to the maximum extent
practical and properly ventilated. Exposure to LGAC shall not be managed with the
use of PPE.
ANSI Z136.1-2000 Section 7.3
ANSI Z 136.1 states that from 10 3 to 107 watts/cm2 contaminants MAY exist and could be air-monitored. Above 107
watts/cm2 contaminants CAN exist. Organic materials, including polymers and tissue, will produce plumes containing
potentially carcinogenic materials. Polymers will pyrolyze to form toxic gases. Metals and inorganic materials will form
fume clouds. These can be treated as common hot gas air contaminant sources in accordance with ACGIH and ASHRAE
criteria. The interiors of the enclosures should be easy to clean/decontaminate. The usefulness of HEPA filtration of the
effluent shall also be evaluated when irradiances exceed 10,000 watts/cm2.
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 67
April 2005
2. Provisions shall be made to restrict access and post appropriate warnings for
locations where field strengths could exceed the MPE. Appropriate ANSI
specification warning signs shall be provided to identify such areas. Signs
should be mounted so as to be visible both at the doorway and at some
distance from the doorway. Signs should not be mounted above doorways.
ANSI C95.1-1999 Section 4.1.1, 4.1.2
ACGIH-TLV/BEI
Electric Fields: Overexposures are unlikely if electric sources are insulated and
grounded. The exposure limits vary according to the frequency range. For a 60 Hz
filed, the limit is 25 kV/m. However, the worst-case situation would be at 30 kHz,
where the limit is 625 V/m.
There are a few types of cardiac pacemaker that are very sensitive. Some models are
susceptible to interference by a power-frequency (50/60 Hz) as low as 2 kV/m. It is
recommended, therefore, lacking specific information that exposure to pacemaker
wearers be maintained at or below 1 kV/m.
68 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
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ACGIH – TLV/BEI
Overexposures are extremely unlikely because the exposure limits so high that few people (except for utility workers)
encounter such fields. The carcinogenicity of power frequency fields is unproven, so no guidance is given concerning this
issue.
M. Ultraviolet Radiation
1. Provisions shall be made to protect people from exposures at or above the
Maximum Permissible Exposure Levels (MPE) defined for Actinic UV
Radiation Effective Irradiances. Engineering controls may be used in place of
PPE or other administrative controls but are not required. Proper UW rated
plastics, glass and/or shielding design should be evaluated by the Radiation
Safety Office.
ACGIH TLV/BEI
Engineering controls such as automatic shut off switches and locked doors provide superior protection over measures such
as signage. Time limits for exposure are based on a person not using proper PPE.
XII. APPENDIX A:
the hood. Basic characteristics of preferred hood and duct materials are as
follows:
a) Provide new installations to be round 18 gauge minimum thickness
Type 316L stainless steel. Exceptions: Use 16 gauge stainless steel
for perchloric hood systems.
b) Use fiberglass reinforced plastic or material with similar acid
resistant material for acid digestion systems. However, A/E must
confirm design acceptability with both the University Fire Engineer and
the local fire authority having jurisdiction prior to Design Development
Phase.
c) Leave glazed ceramic ducts and vitrified clay tile ducts in place if
possible.
12. Exhaust duct must have liquid and airtight joints with smooth interior surfaces
free of cracks, joints, or ledges.
13. Provide smooth, non-porous lining surfaces free of cracks, joints, or ledges.
14. Use flexible connection sections of duct, such as hypolon or neoprene-coated
glass fiber cloth, between the fan and its intake duct if compatible with
chemicals used in hood. Provide the transition joint from duct to fan of a
seamless, constant diameter, inert, corrosion and UV-resistant materials as
approved by owner. Provide the duct alignment within ½ inch at the hood
collar and fan.
15. Continuously "butt" weld (use appropriate filler rod for type of stainless) for
stainless steel joint construction. Provide a weld sample for A/E and UW
inspection. A VanStone flange can be used if the quality of the weld may be
compromised because of inaccessibility to the area.
16. Install two Petes plugs made of non-corrosive material in the exhaust duct at
90˚ to each other around the circumference for the purpose of pitot tube
insertion.
17. Enclose the VAV modulating damper in a “removable spool assembly”
located in the mechanical room. Variable frequency fan drives with static
pressure sensors are also acceptable in some installations.
18. Provide a flanged removable spool piece (minimum of 24 inches long) at
each fume hood connection. Use spool sections for leak tests, inspection,
and to facilitate removal of equipment. Install acceptable gaskets at flanged
joint connections.
19. All horizontal ducting shall be sloped down towards the fume hood (a
recommended guideline is that the slope should equal to 1/8 inch per foot).
20. Automatic fire dampers shall not be used in laboratory hood exhaust
systems. Fire detection and alarm systems shall not be interlocked to
automatically shut down laboratory hood exhaust fans.
21. Exhaust fans serving chemical fume hoods should be connected to
emergency standby power. The ventilation system shall supply and exhaust
at least half of the normal airflow during an electrical power failure. The
design must also account for pressure differentials resulting from this
condition with regard to egress from the laboratory and building.
72 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
22. Provide adequate space and easy access to facilitate inspection, repair, or
replacement of exhaust ducts.
23. Provide perchloric acid FHES with a dedicated fan and duct and wash-down
system that meets the following requirements.
a) Design to provide as complete a wash down as possible with all
duct at 45˚ or less from vertical.
b) Provide fan casings and hood bottoms with continuous gravity
drainage to the sanitary sewer.
c) Design wash down to be activated by a manual valve located at the
fume hood.
d) Prior to acceptance, testing of the wash down system must be
witnessed and approved by appropriate University representatives.
24. The target design velocity in each duct shall be in the range of 1200 to 1500
fpm to prevent condensed fumes or particulate from adhering to the walls of
the ducts or settling out onto horizontal surfaces and to address acoustical
issues. The actual value needs to consider noise and prevention of product
deposition in the ducts.
25. To overcome aesthetic objection, design the exhaust stacks in the conceptual
stage by incorporating an exhaust tower or a cluster of exhaust stacks as an
architectural element of the building.
26. Fume hood exhaust through roofs should have vertical stacks that terminate
at least ten feet above the roof or two feet above the top of any parapet wall,
whichever is greater, unless higher stacks are found to be necessary
according to “The ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals” or based on
modeling.
27. Design the discharge velocity from the stack to be at least 3000 feet per
minute.
28. Do not provide exhaust stacks with weather protection, such as rain caps,
bird screens and goosenecks, which require the air to change direction or
cause turbulence upon discharge.
the duct section to the required level. When the pressure of the duct
reaches 7 inches W.G., close the shutoff valve.
f) Using a stopwatch, measure the time elapsed from when the duct is
at 7 inches W.G. to 5 inches W.G. Use the formula t=6.23D to
determine if the duct passes the test. (“D” is the nominal duct diameter,
measured in inches; “t” is the MINIMUM allowable elapsed time,
measured in seconds.)
g) If the test fails to meet the allowable rate, make necessary repairs
and retest until satisfactory results are obtained. Contact the Owner’s
Representative to witness the test.
h) Complete test reports.
i) Comply with precautions listed in the current SMACNA HVAC Air
Duct Leakage Test Manual.
74 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
Biosafety Cabinet - A ventilated cabinet, which serves as a primary containment device for
operations involving biohazard materials. The three classes of biosafety
cabinets are described below:
Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
surrounding atmospheric pressure. For purposes of defining the boiling point,
atmospheric pressure shall be considered to be 14.7 psia* (760 mmHg)
CFC chloro-fluorocarbon
Compressed Gas
3. both 1) and 2) or
CT Computerized Tomography
DOP dioctylphthalate
y Flammable Liquid - Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point below
100°F (37.8°C).
Class I Liquid - Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point below 100°F (37.8°C) and a
Reid vapor pressure not exceeding forty psia at 100°F (37.8°C).
y Class IA Liquids - Includes those liquids that have flash points below
73°F (22.8°C) and boiling points below 100°F (37.8°C).
y Class IB Liquids - Includes those liquids that have flash points below
73°F (22.8°C) and boiling points at or above 100°F (37.8°C).
Class II Liquid - Any liquid that has a flash point at or above 100°F
(37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C).
Class IIIA Liquid - Any liquid that has a flash point at or above 140°F
(60°C) but below 200°F (93°C).
Class IIIB Liquid - Any liquid that has a flash point at or above 200°F
(93°C).
Flammable Anesthetic Gas
Compressed-gas, which is flammable and administered as an anesthetic
cyclopropane, divinyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethyl ether and ethylene.
Flash Point: The minimum temperature of a liquid at which sufficient vapor is given off to
form an ignitable mixture with air, near the surface of the liquid or within the
vessel used.
Fume Hood A device enclosed on three sides, as well as the top and bottom, with an
adjustable sash or fixed partial enclosure on the remaining side. They are
designed, constructed and maintained so as to draw air inward by means of
mechanical ventilation, and so that any operation involving hazardous
materials within the enclosure does not require the insertion of any portion of
a person’s body other than the hands and arms into the work area.
HCFC hydro-chloro-fluorocarbon
Laser Hazard Class - The relative hazard of a given laser or laser system as specified in
the ANSI Z136.1 Standard. Current laser classes are 1, 2, 3a, 3b, and 4.
Generally, only Class 3b and 4 lasers present hazards sufficient to require
specialty laboratory designs.
Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) - The level of any radiation to which a person may
be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the
organ(s) of concern. The MPE is normally expressed at a specific
Laboratory Safety Design Guide 79
April 2005
Microwave Radiation - That portion of radio frequency energy consisting of radiation with
frequencies between 300 gHz and 300 mHz.
Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) - All electromagnetic radiation with photon energy less than
12.4 eV (>100 nm wavelength) and electric or magnetic fields. Examples are:
lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), microwave devices, radio-
frequency devices, high-intensity ultra violet(UV) and infrared sources, and
high-powered magnets. It is usually assumed that energy at frequencies
below 300 mHz exists as discrete electric and magnetic fields rather than as
electromagnetic radiation.
Operational Volumetric Flow Rate - The volumetric flow rate of supply air ventilation
delivered to meet the minimum airflow requirements of a laboratory space for
the comfort of the typical number of occupants plus sufficient volume to
maintain negative pressurization of the space. The exhaust volumetric flow
rate will be variable in laboratories equipped with variable air volume (VAV)
hoods.
Optical Radiation - Any radiation with a wavelength between 100 nm and 1 mm. Lasers
normally fall into this area.
PCB poly-chlorobenzodiazepene
PE Professional Engineer
80 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
Power Frequency Field - Any field with a frequency between 3 kHz and 1 Hz.
Pressure Vessel A storage tank vessel that has been designed to operate at pressures
above fifteen psig.
Radio Frequency Energy (Radiation) - Any energy with a frequency between 300 gHz and
30 kHz. For the purpose of interpreting standards, any energy with
frequencies between 3 kHz and 300 gHz.
Static Magnetic Fields - Direct current (zero Hz) magnetic fields. Magnetic flux density
(often called magnetic field strength) is expressed in A/m, Gauss(G), or
Tesla(T). The units are related as 1 A/m = 12.6 mG = 1.26 nT.
TA Teaching Assistant
Threshold Limit Value/Ceiling(TLV-C) - The exposure limit that should not be exceeded,
even for an instant.
Toxic Material - Classes of toxicity include Acutely and Chronically Toxic. Included within
the class of materials that exhibit chronic toxicity but still may present
exceptional risk with a single exposure are carcinogens, mutagens, and
teratogens.
y Acutely Toxic Material - A material for which the lethal exposure levels
fall within the ranges below:
A chemical or substance that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than fifty milligrams
per kilogram but not more than five hundred milligrams per kilogram of body weight when
administered orally to albino rats of between two hundred and three hundred grams each.
A chemical or substance that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than two hundred
milligrams per kilogram but not more than one thousand milligrams per kilogram of body
weight when administered by continuous contact for twenty-four hours, or less if death
occurs within twenty-four hours, with the bare skin of albino rabbits of between two and
three kilograms each.
A chemical substance that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of more than two
hundred parts per million but not more than two thousand parts per million by volume of gas
or vapor; or, more than two milligrams per liter but not more than twenty milligrams per liter
of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour, or less if
death occurs within one hour, to albino rats of two hundred and three hundred grams each.
y Highly Toxic Material - Material which produces a lethal dose or lethal
concentration which falls within any of the following categories:
82 Laboratory Safety Design Guide
February 2006
A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of fifty milligrams or less per kilogram of
body mass (mg/kg) when administered orally to albino rats of between two hundred and
three hundred grams each.
A chemical that has a median LD50 of 200 mg/kg or less when administered by continuous
contact for twenty-four hours, or less if death occurs within twenty-four hours, with the bare
skin of albino rabbits of between two and three kilograms each.
A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of two hundred parts per
million by volume or less of gas or vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume or
dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour, or less if death occurs within
one hour, to albino rats between two hundred and three hundred grams each.
NOTE: Mixtures of these materials with ordinary materials, such as water,
may result in the classification of “highly toxic” not being warranted. While
this system is basically simple in application, experienced, technically
competent persons shall perform any hazard evaluation, which is required for
the precise categorization of this type of material.
OR
OR
OR
After inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a
significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m3;
or
After repeated skin application of less than 300 mg/kg of body weight per
week;
or
After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day.
UL Underwriters Laboratory