Internetworking Concepts Overview: © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc

Chapter 2
Internetworking
Concepts Overview
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-1

Objectives
On completion of this chapter, you will be

able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe how data traffic is exchanged
between source and destination devices.
• Identify the roles and functions of a hub,
switch, and router, and where they best fit in
the network.
• Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a
given set of network requirements.
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-3

Defining Components
of the Network
Home Mobile
Office Users
Internet
Branch Office Main Office

Defining Components of
the Network (cont.)
Branch
Office Floor 2
Server Farm
ISDN
Telecommuter Floor 1
Remote Campus
Network Structure Defined by
Hierarchy
Core Layer
Distribution
Layer
Access
Layer

Access Layer Characteristics
Access Layer
• End-station entry point to the network

Distribution Layer
Characteristics
• Access layer
aggregation point Distribution Layer
• Traffic routing
• Broadcast/multicast
domains
• Media translation
• Security
• Possible point for remote access

Core Layer Characteristics
Core Layer
• Fast transport to enterprise services
• No packet manipulation

OSI Model Overview
Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session

OSI Model Overview
Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
Transport
Network
Data Flow
Layers
Data-Link
Physical

Role of Application Layers
Examples
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP

Examples
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
• How data is presented ASCII

Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG

Examples
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP

Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’
Application Access
data separate
Scheduling

Examples
• User interface Telnet

Application
FTP

• Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’ data
Application Access
separate
Scheduling
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical

Role of Data Flow Layers
Examples
• Move bits between devices

Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed, and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
Examples
• Combines bits into bytes and

bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
pin-out cables V.35
Examples
Provide logical addressing that IP

Network
routers use for path determination IPX
pin-out cables V.35
Examples
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP

Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing that IP
Network
pin-out cables V.35
Application
Presentation
Examples
Session
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP

Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
• Provide logical addressing that IP
Network
bytes into frames 802.3/802.2
Data-Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection, not correction
pinout cables V.35
Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
PDU
Upper-Layer Data
Transport Segment
TCP Header Upper-Layer Data
Network Packet
IP Header Data
LLC Header Data FCS

Data-Link Frame
MAC Header Data FCS
Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
De-encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper-Layer Data
Transport
Upper-Layer Data
ea der
H
Network TCP
TCP+ Upper-Layer Data
e a der
IP H
IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data
r
Data-Link
He ade
L LC
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data
e a der
ACH
M
Physical
0101110101001000010
Written Exercise 1: OSI Model
OSI Model PDU Functional Responsibilities Examples
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical

Physical Layer Functions
Defines
EIA/TIA-232
• Media type
Ethernet
802.3
Physical
• Connector type
V.35
• Signaling type

Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3
10Base2—Thin Ethernet
10Base5—Thick Ethernet
Host
Hub
10BaseT—Twisted Pair
Hosts

Hubs Operate at Physical Layer
Physical
A B C D
• All devices are in the same collision domain.

• All devices are in the same broadcast domain.
• Devices share the same bandwidth.
Hubs: One Collision Domain
• More end stations means

more collisions.
• CSMA/CD is used.

Data-Link Layer Functions
Defines:
• Physical source and
destination addresses
Frame Relay
Data-Link
802.2
• Higher-layer protocol
HDLC
(service access point)
Ethernet
associated with frame
• Network topology
Physical
802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Frame sequencing V.35
• Flow control
• Connection-oriented
or connectionless
Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)
MAC Layer—802.3
Number of Bytes 8 6 6 2 Variable 4
Preamble Destination Address Source Address Length Data FCS
Ethernet II
uses “Type”
0000.0C xx.xxxx here and
does not use
IEEE Assigned Vendor 802.2.
Assigned
MAC Address

Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)
802.2 (SNAP)
Number of Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 3 2 Variable
Destination
Source SAP Control OUI
SAP Type Data
03 ID
AA AA
OR 802.2 (SAP)
Number of Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 Variable
Destination Source
Control Data
SAP SAP
Destination Source
Preamble Address Address Length Data FCS
MAC Layer—802.3
Switches and Bridges Operate
at Data-Link Layer
Data-Link
1 2 3 4 OR 1 2
• Each segment has its own collision domain.

• All segments are in the same broadcast domain.
Switches
Switch
Memory
• Each segment is its
own collision domain.
• Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments.

Network Layer Functions
• Defines logical
Network
source and IP, IPX
destination
addresses
Frame Relay
associated with a
Data-Link
802.2
HDLC
specific protocol
Ethernet
• Defines paths
through network
Physical
802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Interconnects V.35
multiple data links
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
Network Layer End-Station Packet

Source Destination
IP Header Data
Address Address
Logical
Address
172.15.1.1
Network Node

Address Mask
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204
Binary
Address 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
255 255 0 0
Binary
Mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Network Host

1.1 1.0 4.0 4.1
2.1 2.2
1.3 4.3
1.2 4.2
E0 S0 S0 E0
Routing Table Routing Table

NET INT Metric NET INT Metric
1 E0 0 1 S0 1
2 S0 0 2 S0 0
4 S0 1 4 E0 0
• Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network.

• Configuration is required.
• Configured information identifies paths to networks.
Routers: Operate at the
Network Layer
• Broadcast control
• Multicast control
• Optimal path
determination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services

Using Routers to Provide
Remote Access
Modem or ISDN Terminal Adapter
Telecommuter
Mobile User
Branch Office
Main Office
Internet

Transport Layer Functions
• Distinguishes between
upper-layer applications
Transport
• Establishes end-to-end
connectivity between TCP UDP SPX
applications
• Defines flow control
Network
IP IPX
• Provides reliable or
unreliable services for
data transfer

Reliable Transport Layer
Functions
Sender Receiver
Synchronize
Acknowledge, Synchronize
Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)

Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router
Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4

Choosing a Cisco Product
Core Layer
Distribution
Layer
Access
Layer

Product Selection
Considerations
• Functionality and features you need today

• Capacity and performance
• Easy installation and centralized management
• Network resiliency
• Investment protection in existing infrastructure
• Migration path for change and growth
• Seamless access for mobile users and
branch offices

Product Selection
Considerations (cont.)
• First, select WAN

technology solutions
based on the following:
Cost per
Modem/ISDN
Month
– Availability of service.
– Bandwidth requirement. Leased Line, T1
– Cost. Frame Relay
• Second, choose products

that support selected WAN 0 Usage
solutions.

Product Selection
Considerations (cont.)
kbps
1544 Leased Line,
Frame Relay, Video, Multimedia
xDSL
128
64 ISDN, Voice
Frame Relay
56 Web Browsing
New Modem
19.2
E-Mail, File Transfer
9.6
Old Modem Telnet
4.8
• Determine applications that you want to run.

Cisco Hub Products
Selection Issues: Cisco
FastHub400
• Need for 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps on media
Cisco
• Port density FastHub300
• Need for management console Cisco

FastHub200
• Easy operations Cisco
FastHub®100
Cisco 1528
Micro Hub 10/100
Cisco 1500
Micro Hub

Cisco Switch Products
Selection Issues:
• Need for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1000 Mbps on Catalyst
media 8500 Series
• Need for trunking and Inter-Switch Links Catalyst
5000 Series
• Workgroup segmentation (VLANs)
Catalyst
• Port density needs 2900 Series
Wiring
• Different user interfaces Catalyst Closet/Backbone
3000 Series Solutions
Catalyst 2900
Series XL
Catalyst®
1900/2820 Series Desktop/Workgroup
Solutions
Cisco 1548 Micro
Switch 10/100
Cisco Router Products
Cisco
Selection Issues: 12000 GSR
Series
• Scale of the routing features needed Cisco
7000
• Port density/variety requirements Cisco Series
AS 4000
• Capacity and performance 5000 Series
Series
Cisco
• Common user interface 3600
Cisco Series
2600 Central Site Solutions
Cisco Series
2500
Cisco Series
1600/1700 Branch Office Solutions
Cisco Series
700/800
Series Small Office Solutions
Home Office Solutions

Visual Objective
• Use the product selection tool to

select Cisco equipment.
Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be

able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe how data moves through a network.
• Identify the roles and functions of routers,
switches, and hubs, and specify where each
device best fits in the network.
• Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a
network that combines switching, routing, and
remote access requirements.

Review Questions
1. What are some of the advantages of using the

OSI model in a networking environment?
2. Describe the encapsulation process.
3. How many broadcast and collision domains
are on a hub?

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Chapter 2

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-1

On completion of this chapter, you will be

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-3

Branch Office Main Office

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-6

• End-station entry point to the network

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-8

• Fast transport to enterprise services

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-9

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-10

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-11

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-12

• How data is presented ASCII

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-13

• How data is presented ASCII

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-14

• User interface Telnet

• How data is presented ASCII

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-15

• Move bits between devices

• Combines bits into bytes and

Provide logical addressing that IP

• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP

• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP

LLC Header Data FCS

MAC Header Data FCS

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-23

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-24

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-25

• All devices are in the same collision domain.

• More end stations means

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-27

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-29

• Each segment has its own collision domain.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-32

Network Layer End-Station Packet

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-34

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-35

Routing Table Routing Table

• Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-37

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-38

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-39

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-40

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-41

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-42

• Functionality and features you need today

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-43

• First, select WAN

• Second, choose products

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-44

• Determine applications that you want to run.

• Need for management console Cisco

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-46

Home Office Solutions

• Use the product selection tool to

After completing this chapter, you should be

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-52

1. What are some of the advantages of using the

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.1—2-53