2010-2011 Science 8 Third Quarterly Exam Review Packet

Name: ____________________________________________________ Period: ___________

Directions: The Third Quarterly Examination in Science 8 is cumulative (covers everything

learned from the beginning of the year), but will have a greater concentration on the most
recently learned material in Biology and Earth Science. The following are taken from the Metric
Booklet, Graphing Booklet, and Future Is Now Booklet, in which you have taken copious notes
about these instructional objectives. You are to use these booklets to fill in all of the blanks, and
your notes to answer all of the questions about the instructional objectives.

1. Science, Scientific Methods and the Metric System (based on Metric Booklet)
a. Science: What is it?
____________________________________________________________________
b. Metric System
1. What is it and why is it better?
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Units, Prefixes and their meanings:

• Basic unit for measuring length -

_____________________________________________

• Basic unit for measuring mass - _____________________________________________

• Basic unit for measuring volume -

_____________________________________________

• Basic unit for measuring time - _____________________________________________

• Basic unit for measuring length -

_____________________________________________

• Basic unit for measuring temperature -

_____________________________________________

• Kilo means ____________, hector means ___________, deka means ___________,

deci means ___________, centi means ___________, milli means ___________,

2. Construct a Metric Staircase including the numerical relationships of the prefixes

4. Metric Conversions: 1.4 km = ____________m, 1,300 mL = ___________ L, 0.04 hg =

___________mg

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 5. The tool for Measuring Length and Distance
____________________________________________

6. The tool for Measuring Mass _______________________________________________

7. The formula for calculating Volume of a cube or box _____________________________

7b. The tool for Measuring liquid volume: ___________________________________

8. The method for Measuring Volume of irregularly shaped solids

_______________________________

9. The tool for Measuring Temperature ______________________________

10. Three temperature scales _____________________, ___________________,

____________________(water’s Melting Point in each scale with correct units
___________________, ____________________, __________________ and water’s Boiling Point
in each scale with correct units ___________________, ____________________,
__________________)

11. Units used for Measuring Time with a Stopwatch _________________________

3. Graphing (from Graphing Booklet)

• From the very first page, name the seven steps for constructing a line graph.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Physics (from the Future is Now booklet starting on page 147)
a. Energy exists in many forms, and when these forms change energy is
___________________________.
1) The __________ is a major source of energy for Earth. Other sources of energy
include _____________ and _____________________________________.
2) Fossil fuels contain _____________solar energy and are considered
_________________ resources. They are a major source of energy in the
United States. ________ energy, _______, _________________, and biomass are
some examples of renewable energy resources.
a. Name the three types of fossil fuels. ______________,
_________________, and _______________________ ________________
b. Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of
________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3) Most activities in everyday life involve one form of energy being
_________________ into another. For example, the ____________________
energy in gasoline is transformed into _________________ energy in an
automobile engine. Energy, in the form of ____________, is almost always
one of the products of energy transformations.
4) Different forms of energy include heat__________, ____________, mechanical,
_________, nuclear, and chemical. Energy is transformed in many ways.
5) Energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy
of ____________, or potential energy, which depends on
___________________________________.
b. Observe and describe heating and cooling events.
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 1) Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from ________________ objects to
_______________ ones, until both reach the
_____________________________________.
a. If A is 50 °C, and B is 150 °C, heat will flow from _______ into _______
until both of them are _____________°C.
2) Heat can be transferred through matter by the collisions of atoms and/or
molecules (conduction) or through space (radiation). In a liquid or gas,
currents will facilitate the transfer of heat (convection).
a. ______________________ is the method of heat transfer in solids.
b. ______________________ is the method of heat transfer in liquids.
c. ______________________ is the method of heat transfer in gasses.
d. ______________________ is the method of heat transfer in the molten
athenosphere of the Earth’s mantle.

3) During a phase change, _________ energy is absorbed or released. Energy

is absorbed when a solid changes to a ____________ and when a liquid
changes to a ________. Energy is released when a gas changes to a
________ and when a liquid changes to a ______.
a. _______________________ is the name of the phase change from solid
to liquid.
b. _______________________ is the name of the phase change from gas to
liquid.
c. _______________________ is the name of the phase change from liquid
to solid.
d. _______________________ is the name of the phase change from liquid
to gas.
e. _______________________ is the name of the phase change from solid
to gas.
4) Most substances ________________ when heated and ______________ when
cooled. Water is an exception, expanding when
______________________________________.
a. Expand means _____________________________________________________.
b. Contract means ____________________________________________________.
5) ________________________ affects the solubility of some substances in water.
a. What does solubility mean?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
c. Observe and describe energy changes as related to chemical reactions.
(Physics/Chemistry overlap)
1) In chemical reactions, energy is transferred into or out of a system. Light,
electricity, or mechanical motion may be involved in such transfers in
addition to __________________
d. Observe and describe the properties of sound, light, magnetism, and electricity.
1) Different forms of ______________ energy have different wavelengths. Some
examples of electromagnetic energy are microwaves, infrared light,
___________ light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
2) Light passes through some materials, sometimes ______________ in the
process. Materials absorb and reflect light, and may transmit light. To see
an object, light from that object, emitted by or reflected from it, must
enter the eye.
a. What does refracted mean?
____________________________________________

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 b. What does transmit mean?
_____________________________________________
c. Why does a red sweater look red to us?
___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3) __________________ in materials set up wave-like disturbances that spread
away from the source. _________________ waves are an example.
Vibrational waves move at different speeds in different materials. Sound
cannot travel in a vacuum.
a. Why can’t you hear the explosion of another space ship in outer
space? _________
____________________________________________________________________
b. (Answers: solids liquids gasses) Sound travels fastest through
_________________ and slowest through ___________________, and in
the middle through _________
4) _____________ energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources
and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy.
a. Electricity is a flow of _________________________.
b. _____________________ are materials that allow electricity to flow
easily through them, while __________________ are materials that
resist the flow of electricity.
c. In an electric cord, the conductor is the _______________ and the
insulator is the ______________________
5) Electrical circuits provide a means of ___________________________ electrical
energy.
6) Without touching them, material that has been electrically charged
attracts _____________ material, and may either attract or repel other
charged material.
a. (Answers: attract repel) Positive and negative
_____________________. Positive and positive ________________.
Negative and negative _____________________. Positive and neutral
________________. Negative and neutral ________________
7) Without direct contact, a magnet attracts certain materials and either
attracts or repels other magnets. The attractive force of a magnet is
greatest at its _____________________.
a. (Answers: attract repel) North pole and South pole
_________________________ North pole and North pole
______________________ South pole and South pole
________________________
e. Describe situations that support the principle of conservation of energy.
1) Energy cannot be created or ______________________, but only changed
from one form ________________________________________________.
2) Energy can change from one form to another, although in the process
some energy is always ________________________________________. Some
systems transform energy with ___
________________________________________________________________ than
others.
f. Energy and matter interact through forces that result in changes in
__________________________.
1) The motion of an object is always judged with respect to some other
__________________ ______________________________. The idea of absolute
motion or rest is misleading.
2) The motion of an object can be described by its ______________,
____________________ of motion, and _______________________.

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 3) Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object’s motion is the result of the
combined effect of all forces acting on the object. A moving object that is
not subjected to a force will continue to move at a _______________ speed
in a ________________ line. An object at rest will
______________________________________________________________.
4) Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force is directly related to an object’s
______________ and _______________. The _____________ the force, the greater
the change in motion.
a. What is the formula for this law?
_______________________________________
5) Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For every action there is an _______________
and opposite _____________________.
a. Why is it impossible to touch without being touched?
__________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
g. Observe, describe, and compare effects of forces (gravity, electric current, and
magnetism) on the motion of objects
1) Every object exerts ____________________force on every other object.
Gravitational force depends on how much _____________ the objects have
and on how far ______________ they are. Gravity is one of the forces acting
on ________________ objects and projectiles.
a. What is a projectile?
___________________________________________________
2) ____________________________ and _______________ can exert a force on each
other.
3) ____________________ transfer mechanical energy from one object to
another.
4) _______________________ is a force that opposes motion.
5) A machine can be made more efficient by reducing friction. Some
common ways of reducing friction include _______________________or
_____________________ surfaces.
6) Machines can change the direction or amount of ______________, or the
distance or speed of force required to do work.
7) ________________ machines include a lever, a pulley, a wheel and axle, and
an inclined plane. A complex machine uses a combination of interacting
simple machines, e.g., a bicycle.
5. Earth Science (Future is Now booklet starting at page 84)
a. The Earth and celestial phenomena can be described by principles of relative
motion and perspective.
1) Earth’s Sun is an average-sized _____________. The Sun is more than a
million times greater in volume than __________________.
2) Other stars are like the Sun but are ____________________________ that they
look like points of light. Distances between stars are _________________
compared to distances within our solar system.
a. What does vast mean?
______________________________________________
3) The Sun and the ______________ that revolve around it are the major bodies
in the solar system. Other members include comets, moons, and
asteroids. Earth’s orbit is nearly _____________________________.
4) Gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit around the ______________
and the Moon in orbit around the __________________.
5) Most objects in the solar system have a regular and predictable motion.
These motions explain such phenomena as a __________, a _____________,

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 ___________ of the Moon, _______________, ______________, meteor showers,
and ___________________.
6) The latitude/longitude coordinate system and our system of
___________________ are based on celestial observations.
7) Moons are seen by ________________ light. Our Moon orbits ______________,
while Earth orbits the Sun. The Moon’s phases as observed from Earth are
the result of seeing different portions of the ________________ of the Moon’s
surface. The phases repeat in a cyclic pattern in about one
__________________
a. What does cyclic mean?
_________________________________________________
8) The _____________________ _______________ of the Sun, Moon, planets, and
stars across the sky can be explained by Earth’s __________________ and
___________________. Earth’s rotation causes the length of one day to be
approximately _______________. This rotation also causes the Sun and Moon
to appear to rise along the _____________ horizon and to set along the
___________________horizon. Earth’s revolution around the Sun defines the
length of the __________________as 365 1/4 days
9) The _________________ of Earth’s axis of rotation and the __________________
of Earth around the Sun cause __________________ on Earth. The length of
daylight varies depending on _______________ and ____________________.
10) The shape of Earth, the other planets, and stars is nearly
________________________.
b. Many of the phenomena that we observe on Earth involve interactions among
components of air, water, and land.
1) Nearly all the atmosphere is confined to a thin shell surrounding Earth.
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, including __________________ and
______________ with small amounts of ______________, ______________, and
other trace gases. The atmosphere is stratified into layers, each having
distinct properties. Nearly all weather occurs in the ___________ layer of the
atmosphere.
2) As altitude increases, air pressure __________________.
3) The rock at Earth’s surface forms a nearly continuous shell around Earth
called the ____________________________.
4) The majority of the lithosphere is covered by a relatively thin layer of
water called the _____________________________.
5) Rocks are composed of __________________. Only a few rock-forming
minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth. Minerals are identified on
the basis of physical properties such as _____________, _______________, and
reaction to acid.
6) Fossils are usually found in ______________________ rocks. Fossils can be
used to study past _________________ and ______________________.
7) The dynamic processes that wear away Earth’s surface include
_____________________ and ___________________________.
a. Weathering is when we ______________________________________.
Erosion is when we __________________________________________.
8) The process of _____________________ breaks down rocks to form sediment.
Soil consists of __________________, ___________________, water, and air.
a. Where does the organic material come from?
________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
9) Erosion is the ___________________________________________. Gravity is the
driving force behind erosion. Gravity can act directly or through agents

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 such as ________________ ___________________, _______________, and
__________________
10) Water circulates through the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere in
what is known as the ___________________________ _____________________.
c. Describe volcano and earthquake patterns, the rock cycle, and weather and climate
changes.
1) The interior of Earth is _________________. Heat flow and movement of
material within Earth cause sections of Earth’s _____________ to move. This
may result in _____________, _______________ eruption, and the creation of
____________ and ocean ____________.
2) Analysis of ___________________________________________ (vibrational
disturbances) leads to the conclusion that there are ______________ within
Earth. These layers of the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core have
____________________ properties.
3) Folded, tilted, faulted, and displaced rock layers suggest past
_______________ movement.
4) Continents fitting together like ____________ parts and ________________
correlations provided initial evidence that continents were once
_________________.
a. What do we mean by fossil correlations?
___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5) The Theory of Plate ________________ explains how the solid lithosphere
consists of a series of plates that “float” on the partially molten section of
the _______________. _______________ cells within the mantle may be the
driving force for the movement of the plates.
6) Plates may ___________, move ___________, or ___________ past one another.
Most _______________ activity and _____________ building occur at the
boundaries of these plates, often resulting in __________________.
7) Rocks are classified according to their method of _____________. The three
classes of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Most rocks
show characteristics that give clues to their formation conditions.
a. How are igneous rocks formed?
____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
b. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
c. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_
8) The rock cycle model shows how types of rock or rock material may be
________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
9) Weather describes the conditions of the _______________ at a given location
for a short period of ____________________.
10) Climate is the characteristic weather that prevails from _______________ to
season and year to ____________________.
11) The _________________ heating of Earth’s surface is the cause of
____________________.
12) Air ____________ form when air remains nearly stationary over a large
section of Earth’s surface and takes on the conditions of ________________
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 and _____________ from that location. Weather conditions at a location are
determined primarily by temperature, humidity, and pressure of air
masses ________________________________________.
13) Most local weather condition changes are caused by _________________ of
air masses.
14) The movement of air masses is determined by ________________________
winds and _____________________ ____________ currents.
15) _________________ are boundaries between air masses.
_____________________ is likely to occur at these boundaries.
16) High-pressure systems generally bring __________ weather. Low-pressure
systems usually bring cloudy, ______________ conditions. The general
movement of highs and lows is from __________________________________
across the United States.
17) _____________________ weather conditions include thunderstorms,
tornadoes, hurricanes, ice storms, and blizzards. Humans can prepare for
and respond to these conditions if given sufficient warning.
18) Substances enter the atmosphere __________________ and from
______________ activity. Some of these substances include dust from
volcanic eruptions and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and water vapor. These substances can affect _____________,
climate, and living things.
6. Biology: Life Science (approximately 12 weeks)
a. Living things are both similar to and different from each other and from nonliving
things.
1) Living things are composed of _______________. Cells provide ______________
and carry on major _________________ to sustain life. Cells are usually
_________________ in size.
2) The way in which cells function is ___________ in all living things. Cells grow
and divide, producing more cells. Cells take in ______________, which they
use to provide __________ for the work that cells do and to make the
materials that a cell or an organism needs.
3) Most cells have cell membranes, genetic material, and cytoplasm. Some
cells have a cell wall and/or chloroplasts. Many cells have a nucleus.
a. Which type of cell has chloroplast and a cell wall?
_________________________
b. Which organelle is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
_______________
4) Some organisms are single cells; others, including humans, are
_______________________.