“UNMANNED METRO”

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

LINGAYA’S INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By:-
AKHIL KUMAR (6-EE-005)
AKHIL KUMAR SHARMA (6-EE-006)
ANILA SINGH (6-EE-009)
ESHA SINGH (6-EE-30)
Radhika Kaushik (6-EE-49)

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 UNMANNED METRO
A mid term project report

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

AKHIL KUMAR (6-EE-005)

AKHIL KUMAR SHARMA (6-EE-006)
ANILA SINGH (6-EE-009)
ESHA SINGH (6-EE-30)
Radhika Kaushik (6-EE-49)
under the supervision of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LINGAYA’S INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

FARIDABAD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work presented in this mid-term report entitled “UNMANNED
METRO” was carried out at Lingaya’s Institute of Management &
Technology, Faridabad under the able guidance of Dr.
S.C.Parti (Head of the Department). We would like
to express our heartfelt gratitude to him for their valuable
suggestions and guidance and for everything that he had done
for us through the whole Course of Work.

It is our pleasure to thank Mr.Suman Dutta for his early

influence and encouragement to work in this area.

Furthermore, we are also thankful to my colleagues, who have

helped me directly or indirectly during the whole course of work.
We extend our sincere thanks to Lab Staff Of my Department in
Lingaya’s Institute Of Management and Technology, Faridabad,
for their cooperation.

AKHIL KUMAR
(6-EE-005)
AKHIL KUMAR
SHARMA (6-EE-006)
ANILA SINGH
(6-EE-009)
ESHA
SINGH (6-EE-30)
Radhika
Kaushik (6-EE-49)
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 CONTENTS

Chapter 1:- Introduction

1.1 Goal Of The Project

1.2 Objectives of the project

1.3 Motivation

1.4 Overview of the project

Chapter 2:- PROJECT METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3:- Description of the project

3.1 Circuit diagram

3.2 Components used

3.3 Operation of the project

Chapter 4:- Components Details

4.1 Ratings of components used

Chapter 5:- Microcontrollers

5.1 Introduction and details of Microcontroller used

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 Introduction

The goal of our final project is to design an efficient “Unmanned Metro train
system” that can automatically operate (on a small scale) without any human
intervention using H-bridge circuits and Dc motor. The train can sense an
upcoming station on its route and automatically stop at the station.

In our project we aim to demonstrate the working of the automatic metro train
system which has surely been a boon for the residents of Delhi.An artificial track
was designed for the vehicle (train) to run on. Intermediate stations are provided
on the track. As soon as the metro train sensor detects an infrared signal, this
information is given to the microcontroller unit as an input to one of its ports. It is
then that the microcontroller orders the train to stop at the upcoming station.

In the project we show how train systems can be automated. By using this system
in any vehicle, it is possible to move the vehicle on a predefined track with auto
stop provision. Here we try to stop the train at about 3 to 5 stoppages and give an
auto reverse logic for the end of path. By adding this logic, we can move the train
for a long time without changing the direction.

We use the AT89C2051 microcontroller chip along with different infrared sensors
to control all logic, the movement of the train, reverse action of train and stoppage
of train at different stations. Features of the 2051 microcontroller along with the
pin diagram have been described later in brief.

We attempt to devise an algorithm through which the vehicle can optimally handle
any number of stations on its route. This project seems like a fun challenge and
something that has practical applications.

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Drive Motor

Dc gear motor is used to run the vehicle to and fro automatically. We have used
slow speed Dc motor to increase the torque and slow the speed of vehicle. This Dc
motor is run by a 5V to 12V Dc voltage. We can also use an additional gear box if
we want to slow down the speed.

We have used infrared sensors to stop the train, reverse it and again forward the
train. So we use three pairs of infrared sensors in our project. One at the bottom of
the train, second in the front and third one at the back of the train. By using three
sensors we not only stop the train but also move it in the reverse direction.

As per the logic is concerned, we use three inputs in the project, one from the
ground sensor and two from the back and front sensors. Three inputs and one
motor.

Here in the project, we have used a dc motor to run the vehicle. For controlling the
motion of the dc motor we use an H-bridge circuit. H-bridge circuit not only drives
sufficient power for the dc motor but also provides a forward and reverse logic to
the motor.

In the project we have also provided an automatic open door facility wherein the
doors automatically open as soon as the train stops at the station. For this logic we
use another dc motor to open and close the door. We also use a dc motor based
slider loader. With the help of this loader, it is possible to open and close the door
automatically. For this purpose we attach one motor loader and one H-bridge extra.
The extra h-bridge is for the drive motor of the door. When we use extra H-bridge,
it must to use two extra optocouplers. With help of two extra optocouplers we
drive the motor automatically

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 AIM OF THE PROJECT

We here in FINAL YEAR OF B.E are striving to provide better

solution in various fields of engineering and this is, we decide to
work betterment of traction systems used in our country.

This includes the latest development of “DELHI METRO”. We

have taken up this project as an aim to secure the usage and
maintenance of TRACTION SYSTEM.

In this project of ours, we have decided to ERADICATE ALL THE

MANUAL INTERVENTIONS in the traction system as if there is
no manual work to be done in operating the system like in
operation, control and order processing.

Although the project is really huge due to large amount of

variations present in the system of operations, we decide to work
upon the BASIC STRUCTURE of the traction and remove all
kinds of MANUAL STUFF involved in it.

REMEMBER that there is always some room of improvements and

this project of ours doesn’t conclude everything. There is still
scope of improvements for betterments.

ITS NOT THE END , ITS JUST A START.

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 Project Methodology

As we start to work on the project, we decide to have a deep look

at the basic operating procedure of the traction and then try to
find out the involvements of MANUAL INTERVENTION in the
system . We then try to find out the best ways of erasing all that
and provide an alternate way of operation of traction in an
automatic way.

Starting with the basic stuff we prepare a basic METRO CAB ready
to run on tracks. Now we look at the basic needs of operations of
the system and looking broadly we can classify them in some of
the following parts...

• MOVING FORWARD

• MOVING BACKWARD

• STOPPAGE

• STARTING

• DOOR OPENING

• DOOR CLOSING

Now looking at the basic needs , we decide to first take step to

automate the basic movement of CABIN, and automate the
movement , stoppage, braking of metro.

For this we decide to have look at the various options available to

us. The best options are the SOFTWARE driven cabin in which
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some chips can be PREFED with a designed program and then
placed inside the driver cabin, that can run the train start and
stop it easily , but there are some disadvantages here.

BREAKING at an instant, emergency pullouts and some other

difficulties faced by the TRACTION system in daily real situations
remain unsolved and sometimes even increase more then
previous ones.

So this option is not of much importance to us.

Moving on to next option, Prescence of INFRA RED Led’s have

made their mark in science and proved they are a great device of
operation.

So next we decide to check out the working of LEDS to help us

with or project.

Taking on 25mv led to do our work , we decide to place 3

DIFFERENT kinds of led emitters and detectors at 3 different
places in our cabin.

• FRONT

• BACK

• BELOW

This solves our purpose of the starting ,stopping and braking of

the train.

Now our project has started to realize something. We decide to

place 3 leds to control the movements and now we place a DC
MOTOR to provide motion to the cabin on tracks.

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The CHIP to be used in 8051 family to be prefed with a program
logic to control the movement of the cabin with the help of logic
fed into it.

As soon as the front led accept back the INFRA RED signals sent
by it , it provide the start signal to the MOTOR, which starts the
cabin . Now as the train advances to next station we don’t have
to take care of much anything. As the train approaches the next
station we have the next difficulty with our project.

The stoppage of the train and opening of the door is the next
step. We place some material on the tracks that fully absorbs the
IR signals emitted so that they are not returned back to the
acceptor.

Now as the signals are not accepted back, the sensor do not
provide any output to the DC motor, which is prefed to stop if the
signals are not received.

This solves the purpose of stoppage of metro and now on to the

OPENING & CLOSING of the DOOR that has to be taken care off,
with the stoppage of train.

So here we place an internal secondary logic inside our stoppage

loop to control the opening and closing of the door via ANOTHER
DC MOTOR placed in the traing door to control their movement.
As soon as the train stops , the loop of door opening and closing
start , that facilitate the passengers movement. Now after a
predefined time period inside our loop, the door close and provide
a signal to the DC MOTOR to startup again.

This process now repeats for each station the metro has to pass
through. By a very easy enhancement in our developed system,
we can also place a GPS system to check on the movement on
the trains. THUS, our purpose of automating the TRACTION
SYSTEM seems to be solved logically. Now, starting on to the real

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thing, we now move on to check out if this THEORY works for us
in the practical.

Keeping a check on the various small contributions , we now

move on to design what we have thought of in our theory and we
will be also trying to remove or place some automated devices to
stop the TRAIN in case on any kind of emergency or to avoid any
kind of accidents .

The most basic of the concept to be taken care off si if 2

DIFFERENT TRAINS are running on same tracks or someone jumps
on the TRACKS unknowingly , then to avoid any miss happening
we need to place some kind of technique to take care of these
little things.

3 Project Detail

This section provides the detailed description of the circuit

diagram along with the various components used in the project.

Circuit Diagram and components used

The circuit diagram used in the project is given below. From the circuit we observe
the following major components:

1. 89C2015 Microcontroller
2. H-bridge Circuit
3. Dc motor
4. Optocouplers
5. Infrared Led and reflective sensors
6. 7805 regulator
7. +9V Dc power supply for microcontroller and dc motor
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In the circuit we have used three Dc power supply sources which are simply three
9V batteries. One of the power supplies is used for the microcontroller, and the
other two are for powering the Dc motors used in the circuit. Actually the
microcontroller works on a +5V power supply and so we use a 7805 voltage
regulator to convert +9V to +5V. Three pairs of infrared Leds are used for
controlling the motion of the train. For this purpose, they are connected to the port
pins P3.0, P3.1, P3.2. Two Dc motors are used – one for controlling the motion of
the train and the other one for controlling the motion of the door. For each motor
an H-bridge circuit is used. According to the voltages applied to the various
terminals of the H-bridge, we can control the motion of the motor and hence of
the connected part.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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 The 8051 Microcontroller

The 8051 microcontroller developed and launched in the early

80`s, is one of the most popular micro controller in use today. It
has a reasonably large amount of built in ROM and RAM. In
addition, it has the ability to access external memory.

The generic term `8x51` is used to define the device. The value
of x defining the kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3,
indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates EPROM and x=9 indicates
EEPROM or Flash.

ROM

The early 8051, namely the 8031 was designed without any ROM.
This device could run only with external memory connected to it.
Subsequent developments lead to the development of the PROM
or the programmable ROM. This type had the disadvantage of
being highly unreliable.

The next in line, was the EPROM or Erasable Programmable ROM.

These devices used ultraviolet light erasable memory cells. Thus
a program could be loaded, tested and erased using ultra violet
rays. A new program could then be loaded again.
An improved EPROM was the EEPROM or the electrically erasable
PROM. This does not require ultra violet rays, and memory can be
cleared using circuits within the chip itself..

Finally there is the FLASH, which is an improvement over the

EEPROM. While the terms EEPROM and flash are sometimes used
interchangeably, the difference lies in the fact that flash erases
the complete memory at one stroke, and not act on the individual

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cells. This results in reducing the time for erasure.

Different microcontrollers in market.

• PIC: One of the famous microcontrollers used in the

industries. It is based on RISC Architecture which makes the
microcontroller process faster than other microcontroller.

• INTEL: These are the first to manufacture microcontrollers.

These are not as sophisticated other microcontrollers but
still the easiest one to learn.

• ATMEL: Atmel’s AVR microcontrollers are one of the most

powerful in the embedded industry. This is the only
microcontroller having 1kb of ram even the entry stage. But
it is unfortunate that in India we are unable to find this kind
of microcontroller.

Intel 8051

• Intel 8051 is CISC architecture which is easy to program in

assembly language and also has a good support for High
level languages.

• The memory of the microcontroller can be extended up to

64k.

• This microcontroller is one of the easiest microcontrollers to

learn.

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4. COMPONENTS DETAILS

AT89C2051 Microcontroller

We have used the 2051 microcontroller chip to control the motion of

the train. Features of the 2051 microcontroller along with the pin diagram have
been described briefly.

AT89C2051 Pin Configuration

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The 2051 is a low voltage (2.7V - 6V); high performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 2 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard 8051
instruction set and pin out. The 2051 is a powerful microcontroller which provides
a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications. The 2051 provides the following features:

• 2 Kbytes of Flash
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 15 I/O lines
• two 16-bit timer/counters
• five vector, two-level interrupt architecture
• full duplex serial port
• precision analog comparator
• on chip oscillator and clock circuitry

In addition, the 2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.

H-Bridge Motor Driver Using Bipolar Transistors

The classic beginner's DC motor driver circuit that appears in every

electronics textbook is the bipolar transistor H-bridge.

An H-bridge is an arrangement of transistors that allows a circuit full control

over a standard electric DC motor. That is, with an H-bridge a microcontroller,

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logic chip, or remote control can electronically command the motor to go forward,
reverse, brake, and coast.

The H-bridge can operate from a power source as low as two nearly-exhausted
'AAA' batteries (2.2V) all the way up to a fresh 9V battery (9.6V).

The H-bridge circuit (below) looks complicated at first glance, but it is really just
four copies of a resistor + transistor + diode.

There are many different ways to draw the circuitry, but the above wiring diagram
matches the model of most H-bridges.

 Q1, Q3: These are NPN transistors. They connect the motor
to ground (negative terminal of the battery).
 Q2, Q4: These are PNP transistors. They connect the motor
to +2.2V to +9.6V (positive terminal of the battery).
 R1-R4: These resistors prevent too much current from
passing through the base (labeled B) control pin of the
transistor. The resistor value of 1 kilo ohms (1000 ohms) was
chosen to provide enough current to fully turn on (saturate)
the transistor. A higher resistance would waste less power,
but might cause the motor to receive less power. A lower
resistance would waste more power, but wouldn't likely
provide better performance for motors running on consumer
batteries.

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Schematic of a bipolar transistor H-bridge circuit to drive a DC motor. Can you
see the letter 'H'?

 D1-D4: Diodes provide a safe path for the motor energy to

be dispersed or returned to the battery when the motor is
commanded to coast or stop. I notice many H-bridge
circuits on the web lack these diodes. I suppose that's safe
enough for light loads at low voltages, but without diodes, a
motor voltage spike can force its way through the
unprotected transistors, damaging or destroying them.

 M1: This is a direct-current (DC) motor. These are very

common. You can find them in surplus stores online or in
salvaged toys. The motor should have only two wires.
Measure the resistance of the two motor wires using a
multimeter. If it is much less than 5 ohms, then the
transistor parts listed in this article are too weak to power
the motor.
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Optocoupler

There are many situations where signals and data need to be

transferred from one subsystem to another within a piece of
electronics equipment, or from one piece of equipment to
another, without making a direct ‘ohmic’ electrical connection.
Often this is because the source and destination are (or may be
at times) at very different voltage levels, like a microprocessor
which is operating from 5V DC but being used to control a triac
which is switching 240V AC. In such situations the link between
the two must be an isolated one, to protect the microprocessor
from damage due to over voltage.

Relays can of course provide this kind of isolation, but even small
relays tend to be fairly bulky compared to ICs and many of
today’s other miniature circuit components. Because they’re
electro-mechanical, relays are also not as reliable and only
capable of relatively low speed operation. Where small size,
higher speed and greater reliability are important, a much better
alternative is to use an optocoupler

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Usually the electrical connections to the LED section are brought
out to the pins on one side of the package and those for the
phototransistor or diac to the other side, to physically separate
them as much as possible. This usually allows optocouplers to
withstand voltages of anywhere between 500V and 7500V
between input and output. Optocouplers are essentially digital or
switching devices, so they’re best for transferring either on-off
control signals or digital data. Analog signals can be transferred
by means of frequency or pulse-width modulation.

Infrared Led

A light-emitting diode, usually called an LED, a semiconductor

diode that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when
electrically biased in the forward direction of the p-n junction, as
in the common LED circuit. This effect is a form of
electroluminescence. LEDs are often used as small indicator lights
on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power
applications such as flashlights and area lighting. The color of the
emitted light depends on the composition and condition of the

21
semi conducting material used, and can be infrared, visible, or
ultraviolet.

Photodiodes

A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting

light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of
operation.

Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except

that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays)
or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow
light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes
designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN
junction rather than the typical PN junction.

Principle of operation

A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of

sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby
creating a mobile electron and a positively charged electron hole.
If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one
diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the
junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes
move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a
photocurrent is produced.

5. MICROCONTROLLER USED

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 AT89C2051 Microcontroller

We have used the 2051 microcontroller chip to control the motion of the train.
Features of the 2051 microcontroller along with the pin diagram have been
described briefly.

AT89C2051 Pin Configuration

23
The 2051 is a low voltage (2.7V - 6V); high performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 2 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard 8051
instruction set and pin out. The 2051 is a powerful microcontroller which provides
a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications. The 2051 provides the following features:

• 2 Kbytes of Flash
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 15 I/O lines
• two 16-bit timer/counters
• five vector, two-level interrupt architecture
• full duplex serial port
• precision analog comparator
• on chip oscillator and clock circuitry

In addition, the 2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.

6. REFERENCE

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 8051 chipset diagram and working

• C and 8051 : Building Efficient Applications (C

and 8051)

By Thomas W. Schultz

• www.htsoft.com/products/compilers/

 Book on microcontroller by Mazidi

 Book on “electrical machines” by Ashwaq Husain

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