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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

A
TECHNICAL PAPER
ON
CONTROLLING AND MONITORING
OF
SUBSTATION AUTOMATION
AUTHORS:
N.VENKATESWARLU, N.KEERTHI KISHORE,
II/IV B.Tech, II/IV B.Tech,
Branch: EEE, Branch: EEE,
Vidyanagar. Vidyanagar.

Email: Venky359@gmail.com Email: Keerthi_buna@rediffmail.com

N.B.K.R.INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Summary:
Protection and substation control have
Under gone dramatic changes since the Introduction:
advent of powerful micro-processing and Increased competition has forced utilities
digital communication. Smart multi to go into cost-saving asset management
functional and communicative feeder with new risk strategy:
units, so called IEDs(Intelligent ➤ Plants and lines are higher loaded up
Electronic Devices) have replaced
to thermal and stability limits.
traditional conglomerations of
➤ Existing plants are operated to the
mechanical and static panel
instrumentation. Combined protection, end of their life-time and not replaced
monitoring and control devices and LAN earlier by higher rated types.
based integrated substation automation ➤ Redundancy and back-up for system
systems are now state of the art.Modern
security are provided only with critical
communication technologies including
industrial load.
the Internet are used for remote
monitoring, setting and retrieval of load ➤ Corrective event based repair has

and faultdata. Higher performance at replaced preventive maintenance.


lower cost hasresulted in a fast Considering this changed environment,
acceptance of the new technology. Power system protection and control
The trend of system integration will face new technical and economical
continue, driven by the cost pressure of challenges:
competition and technological progress. Modern secondary systems shall enable
The ongoing development towards higher system loading at lower
totally integrated substations is expected investment and operation cost without
to pick up speed with the approval of the compromising system reliability.
open communication standard IEC61850 Users widely dispense with special
in the next years. custom-built solutions but aim at cost
reduction by accepting standard products

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

of global vendors. Manufacturers had to FIGURE 1 - Current relay design trend


compensate the world-wide price drop In the case of substation control, cost
by cost saving. This has mainly been comparison between electromechanical
achieved by right-sizing of product anddigital technology has often been
ranges, standardisation of products, discussedcontroversially.The recently
rationalisation of manufacturing and practised assessmentof total life cycle
expansion to global markets.In this cost, however, seemsto confirm
regard, the introduction of the economic use in most cases. Decisive
digital technology has played a decisive is the possibility to rationalise and
role because the price reduction at a automatesubstation operation and to save
comparable function range could only be operatingstaff on site. This pays off in
achieved with the new generation of particularin industrialised countries with
smart highly integrated IEDs.Besides the high personnelcost.Relaying and control
lower investment cost, theuser gets a IEDs also serve asdata acquisition units
reduction of the operation cost for power system controland power
due to the inherent self-monitoring quality monitoring. By usingwide area
capability(corrective instead of information systems, the data can
preventive maintenance)and the possible be made available to all involved
remote operationand diagnosis. partners.This is becoming more and
In the relay business, these advantages more importantin order to satisfy the
were obvious for the user. Therefore, the information demandin the deregulated
transition to the new digital technology power supply market withfree network
occurred within a decade (1985-1995). access.
Recent development
of protection and substation
automation:
After more than 20 years ofdevelopment,
digital protection and substation control
have reached a mature product state.
In the mean time, some 100.000 digital
relaysand some 1000 digital substation

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

control systemsare in service.As a rule, a relays will be equipped with their own
common IED hardwareplatform is used Internetserver and the operator-relay
today for relays and baycontrol units dialoguecan be performed in a simple
(figure 1). Its modular designallows way by usingstandard browsers. First
adaptation of the input/output interface Internet enabledIEDs are already
to the individual application. Separate available.
processing modules are dedicated to the
communication interfaces to cope with
theincreased data rates and complex
transmissionprocedures. GPS time
synchronisationof microsecond accuracy
is optionallyoffered with the latest
device generations.Global products
designed for the worldmarket meet
relevant IEC as well asANSI/IEEE
standard requirements and can
be adapted to the communication Protective relaying:
standardsused in Europe and USA. The The number of functions integrated in
informationinterface of relays can for relays has been steadily expanded in
examplebe delivered to IEC60870-5-103 parallelwith the increasing processing
as wellas to DNP3.0 or Modbus. power andstorage capacity. Table 1
Windows compatible PC programs allow shows a typicalexample of relay
comfortable local or remote operation of hardware evolution.
IEDs. Unfortunately,there is no common
operatingstandard, so that the user must
changebetween vendor dependent
program versionsto address relays of
different make.This also concerns
communication interfacesand protocols.
An improvement can be expected when

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

TABLE 1: Development of digital relay of characteristics.The offer of integrated


HW performance (example) functions coversthe world-wide practice
Protection relays have developed into (global relay). Theuser can for example
multi-functional universal devices, choose between definiteand various
generallydesignated as IEDs (Intelligent inverse over-current timecurves or
ElectronicDevices). Non-protection between quadrilateral and MHO
tasks, such asmetering,monitoring, type impedance characteristics. He has
control and automation,occupy an ever thefreedom to configure the relay for his
increasing share of thescope of particularapplication case by software
functions.Complete protection of a parameterisation.This trend will surely
power systemcomponent (transformer, contribute to aglobal convergence of
line, etc.) can nowbe provided by only a relaying practices.Additional functions
few highly integratedrelays. For Metering and event/fault recording are
example, the protection of a larger now offered as standard even with
generating unit only needs two or three smallestrelays.An accuracy of about 1%
relays, each with about 15 protection for meteringof current and voltage and
functions.At the time of traditional of about 2% for active and reactive
relaying, severalpanels or cubicles full of power are usually specifiedfor relays.
black-box relayswere necessary for the For the total accuracy, theerrors of c.t.s
same protection scope.Protection and v.t.s (up to 3% with protectioncores)
functionsBasic digital protection have to be added.The storage time for
functions havepassed innumerable lab fault records is nowin general at least
and field tests andare well-established in 10s with a resolution of 600to 2 400 Hz
practice. In the lastyears, they could be dependent on the type of relay.Power
further improved byapplying intelligent quality monitoring is partly covered
algorithms.Examples forthis are: higher by protection relays. The offered
accuracy and stability in case of registrationof voltage dips greater than
disturbed measuring values (e.g. during 10 msand harmonics up to the 5th or
c.t. saturation), and better load versus 10th order issufficient in mostapplication
faultdiscrimination by adaptive cases.Monitoringof fast transients and
measuring principlesand flexible shaping higher harmonics(e.g. up to the 50th)

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

would requirehigher sampling rates and functions can comfortablybe designed


extended relaymemories. The ongoing and implemented by means ofa graphic
technical improvementand price PC tool (CFC: continuous function
reduction of hardware components chart).Computer controlled testing
will however favour a trend towards Simulation techniques have advanced to
the integration of full scale PQ a degree of virtual reality. This goes in
monitoringin protection relays. particularfor real-time digital simulation
Combined protection and control systems(RTDS) which enable absolute
IEDOver the years, there has been a practicecompatible lab testing.However,
globaltrend towards combined units for even PC-controlled portabletest sets
protectionand control on basis of IEDs allow for dynamic testing under real
(Intelligent Electronic Devices, Figure conditions.Among other features,

2). The main application: programadditions are offered for


extended relay testing,for example under
Areas are distribution systems and
the condition of c.t.saturation.
industrial networks. These universal
This new quality of testing hasdecisively
devicesintegrate all substation secondary
contributed to the upgraded performance
functionswith the exception of revenue
and reliability of digital protection
metering.Full scale versions include a
systems.
full graphicmimic display and a key pad
for supervisory

FIGURE 2 - Combined Protection and


Control IED
control. The devices can be used stand-
aloneor serially connected to an RTU or
a centralcontrol unit.Automation

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

Maintenance Based on the nearly with overload capabilitiesof the


complete self-monitoringof modern protected plants.The survey confirms
IEDs, event controlled maintenance is that fast clearanceof fault, in particular
propagated world-wide asa decisive on busbars, is vital toa system’s ability
contribution to cost reduction. to ride through disturbances.Duplication
Theoretical studies have shown that the of protection and
availability of digital protection is even
comparableto a redundant analogue
protectionscheme providing at the same
time significantlyhigher security against
false operation.Complete abolition of
testing, however, ismostly not accepted
as even the best selfmonitoringconcept POWER SYSTEM FAULT (LIGHTNING
cannot cover 100% ofthe protection STRIKES AN OVERHEAD LINE).
scheme.In the few publications about the the installation of breaker fail provision
currentpractice, maintenance intervals of isessential on crucial busbars and on
four(Germany) to six years (Japan, highvoltagelines since back-up operation
Sweden) wererecommended. times often result in system splitting and
Newersurveys indicate atrend to longer cascading.The following development
intervals, even up to 10 years. trends canbe observed in the individual
3. Current protection protectionareas:

practice: 3.1 Transmission system

A world wide survey on reasons for


protection:
blackouts and experienced protection On higher voltage levels, redundant

performance[1] showed the following: protectionconcepts with stand alone

thejudgement of protection was in relays havebeen kept also with the

general reasonablygood. There was, changeover to digitaltechnology. Relays

however, a numberof maloperations of with dissimilar measuringprinciples (e.g.

feeder protection.More attention should differential and distance)or relays of

be paid to relay settingand co-ordination different make are stillpreferred.Control


functions are provided byindependent

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

feeder units.Line protection With the reactance measurementas integral


advent of digital wide-band function of distance relays has an
communication more differential accuracy of about one percent linelength
protectionhas been applied at overhead under favourable conditions. Larger
lines of evenup to some 100 km length. errors will however occur with higher
Phase segregateddesign guarantees zone fault resistances. Improvement can be
and phase selectivityfor all kind of short- expected inthe future by GPS based
circuits. The use isadvantageous in synchronisation ofdata acquisition and
particular with complex line processing of the informationfrom both
configurations such as multi circuit, line ends.High accuracy is achieved by
multi terminal or tapped lines. travellingwave based fault locators.
Differential and distance protection are ESKOM, SouthAfrica reports about +/-
now considered as ideal combination for 150 m on EHV lines[2]. Fault location is
high voltage lines. The transfer of in this case estimatedby measuring the
protectiondata via communication time difference of travellingwave
networks, however,requires careful propagation from the fault to bothline
planning. GPS synchronisation ends. Transformer protectionThe use of
may be necessary in critical cases. digital filtering and intelligentalgorithms
With short lines up to some 30 km, a has dramatically upgraded transformer
direct back-to-back connection of the differential protection performance.
relaysat line ends is possible provided Stability against c.t. saturation, inrush-
that dedicatedoptic fibres are available. currentsand overfluxing is now much
Fault locationUpgrading of fault location more reliable.Integrated numerical ratio
is a preferredsubject of ongoing studies and vectorgroup adaptation belong to the
and numerouspublications. In most standard.Relays with up to five
cases, new or improvedmethods are stabilizing inputs are offered which
discussed and proposed to compensate allow to protect all kind of transformer
influencing factors such as fault connections. Integrated add-on functions
resistance, load transfer, parallel line now reachfrom overload and overcurrent
coupling,series compensation and line back-up toearth-fault and over excitation
chargingcurrent.Fault location based on protection. OLTC control and

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

transformer monitoringare also (SPS)A more recent development


integrated in some combined devices. concerns System Protection Schemes
Busbar protection State-of-the-art is (SPS) [3, 4].They operate on the basis of
decentralized digital design and sub- system wide acquired information and
cycle operating time. Bayunits are try to avoid power system collapse
connected to the central unit viafast which can occur during unstable active
optical fibre links. Sophisticated or reactive power conditions as a
algorithms guarantee far reaching consequence of voltage and frequency
independence of c.t. saturation. The drop or loss of synchronism. Normally
isolator replica is softwarebased and can one tries to achieve stable partial
each be adapted to evencomplex bus networks by purposeful system splitting,
configurations by means of thesetting
program. Digital low impedance
protection is now offered even in
traditionally high impedanceminded
regions because high impedance
protection can by principle not be
transferred to digital technology.
Protection of generating units Function
integration has further proceeded. Even
larger generating units can now be
GIS
protected by two or three relays with
load shedding and forced control of
each about 15 protection functions
power generation. The SPS’s are
(protection of auxiliaries nor
intended to operate already in the initial
considered).The quality (sensitivity and
state of instability before system control
accuracy of measurement, replica reality,
can intervene. Recent developments
etc.) of individual protection functions
include GPS-based synchrophasor
has been further improved. In principle,
measurement for on-line systemstate
however, the longtime established
monitoring. A number of SPS systems
protection principles are further used
are already in service, mainly in Japan
Wide Area System Protection Schemes
[3]

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The growing share of distributed

3.2 Distribution System generation requires reconsideration of


distribution protection. In many cases
Protection:
changeover to directional OC relays may
The current trend is towards combined
be necessary to cope with the backfeed
protection and control IEDs. Driving
of distributed generators. A particular
forceis the need for cost cutting.The
problem provides the loss-of-mains
reduction of the former conglomeration
protection because traditional frequency
of black box devices to only one
and voltage relays may be too slow or
multifunctional relay saves on space and
insensitive and vector jump relays tend
wiring. Highly integrated switchgear
tooverfunction.
panels using small scale CTs and VTs
are gaining increasing market share.
Low resistance earthed radial networks
are generally protected by inverse-time
OCrelays.Meshed Peterson coil earthed
networks which occur mostly in Europe
are also equipped with distance relays.
Urban cable networks traditionally use
differential protection. New digital
relays must be suitable for the existing
pilot wires. Therefore, proven analogue
current comparison principles are
OPEN AIR SWITCHYARD
maintained, however, upgraded to digital
© Siemens (Germany)
relaying standards. For short cable
A number of new principles
connections also relays with digital
have been proposed but no satisfying
wire communication can be applied. In
solution is yet available. Fast fault
the more seldom case where optic fibre
finding and system restoration to
connections exist, relays with direct
upgrade power supply quality is getting
relay-torelay OF connection can be used
more and more important. For this
for distances up to about 30 km.
purpose, the state of earth-fault and

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shortcircuitindicators are evaluated A recent survey comes to the conclusion


together with the distance-to-fault that an algorithmsuitable for practical
calculation ofrelays.Modern fault application has so farnot been found
management includes automatic despite costly developmentefforts. [8]
acquisition and processing of these data. 4. State and trends of substation
The results are then indicated in the automation Integrated protection and
graphic information system of the control firstappeared in the mid
control centre. [5, 6]In many countries, eighties and has sincethen matured to
fault clearing by distributedreclosers and full scale substation automation.
sectionalizes is stillpractised. Protection 4.1 Recent practice:
and control functions of these devices Simple systems for distribution or
are now also provided bydigital devices. industrialnetworks mostly use feeder
In combination with poletopRTUs and dedicatedcombined protection and
radio connections, fast faultclearing and control IEDs anda PC-based central unit.
load restoration is also achievedin this Alternatively,enhanced RTUs with
case. [7]Detection of high resistance decentralised I/Operipherals are applied.
faults(downed conductors) has been
studied fora long time. Proposed
algorithms are basedon wave shape
analysis and recognition oftypical arc
characteristics.

FIGURE 3 - Communication world of


substation automation.
Ethernet is generally accepted as
substationLAN. Industry standards such
asProfibus and LON are successfully
used inEurope while DNP3.0 and
Modbus are preferredin USA. Recently,

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Ethernet withTCP/IP has also been of peer-to-peer communicationwith


introduced. Larger systems typically use quarter cycle reaction time.
a specialcentral unit (server) and 4.2 Internet technology:
separate bay units for control. The latest trend goes to using Internet
Independent protection relays are usually technology in an Intranet or the Internet
connected to the bay control unitsin this itself.Several vendors already offer
case.The remote control function is substationautomation systems with
emulatedeach in the central unit. The integratedInternet server. In this way, the
standard IEC60870-5-101 has in the acquireddata can be exchanged in a cost
mean time beengenerally adopted for savingwayin an Intranet and distributed
communication between substation and to a widercircle of users. Classic
control centre.Time accurate GPS based workstations can bereplaced by normal
synchronisingis available as an option. Internet browsers.Maintenance work, for
Direct peer-to-peer communi- cation example implementationof new
between bay units is offered in some functions, must thenonly be performed at
cases.It can be used for control (e.g. the central applicationserver. [10]
interlocking),however not for protection In Japan, some systems have been in
because of therelatively long reaction servicewhere mini-servers are
time (some 100 ms).Figure 3 shows the implemented inrelays and bay control
complex communication world of units on basis ofJavaVM (Java Virtual
protection and substationautomation.The Machine) [11]Also NGC in England has
upcoming standard IEC61850 foropen been testingapplication servers in
communication in substations is stillin substations.
the test phase and not generally
availablefor application. [9]Some
vendors in USA already offerUCA2-
compatible devices according to
thepreliminary standard draft. A few
pilot systemsare in operation using
standard 10Mbit/s Ethernet. It is also
reported on a successfulimplementation

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

to be guaranteed by passwords,
authenticationprocedures and firewalls.

Relays and other devices are in this case


connected tothe server via an Ethernet
information bus.Information gathered on
the SQL data bank of the server can be
accessed through standardbrowsers
FIGURE 4 - Structure of a highly
using ASP (Active ServerPage)
The integrated substation
procedures. [12]An American vendor is
offer aims at small users where an own
even a step aheadand offers a monitoring
SCADA system is too expensive or not
system where spaceand administration of
yetinstalled.
data is provided onthe vendor’s own
4.3 Highly integrated
server. The user must onlyinstall the
Internet enabled relays and devicesin his
substations:
substation and connect them to the The use of electronic sensors instead of

Internet via the local service provider. traditional current and voltage

Safety against foreign access is claimed transformersin combination with digital


protectionand control allows to design
compact substations.In the distribution
area, there has beena long lasting trend
to highly integratedswitchgear panels.
The current transformersare in this case
designed as Rogowski coilsor closed-
core low-signal transformers.Resistive or

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

capacitive voltage dividers areused as however, will only takeplace when


voltage sensors. The low signal level established standards (IEC61850)
requires to use shielded cables for the for open communication are available.
connectionof the combined protection 5. Concluding remarks:
and controlIEDs. [13] This design
Modern media and cost pressure have
approach considersthe switchgear panel
been the diving forces for system
as one totallyintegrated module.
integrationand automation in substations.
The furtherprogress in data acquisition
(synchronisedsampling, higher sampling
rate), processingand storage capability
(doubling every18 months as per
Moore’s Law) will allowfurther upgrade
of protection functionsandseamless
monitoring and recording of load,
fault events and switchgear state.Wide-
bandcommunication LANs and Internet
In high voltage, the development goes to technology(relay integrated servers and
optic-electronic current and voltage browserbased dialogue) will make the
transformers(acc. toFaraday and Pockels informationavailable at any place of the
principles)and data bus systems. (Figure enterprise.Theproblem will however be
4).Currentand voltage sensors provided to select the usefulinformation from the
withdigital output are connected to a fast large amount of indicatedand stored
fieldbus (Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s or data. Expert systems willhave to take on
even 1Gbit/s) in the switchgear bay. this task.Functionality, performance, and
Discussion at the CIGRE conference operationcomfort of substation control
2000 in Paris showed that the technical will beenhanced corresponding to the
problemscan be mastered.A number of current stateof media (colour graphics,
pilot projectsare successful in operation. images, video,voice recognition,
[14, 15, 16]In general, a drastic cost etc.).Wireless hand helddevices may be
reduction isexpected with this novel used for local operation andservices.
substation design.Broad application, There will be cross-links throughfast

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PROTECTION AND SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

WAN to system control and there will performance duringmajor disturbances,


bea development towards totally ELECTRA No. 196,June/July 2001, pp.
integratedover-all controlsystems.Access 19-29.
for operationand diagnosis will be [2] Gale, P.F. et al: Travelling wave fault
possible from any place,even world wide locator experience in ESKOM’s
via mobile communication.Substation transmissionnetwork. IEE DPSP
automation and remote controlwill Conference, 9-12 April2001 in
increasingly extend to the distribution Amsterdam, Conference manual
level. The much discussed distribution pp. 327-330.
automation should become reality inthe [3] CIGRE Brochure.No. 187: System
foreseeable future.The further fast protection schemes in Power Networks.
proceeding system integrationimplicates [4] CIGRE Brochure No. 200: Isolation
however application issuesin particular and restoration policies against power
with reduced technical staffafter utility systemcollapse.
privatisation and deregulation.Users [5] Lehtonen,M. et al: Automatic fault
already complain about the complexityof management in distribution networks.,
presently offered systems and ask CIRED 2001, Report 3.9.
foreasy and vendor independent [6] Roman H. und Hylla, H.: Fast fault
configuration,parameterisation and locating in rural MV distribution
setting procedures.It remains to be seen networks.CIRED 2001, Report 3.6.
if applicable standardsand tools will be [7] Roth, P.D.: Communication
available in the nearfuture and if the architecturein modern distribution
promised “plug and play”compatibility systems,CIRED 2001, Report 3.8.
can be achieved.Anyway, nomadic [8] Redfern, M.A.: A review of
knowledge workerswill be around to techniquesto detect downed conductors
provide adequate services. in overheaddistribution systems. IEE

6. Literature: DPSP Conference,9-12 April 2001 in

[1] Mackey, M.: Summary report on


surveyto establish protection
Amsterdam,Conference manual pp. 169- [9] Shephard, B.; Janssen, M:C:;
172. Schubert,H.: Standardised

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communication insubstations. IEE DPSP


Conference, 9-12April 2001 in
Amsterdam,Conference manual
pp. 270-274.

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