OECD WORK ON

ENVIRONMENT
Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment a
Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Wa
Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agricult
and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmen
Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Coun
Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Tra
and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosaf
Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovat
Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Mate
Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transpo
Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemi
Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Clim
Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resou
Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicat
Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovat
Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Mate
Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transpo
Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemi
Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Clim
Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resou
Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicat
Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovat
Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flo
Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Wa
Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environm
Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosaf
Green Growth Outlooks Climate Change Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Ec
innovation Environment and Development Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Pol
Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Management Data and Indicators Biosafety Green Growth Outlooks Climate Chan
Country Reviews Biodiversity Transports Water Agriculture and Environment Eco-innovation Environment and Developm
Resource Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste M

2011-2012
OECD WORK ON ENVIRONMENT
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Preface: Green Growth
Peer Reviews, Indicators and Outlooks
Climate Change
Biodiversity
Water
Resource Productivity and Waste
Eco-innovation
Environmental Policy Tools and Evaluation
Safety of Chemicals, Pesticides, Biotechnology and Nanomaterials
Transport, Agriculture
Environment in the Global Economy
Green Growth
Environment Directorate (ENV)
The Committee Structures
ENV Contacts
Selected Working Papers and Databases
2

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

T
he OECD, which traces its roots to the Marshall Plan, groups 34 member countries committed to democratic government
and the market economy. It provides a forum where governments can compare and exchange policy experiences, identify
good practices, and promote decisions and recommendations. Dialogue, consensus, and peer review and pressure are at
the very heart of OECD.

Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia became new members of the OECD in 2009-2010. The OECD membership talks continue with
the Russian Federation. In addition, efforts are made to enhance engagement of Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa
in environment programmes.

The OECD is working for a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy. The principle aim of the Organisation is to promote policies
for sustainable economic growth and employment, a rising standard of living and trade liberalisation. By “sustainable economic
growth” the OECD means growth that balances economic, social and environmental considerations.

The OECD is one of the world’s largest and most reliable sources of comparable statistical, economic and social data. It monitors
trends, collects data, analyses and forecasts economic development, and investigates evolving patterns in a broad range of public
policy areas such as agriculture, development co-operation, education, employment, taxation and trade, science, technology,
industry and innovation, in addition to environment. The OECD family of organisations also includes the International Energy
Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), and the International Transport Forum (ITF).

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 3

Preface: Green Growth

“ Ingreen
Angel Gurría
OECD Secretary-General
a world trying to overcome the worst economic recession in decades,
growth policies offer the way to rebuild the global economy on more
environmentally and socially sustainable grounds. They can also lay the
foundation for powering and feeding the world in a less demanding manner to
the planet’s life support systems.
”
Increasing environmental pressures, if left unchecked, could undermine our ability to deliver the
prosperity that we hope for. Recovery from the crisis should not be an excuse for inaction, but
an opportunity to re-think our economic model and to better equip our societies to tap into more
sustainable, greener sources of growth.

When Economy and Finance Ministers met at the OECD in June 2009, they asked us to develop a Green Growth Strategy. By applying
economic analysis to environmental policies and instruments, by looking at ways to spur eco-innovation and by addressing other
aspects of the green economy such as production and consumption patterns, financing, taxation, governance and skills, the OECD
can show the way to make a cleaner, low-carbon world compatible with the search for new sources of growth. The Green Growth
Strategy will also be a valuable input to our 50th Anniversary Ministerial Meeting in May 2011, to the Environmental Ministers’
meeting at the OECD in April 2012, and to the Rio+20 Conference in 2012. And the Strategy could contribute to a win-win pillar in
support of international climate negotiations.

Our mission is to advise policy makers, stakeholders, business and citizens how “Green” and “Growth” go hand in hand. The OECD
Green Growth Strategy will show that they can fit together perfectly!

© OECD 2011
4

Peer Reviews, Indicators and Outlooks

Providing analysis of key environmental challenges, now and in the future
Environmental Performance Reviews (EPRs)
The OECD’s Environmental Performance Review (EPR)
Programme provides independent assessments of
countries’ progress in achieving domestic and international
environmental policy commitments. Reviews are conducted
to promote peer learning, to enhance countries’ accountability
to one another and to the public, and to improve governments’
environmental performance, individually and collectively. The
analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic
and environmental data. Targeted recommendations
are designed to reinforce national environmental policy
initiatives. During 2011-2012, reviews of Norway, Portugal,
Israel, Slovak Republic, Germany, Slovenia will be published.
Countries report on measures they have taken to implement
recommendations contained in EPRs.
Environmental Data and Indicators
The OECD provides environmental data and indicators
for policy development and assessment, nationally
and internationally. The work on the environmental
performance reviews draws on this knowledge base. The
methodology is a reference in countries of Eastern Europe,
Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA), Latin America, and the
Asia Pacific and Mediterranean regions.
The widely used OECD ‘Pressure-State-Response’
framework helps decision-makers and the public to see
how environmental, economic and social indicators
are interconnected. The OECD regularly publishes Key
Environmental Indicators and is developing new ones, e.g.
for Green Growth and Material Flows.

Key Publications Key Publications

• OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: • Environmental Data Compendium (2012)
Slovenia, Germany, Mexico, Italy, Austria (2012) • State of Resources and Resource Productivity (2011)
Norway, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Israel (2011) • Measuring Material Flows and Resource Productivity (2008)
www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 5

Environmental Outlooks Cost of climate change mitigation action

Following the 2008 OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, the
next OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 is under preparation
Index 2005=100
in collaboration with the Netherlands Environmental 400
Gap in 2050=4%
Assessment Agency for release in time for the OECD meeting
of Environment Ministers in April 2012. This new Outlook 350 Business as usual

focuses on four priority areas: climate change, biodiversity, World’s gross domestic product GHG
300 stabilisation
water, and health impacts of pollution and chemicals. It
policy
provides analyses of economic and environmental trends to
250
2050, and simulations of policy actions to address the key
challenges. 200 Business as usual

Key Publications 150

World’s greenhouse gas emissions
• OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (2012)
Gap in 2050=63%
• OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) 100
GHG stabilisation policy
50
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Source: OECD ENV-Linkages model.

did you know …that to date, over 60 reviews have did you know …that almost four billion people will
been carried out covering 35 countries, including OECD live in water-stressed areas by 2030 if better policies are not
members and some non-members such as China and Russia? introduced?

© OECD 2011
6
Climate Change
Responding to complexity with analysis of least-cost policies
Economics of Climate Change Mitigation
The OECD is assessing the economic costs and
environmental benefits of possible post-2012 frameworks,
including the Copenhagen Accord and long-term climate
stabilisation scenarios. Our analysis focuses on least-cost
policy mixes to reduce emissions, the benefits of linking
carbon markets, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, ensuring
sufficient financing, and how to address concerns about
carbon leakage and competitiveness impacts of climate
policies. A summarised overview of the topic is given in
The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation. The Environmental
Outlook to 2050 makes new projections of climate change, as
well as of environmental and economic impacts of climate
policies.
The OECD, together with the IEA, provides the Secretariat to
support the Climate Change Expert Group, a forum where
climate negotiators can discuss key issues on the negotiating
agenda. There is a large body of work on the measurement,
reporting and verification (MRV) of mitigation actions
and support (including via National Communications);
finance and matching of finance to action; low-emission
development strategies; and market mechanisms including
sectoral approaches for mitigation and “market readiness”.
The OECD continues to help countries identify and
implement effective and efficient policy mixes to meet their
climate commitments. This includes analysis of the broad
policy mix (including economic instruments, regulations,
and incentives for technological innovation and uptake) as
well as advice on how to best implement policy reforms.
Adaptation to Climate Change
The OECD is examining the economic aspects of adaptation:
the costs and benefits of different adaptation actions at
sectoral and aggregate levels, and the economic and policy
instruments that can best incentivise private adaptation
actions. New work on Integrated Assessment Models
(IAMs) focuses on examining optimal timing and levels of
adaptation measures, and their relationship to mitigation
actions. Results show that various types of adaptation
expenditures are important to offset the adverse impacts of
© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 7

climate change, and the total costs of climate change are Regional adaptation cost curves (AD-RICE model)
lowest when mitigation and adaptation are undertaken in
Adaptation costs as percentage GDP (%)
conjunction.
2.5 India

Ongoing work examines the role of the private sector in Sub-Saharan

Africa
promoting adaptation in both developed and developing 2.0
country contexts. A 2010 report focuses on the role of Western Europe

microfinance in fostering adaptation to climate change. 1.5 Low-Middle

Additional work examines the role of the private sector Income Countries

in fostering adaptation in a number of areas, including Middle

1.0 Income Countries
innovation, finance and infrastructure provision. A
United states
parallel stream of work is underway to help countries and
development co-operation agencies to integrate adaptation 0.5 Japan
into development activities (see Environment and
Development). China
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Adaptation (as a fraction of gross damages reduced)
Financing Climate Change
Source: OECD
Public and private financing for climate action will need to
be scaled up significantly in the coming years. Indeed, the
Copenhagen Accord calls on developed countries to provide new and additional resources for climate actions – USD 30
billion over 2010-2012 and a longer‑term goal of USD 100
billion per year from both public and private sources by
did you know …that removing fossil fuel consumption
subsidies could cut world GHG emissions by at least 10% 2020. The OECD is assisting countries in their efforts to find
in 2050 and contribute to improved economic efficiency in lasting solutions to finance action on climate change, and to
the countries implementing the reforms? improve the performance of such finance over time.

© OECD 2011
8

Working jointly with other parts of the OECD, work in

2011‑2012 is focusing on: i) guidance to help countries to
improve the effectiveness of climate change financing and to
better link it up with low-carbon growth and development;
ii) designing and implementing improved monitoring and
tracking systems for international climate change finance;
iii) how to boost the flow of private finance to support low
carbon development.

Key Publications
• Role of Private Sector in Fostering Climate Adaptation (2011)
• Energy and Climate Change Policy and Innovation (2011)
• Cities and Climate Change (2010)
• Transition to a Low-carbon Economy (2010)
• The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and
Options for Global Action Beyond 2012 (2009)
• Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development
Co‑operation: Policy Guidance (2009)
www.oecd.org/env/cc

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 9

Biodiversity
Promoting conservation and sustainable use
Economics of Biodiversity
Biodiversity loss is one of the four priority areas featured Pressures on biodiversity: 2000 and 2030
in the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050. OECD work
is focused on the economic aspects of biodiversity %
– enhancing understanding of how biodiversity and 100
Loss to agriculture
ecosystems can be valued, and how these values can be
captured through incentives and the creation of markets 90 Loss to climate
to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
The work aims to promote biodiversity policies that are Loss to forestry
environmentally effective, economically efficient and 80

equitable. OECD work on biodiversity supports the work of Loss to fragmentation

the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. 70
Loss to infrastructure
Given recent and projected trends in biodiversity loss and
degradation, there is an urgent need for greater use of 60 Loss to nitrogen
economic instruments, more cost-effective use of existing
finance for biodiversity, and mainstreaming of biodiversity Remaining diversity
0-50
in other sectoral policy-making. 2000 2030
World
Source: OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, OECD 2008..

© OECD 2011
10

Scaling Up Biodiversity Instruments Biodiversity-related aid, 2005-2008, bilateral ODA

Current OECD work focuses on innovative financing commitments, USD million, constant 2008 prices
instruments for biodiversity, including how to better engage
Principal objective Total biodiversity-focused aid
the private sector. This work looks at lessons learned
Biodiversity-focused, %
from existing biodiversity instruments, such as payments USD million % of total ODA
for ecosystem services (PES), biodiversity offsets and 4 000 10
certification schemes, to provide insights for how such
3 500
instruments can be scaled up.
3 000
Cost-effective Use of Existing Biodiversity Finance
A key challenge in efficiently allocating biodiversity finance 2 500

and in designing cost-effective biodiversity policy is the

2 000 5
need to develop appropriate metrics and indicators for
biodiversity instruments. These metrics and indicators 1 500
are critical to assess trends, establish business-as-usual
1 000
baselines, quantify benefits, target biodiversity expenditures
and enable the assessment of policy interventions over time. 500
OECD is at the forefront of examining good-practice in the
0 0
design of these metrics and indicators, and how they can
2005 2006 2007 2008
be improved so as to achieve greater biodiversity benefits at
Source: OECD 2010.
lower cost.
did you know …that in order to produce the food and
Mainstreaming Biodiversity into Sectoral and biofuels needed to support a population that is one-third larger
Development Policies and with double the income in 2030, an estimated 10% more
agricultural land area will be needed, posing increasing
The drivers of biodiversity loss and degradation often stem
pressure on biodiversity?
from policies in other sectors such as agriculture, fisheries

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 11

and forestry. Linkages between biodiversity and other

cross-sectoral policies are complex and greater efforts are
needed to mainstream biodiversity into decision-making
processes across the economy. OECD work is examining
how to maximise synergies and address trade-offs between
biodiversity and other sectoral policies. Coherent policies
are needed at local, national and international level to help
reverse global trends in biodiversity loss.

The OECD also tracks aid in support of biodiversity. Since

1998 the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
has monitored aid targeting the objectives of the Rio
Conventions. In 2008, DAC members allocated USD 3.36
billion for biodiversity-related aid (representing 2.5% of total
Official Development Assistance – ODA – in 2008).

Key Publications
• Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of
Payments for Ecosystem Services (2010)
www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity

© OECD 2011
12
Water
Achieving water security
OECD Horizontal Programme on Water
Sustaining economic development and maintaining
ecosystems requires more effective management of water
resources. But sustainable water management is complex,
involving various ministries and different levels of
government, and affecting all sectors in the economy. Many
OECD countries face the challenge of rehabilitating ageing
water infrastructure and upgrading wastewater treatment
to meet increasingly stringent water quality standards.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) commit
governments to halving the populations without access to
water and sanitation by 2015. This will require a significant
increase in financing and reform in governance of the water
sector.
The OECD Horizontal Programme on Water addresses the
key economic issues and is undertaken by the Environment
Policy Committee, in partnership with the Agriculture,
Investment, Development Assistance and Public
projects in India has substantially decreased since the 1970s –
Governance Committees. Key findings from the 2007‑2008
from 90% to 9%?
programme were presented in Managing Water for All: an
OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing launched at the
5th World Water Forum in Istanbul in March 2009. Outputs
from the 2009‑2010 phase of the programme are released
in early 2011. The third phase takes place in 2011-2012.
In 2011, the OECD publishes four reports related to the
active management of water resources to secure sufficient
water in terms of quality, quantity and reliability for
environmental and economic needs. These reports
focus on governance (main bottlenecks in water policy
implementation and co‑ordination across OECD countries,
and governance mechanisms for improving co-operation
between different levels of government), financing (options
for ensuring financial sustainability of water management)
policy coherence (between water, energy and agricultural
policies), and agricultural water quality issues.
did you know …that cost recovery of large irrigation
© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 13

The OECD is to release new work on the benefits of water Unit price of water and sanitation services to households
supply and sanitation services, as well as a synthesis of incl. taxes (USD/m3)
all the water supply and sanitation related work that has
USD/m 3
developed over the past decade. The experiences in Egypt,
8
Russia and Lebanon from using the OECD Checklist for Public
7 6.70
Action, a tool developed to help governments make the most
6 5.72
of private sector participation in water infrastructure, are
5
also synthesised to highlight lessons for policymakers. 4.14
4.41

4 3.82 3.92
3.59 3.74
3.13
3
A major effort on the Economics and Governance of Water 2.02 2.12
2.43 2.44
1.85 1.92 1.98
2
Security is scheduled for 2011. This work complements 1.23
1.40 1.45
1.58

1 0.77
recent lessons on improving water management with 0.49

support for water reforms at national and sub-national level 0

EX
R
T
C
A
N
N
P
HU L
N
L
E
S
SW E
GB F E
R RA
L- G
L- l.
GB F .
R- IN
O
K
a
BE al
PO
PR

CH
NZ

CZ
IT
– such as in India.

GR

ES

AU

DN
KO

JP

EC
CA

B E -A &

Fl
M

The Global Forum on Environment on Water (October 2011)
Source: Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, OECD 2010.
is an opportunity to present to high‑level officials from
OECD and non-OECD countries the results of recent OECD
work on water. The event helps to refine the OECD messages
presented at the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille in
March 2012, an event where the OECD plays a prominent
role.
In the course of 2011-2012, the Environment Directorate
launches new projects in the areas of Water and Green
Growth as well as Water and Climate Change Adaptation.
W
Moreover, the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 devotes one
of its four topical chapters to water security.
Other OECD directorates also launch new work on water
in 2011-2012. The Public Governance and Territorial
Development Directorate is undertaking work on the
governance of water policy in Latin American countries
in the framework of the OECD LAC initiative on Access

© OECD 2011
14

to Public Services for Poverty Alleviation. The Trade and

Agriculture Directorate is analysing the scope for improving
water management as part of the work on agriculture and
adaptation to climate change. The Directorate for Financial
and Enterprise Affairs is answering growing calls by
emerging and developing countries for guidance on how to
make the most of private sector participation to improve
the efficiency of water systems and meet the important
investment costs of infrastructure development. The
Development Co-operation Directorate is collecting and
analysing new data on aid for water.

Key Publications
• Water Security: Meeting the Economic and Governance
Challenges (2012)
• The Economics of Water Supply and Sanitation (2011)
• Policies and Institutions for Integrated Water Resources
Management (2011)
• Managing Water for All: an OECD Perspective on Pricing and
Financing (2009)
www.oecd.org/water

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 15

Resource Productivity and Waste

Reducing, reusing and recycling materials and resources
Sustainable Materials Management and Waste Municipal waste generation: kg per capita, 2008-2010
The OECD is developing policies that incentivise and FACTBOOK
encourage waste prevention, minimisation and recycling.
1 000
Current work focuses on promoting Sustainable Materials
Management (SMM) in order to limit waste generation
800
in the first place. Using materials and resources more
efficiently requires more integrated approaches towards the 600
environmental impacts associated with their extraction,
transportation and use, as well as waste disposal. In 400

2011‑2012 the OECD is focusing on developing practical

200
guidance for policy makers on how to implement SMM
policies, based on material and products specific case 0

N
E
K
L
M L
EX
R
N
N
F
R
N
S
T
C

SW 7
N
T
L
EU N

E
A
A
OE L
CD
R
U
P
T
R
D
X
E
A
L
K
R
ZA
PO
CH

BE

IS

CH

IR
studies. A report on progress in implementing the G8

CZ

PR
ES

AU
IT
RU

GR

ES

DN
SV

LU

US
FR
CH

KO

TU

FI

GB
DE

IS
JP

HU

NO
NL
CA

Source: OECD Key Environmental Indicators, OECD 2009
“3Rs” (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) Action Plan is also being
prepared for 2011.
Material Flows Accounting
OECD has made advances in the knowledge base on material
flows as well as in methodologies for developing common
measurement systems and indicators.
SV
Key Publications
• Sustainable Management: Synthesis Report of Recent Work (2012)
• State of Resources and Resource Productivity (2011)
• Guidance Manual for the Control of Transboundary Movement of
Recoverable Wastes (2009)
• Measuring Material Flows and Resource Productivity (2008)
www.oecd.org/env/waste

© OECD 2011
16

Eco-innovation
Fostering innovative solutions for a green economy
Encouraging Eco-Innovation policy drivers aimed at encouraging the invention of such
Investment in eco-friendly technologies can represent a technologies and/or their transfer to developing countries.
new source of growth and “win-win” opportunities for
both the environment and economic recovery. The OECD is
examining policies to promote eco-innovation and finding Effects of a 10% increase in public R&D spending
ways to measure progress.

% Increase in Patents in Energy Generating Technologies

A recent publication examines the effects of national 4.0
environmental policies on innovation and transfer in a wide 3.6
3.5
range of environmental technologies. 3.0
2.5
New work is identifying how governments may allocate
2.0 1.7
R&D support in a way that minimises the risk associated
1.5
with ‘picking technologies’. A case study which examines
1.0
the barriers associated with addressing the intermittency
0.5
in renewable electricity generation is used to illustrate the
0
issue. The increase spent on energy The increase spent on energy
generation technologies storage technologies
Work is also underway on understanding the nature of
so-called “neglected” environmental and climate change Source: The Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies, OECD 2011

mitigation technologies. This involves examination of the

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 17

Key Publications Metering effect: share of people who have invested

• Energy and Climate Change Policy and Innovation (2012) in energy-saving equipment
• The Invention and Transfer of Environmental Technologies (2011) %
80
• Better Policies to Support Eco-innovation (2011)
70
• Environmental Policy, Technological Innovation and Patents (2008) Not Metered
60
www.oecd.org/environment/innovation Metered
50
40
Households and Environment
30
Environmental pressures from households are significant
20
and likely to increase. The OECD project on Household
Behaviour and Environmental Policy is designed to gain a 10

better understanding of household environmental behaviour 0

Energy-efficient Low-energy Thermal insulation Efficient
and response to measures implemented by governments. rated appliances lights hot water boiler

The publication Greening Household Behaviour: The Role of Public Source: Greening Household Behaviour: The Role of Public Policy, OECD, 2011
Policy presents the results of a survey of over 10 000 households
across the OECD. Policy recommendations are provided for
did you know …that patented inventions in hybrid car
the design of efficient and effective environmental policies
technologies are 10-times more likely to arise in response to
targeted at households in the areas of residential energy use, fuel price increases than to targeted increases in government
water consumption, transport, organic food consumption, R&D spending?
and waste generation and recycling.

A new round of the OECD household survey in early 2011

follows changes in attitudes, behaviour and consumption Key Publications
patterns over time, with particular emphasis on new issues • Greening Household Behaviour: The Role of Public Policy (2011)
such as the adoption of eco-innovations by households. www.oecd.org/environment/households

© OECD 2011
18
Environmental Policy Tools and Evaluation
Ensuring policies are economically efficient and environmentally effective
Economic Instruments and Policy Mixes
The OECD undertakes fact-based analysis of policy
instruments and mixes to help governments design and
implement environmentally effective and economically
efficient policies. The OECD’s focus on policy instruments
such as taxes, tradable permits and voluntary approaches
makes an important contribution to integrating
environmental protection and economic growth.
Policy Evaluation
Following the 2008 publication of Cost of Inaction on Key
Environmental Challenges, new analytical work is underway
on the distributional aspects of costs of policy inaction on
environmental degradation and resource over-exploitation.
To help policy makers evaluate environment-related
health risks that affect children, a multi-year project has
focused on the valuation of environmental health risks to
children. Another project analyses estimates of the value
of preventing fatalities more generally, and spells out
implications for policy assessments.
OECD work on environmental compliance assurance has
reviewed how governments promote, monitor and enforce
compliance with environmental laws and regulations.
Further work focuses on performance indicators
and mechanisms to promote national coherence in
environmental enforcement.
Key Publications
• Valuation of Environment-Related Health Risks for Children (2010)
• Taxation, Innovation and the Environment (2010)
• Ensuring Environmental Compliance: Trends and Good Practices
(2009)
• Cost of Inaction on Key Environmental Challenges (2008)
www.oecd.org/env/taxes
www.oecd.org/env/social/envhealth/verhi
© OECD 2011
© OECD 2011
Notes: P = petrol; D = diesel
Un Un
ite ite
d d
S

0.8
1.0

0
0.4
0.6

-0.2
0.2
St
at C t ateMex
Ca es an s ic
na – ad – F o
da F e a – ed
– d + Fe
F
Ne ed S t a d
w + P te
Euro per liter

Ze ro
al v
an
Au Ch d
s t il e
P-1.1.2010
P-1.1.2000

Ic r a li
e a
Poland
la

Source: OECD/EEA database on instruments for environmental policy.

Ja nd
pa
K
Sl or n
ov e a
en
Hu Sp a i a
n in
C z Lu x Au gar
ec em s t y
h b ri
D-1.1.2010
D-1.1.2000

S l S wRe o ur a
ov i pu g
a k t ze bli
Re r l a c
pu nd
b
I li
Swsr a c
ed el
Ir e e n
la
n
Be It a d
l
De gi l y
n u
Po ma m
r t rk
Fr uga
a l
Gr n c
Un No eec e
ite r e
Tax rates on unleaded petrol and diesel in OECD member countries (1.1.2000 and 1.1.2010)

d F in w ay
Ki la
ng n
N e Ger do d
th m m
er a n
la y
OECD work on

Tu nds
rk
ey
Es
to
ni
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Environment
19
20
Safety of Chemicals, Pesticides,
Biotechnology and Nanomaterials
Protecting human health and the environment
Chemical Safety
The chemicals industry is one of the world’s major economic
sectors. The products of the chemical industry are worth
about EUR 2.7 trillion annually.
The OECD Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Programme
aims to foster international co-operation to ensure the
safety of chemicals and chemical products like pesticides,
biocides, manufactured nanomaterials, and the products of
modern biotechnology. It also aims to avoid barriers to trade
at the same time.
Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD)
The OECD Council Acts on the Mutual Acceptance of Data
for the assessment of chemicals (MAD) are international
agreements which set the policies and provide the
instruments that governments and industry need to test the
safety of chemicals and chemical products. OECD countries
must accept safety test data which has been developed in
other countries using the OECD Test Guidelines and following
the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice. Non-tariff
barriers to trade are minimised by harmonised policies
and instruments, and duplicative testing is avoided, saving
governments and industry time and money. Increasingly,
non-OECD economies are joining the MAD system, with
Brazil, India, South Africa and Singapore as full adherents;
Argentina, Malaysia and Thailand as provisional adherents;
and others expected to join soon.
Sharing the Regulatory Burden for Pesticides and
Industrial Chemicals
All OECD countries regulate chemicals, pesticides and
products of modern biotechnology. By using the same
methodologies for determining the safety of these products,
it is possible for countries and industry to share the burden
of testing and even evaluation in some cases. Countries
work together in the OECD to share the work load required
© OECD 2011

for registering pesticides and biocides and for notifying,
registering or evaluating industrial chemicals.
Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials
OECD countries are addressing the human health and
environmental safety implications of nanomaterials. In
order to ensure that this is done in a harmonised way,
the OECD is drawing on its wealth of experience with
developing methods for testing and assessing the safety of
other chemical products. Among other things, the OECD is
evaluating whether existing test methods for assessing the
safety of chemicals are suitable for nanomaterials.
Co-operative testing of selected nanomaterials:
OECD and non-OECD governments are working with
industry, pooling expertise and funding to test the
human health and environmental safety effects of
13  nanomaterials that are currently in commerce.
New and More Efficient Tools for Getting Hazard
Information
Much information on the hazards associated with specific
chemicals is developed through tests in the laboratory.
However, other promising approaches such as computer
simulations called (quantitative) structure-activity
© OECD 2011
OECD work on Environment 21
relationships, known as (Q)SARs, have the potential to
provide information on the hazards of chemicals. Such
approaches can reduce the time and cost of testing,
as well as the need for animal testing. Through OECD,
member countries are looking at how such approaches
can be used more routinely in a regulatory context.
Work is also underway  at the OECD to investigate how
(Q)SAR approaches  can be combined with results from
toxicogenomics (the study of the response of a genome to
hazardous chemicals) and from high-throughput screening
in vitro assays (that can be applied rapidly to thousands of
chemicals) in an integrated way to predict the effects of
chemicals in animals and humans.
Safety of Bio-tech Products
The majority of OECD countries and many others have a
system of regulatory oversight in place to assess the safety
of products of modern biotechnology. The most common
products of this type are genetically engineered crop plants
used in agriculture. The OECD works to ensure that the
information used in safety assessment and the methods
used to collect that information are shared amongst
countries. Recent focus has been on major agricultural
commodities such as soy bean, maize and cotton. Today,
there is a greater focus on crops important in the tropics
such as cassava and papaya.
22

Key Publications
• OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (series)
• Cutting Costs in Chemicals Management: How OECD Helps
Governments and Industry (2010)
• Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms: Volumes 1-4
(2010, 2006)
• Good Laboratory Practice: OECD Principles and Guidance for
Compliance Monitoring (2005)
www.oecd.org/ehs

did you know …that by working together

through the OECD, governments and industry save over
EUR 150 million annually?

© OECD 2011

Transport, Agriculture
Integrating environmental concerns into sector policies
Transport
Transport underpins economic and social development,
allowing more efficient allocation of resources and increased
mobility for people. Yet there are challenges related to the
environmental impacts of transport and globalisation can
aggravate these challenges. An OECD Global Forum held in
Guadalajara, Mexico, in November 2008 discussed major
transport trends, the environmental challenges caused
by these trends, and policy instruments that can be used
to limit negative impacts, and findings are published as
Globalisation, Transport and the Environment. Analyses of CO2-
related tax rate differentiation of motor vehicle taxes are
also available, and a study on the environmental impacts of
ports is released in 2011.
did you know …that ships are responsible for 2-4% of
global man-made carbon dioxides emissions and up to 15% of
other air pollutants?
© OECD 2011
OECD work on Environment 23
Key Publications
• The Environmental Impact of International Shipping: The Role of
Seaports (2011)
• Globalisation, Transport and the Environment (2010)
Agriculture
The Environment Directorate contributes to joint work
with the Trade and Agriculture Directorate to strengthen
policies to reduce the negative impacts of agriculture on
the environment, to reinforce the positive impacts, and to
develop and collect agri-environmental indicators.
did you know …that 14 million farmers in 25 countries
planted 134 million hectares of approved transgenic crops
in 2009?
 24

Be Be
lg lg
iu iu

-100
100
300
500
700
-300
-100
100
300

900
1 100
500
700
900
1 100
m Au m Au
( W s tr ( W s tr
al ia al ia
lo lo
n n
Ca ia) Ca ia)
De ad n De ad n
nm a nm a
ar ar
Fi k Fi k
Fr nl Fr nl
an a an a
c e F nd c e F nd
( c r an ( c r an
100 gram CO 2 per km

230 gram CO 2 per km

om c e om c e
pa pa
Ge ny Ge ny
rm ) rm )
an an
L u Ir e y L u Ir e y
xe l a xe l a
m nd m nd
Ne bo Ne bo
t h ur g t h ur g
er er

Euro per tonne CO 2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime

Euro per tonne CO 2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime

la la
n n
No ds No ds

Source: Taxation, Innovation and the Environment, OECD 2010.

rw rw
Po ay Po ay
r tu r tu
ga ga
Sp l Sp l
Un a Un a
i t e S w in i t e S w in
d ed One-off d ed
One-off

K i en K i en
Un ng Un ng
Recurrent
Recurrent

i te do i te do
d m d m
St St
at at
es es

Be Be
lg lg
iu iu
-100
100
300
500
700
-100
100
300

900
1 100
500
700
900
1 100

m Au m Au
( W s tr ( W s tr
al ia al ia
lo lo
n n
Ca ia) Ca ia)
De ad n De ad n
nm a nm a
ar ar
Fi k Fi k
Fr nl Fr nl
an a an a
c e F nd c e F nd
( c r an ( c r an
150 gram CO 2 per km

330 gram CO 2 per km

om c e om c e
Tax per tonne CO2 emitted over a vehicle’s life, one-off and recurrent motor vehicle taxes

pa pa
Ge ny Ge ny
rm ) rm )
an an
L u Ir e y L u Ir e y
xe l a xe l a
m nd m nd
Ne bo Ne bo
t h ur g t h ur g
er er
Euro per tonne CO 2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime
Euro per tonne CO 2 emitted over the vehicle lifetime

la la
n n
No ds No ds
rw rw
Po ay Po ay
r tu r tu
ga ga
Sp l Sp l
Un a Un a
i t e S w in i t e S w in
d ed d ed
One-off
One-off

K i en K i en
Un ng Un ng
Recurrent
Recurrent

i te do i te do
d m d m
St St
at at
es es
© OECD 2011

Environment in the Global Economy
Making globalisation and environment compatible and mutually supportive
Environment and Development
Economic growth and development are intricately linked
to the sound management of environmental resources. It
is the poorest who rely most on environmental resources
and are most affected by their degradation. A joint
High‑Level Meeting of the Environment Policy Committee
(EPOC) and the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
in 2009 has reinforced the need for continued work at the
nexus of environment and development, with particular
focus on climate change and on capacity development for
environmental management.
Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the
impacts of climate change due to their limited capacity
to cope with these impacts and their high dependence
on natural resources. Following up on earlier work,
the 2009 Policy Guidance on Integrating Adaptation into
Development Co-operation helps development co-operation
agencies and developing countries assess and address
climate risks and integrate adaptation responses within
development activities at all levels, helping to “climate-
© OECD 2011
OECD work on Environment 25
proof” development. Ongoing work examines strategies
for climate‑resilient, low‑carbon development and what
role international donors can play in helping developing
countries achieve these twin objectives.
Weak environmental governance and lack of capacity
to manage natural resources in a sustainable way in
developing countries are undermining the achievement of
key development objectives. The OECD work in this area is
focusing on developing policy guidance to foster capacity
development for environmental management in partner
countries as well as within donor agencies in the context of
the Accra Agenda for Action.
Trade and Environment
The Environment Directorate works with the Trade and
Agriculture Directorate to better understand trade patterns
and their environmental consequences. A workshop in
June 2010 reviewed experience with the implementation of
Regional Trade Agreements with environmental provisions
and to assess impacts. Current work also focuses on illegal
26

trade in environmentally sensitive goods and a synthesis on green growth, climate change, water, biodiversity,
report will be published in 2011. New areas of work for environmental information, environmental indicators and
2011‑2012 include cross-border trade in electricity services policy instruments. An Environmental Performance Review
and the penetration of electricity produced from renewable (EPR) is planned for South Africa in 2012. A broader group
energy sources. of countries is invited to Global Forums on Environment
(GFENV) on various environmental issues, providing a
Annual official flows and share of activities potentially regular framework to substantiate the dialogue with non-
affected by climate change OECD countries. Global Forums in 2011-2012 will focus on
the preparation of the new OECD Environmental Outlook for
Official flows in million USD per year
1 800 2050, and on water and climate change.
1 600
1 400 Environment and Development in EECCA
1 200 The OECD Environment Directorate serves as the
30
1 000 Secretariat of the Task Force for the Implementation of the
20
800 Environmental Action Programme (EAP Task Force) that
600
10 guides reforms of environmental policies in Eastern Europe,
400 0 Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA), and promotes their
Fiji
200
integration into economic and social policies – greening
0
growth. This is done by helping EECCA countries to upgrade
Bangladesh Egypt Tanzania Uruguay Nepal Fiji institutional capacities and make the best use of available
finance, as well as by providing a forum for dialogue with
Source: OECD/EEA database on instruments for environmental policy.
private sector and donors. A special focus is put on financing
Co-operation with Key Emerging Economies aspects of integrated water resource management, in
Enhanced Engagement countries (Brazil, China, India, particular of water supply and sanitation.
Indonesia and South Africa) are invited to co-operate
in all areas of OECD work on environment, in particular

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 27

Key Publications
• Policy Guidance on Capacity Development for Environment (2011)
• Ten Years of Municipal Water Sector Reform in EECCA: from
Almaty to Astana (2011)
• Mainstreaming Environmental Programmes into Public Budgets
(2011)
• Policy Guidance on Integrating Adaptation into Development
Co‑operation (2009)
• Environment and Regional Trade Agreements (2007)
www.oecd.org/env/eap

© OECD 2011
28
Green Growth
At the 2010 Ministerial Council Meeting (MCM), Ministers said:
“We welcome the Interim Report on the Green Growth Strategy, and
look forward to the delivery of the Synthesis Report at the 2011 MCM,
[…]. We encourage the OECD to continue to play a key role in global
efforts to promote green growth.”
Green growth is the pursuit of economic growth and
development, while preventing costly environmental degra­
dation, climate change, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable
natural resource use. Green growth policies can help spur
transformational change and ensure that investing in the
environment can contribute to new sources of economic growth.
The OECD is developing a Green Growth Strategy that will
provide tools and recommendations to help governments
achieve the most efficient shift to greener growth. The Strategy
will:
Make the case for a green growth model: assessing the
environmental and economic costs of business as usual
and demonstrating the convergence between economic
and environmental dimensions, and the need for new
measurements of well-being.
Outline the policies that will be required to make the
transition: the Strategy will elaborate the kinds of policy
packages needed to remove barriers and correct distortions
to green growth. At the same time, policies for achieving
transformational change will be identified to break current
unsustainable trend lines.
Examine the political economy of reform: focusing on the
economic, political, social, and institutional issues that
arise in a green growth reform agenda.
Provide a set of indicators to assess progress toward greener
growth, to allow green growth policies to be implemented
more effectively.
Sketch potential policy pathways incorporating all of the
Strategy’s elements.
Bringing together the work from 25 OECD Committees, the
Green Growth Strategy Synthesis Report will be delivered
to the 2011 MCM. Beyond 2011, green growth will be
mainstreamed across OECD’s work programme, including
through country reviews, to help monitor progress and
© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 29

provide further guidance on policy implementation. A series Key Publications

of green growth thematic reports will also be released. • Synthesis Report of the Green Growth Strategy (2011)
www.oecd.org/greengrowth

The need for • Assess the challenges of business as usual

a green growth model • Frame the pro-growth potential of green growth
• Highlight the complementarities between economic and environmental policies
• Analyse the need for new measurements of well-being

Promoting
• Remove barriers to green growth: e.g. environmentally and economically harmful subsidies, regulatory failures, structure of
the transition tax systems, barriers to trade in environmental goods and services, restrictions to green FDI flows
– going beyond • Facilitate transformational change: e.g. pricing externalities and valuing natural assets; accelerating green innovation; smart
the status quo regulations; promoting behavioural change; innovative financing mechanisms; sound corporate practices; green ODA

Greener
Enabling change • Assess the expected sectoral re-allocation
• Analyse the role of labour market and skills development policies in mitigating adjustment costs
growth
– the political • Ensure regional/spatial policy coherence
economy of structural • Promote multi-level governance
adjustment • Manage distributional effects
• Defuse competitiveness concerns and avoid green protectionism

• Develop a framework and principles for green growth measurements

Measuring • Conduct a stock-taking of existing measures and gaps
progress • Build a small set of key headline indicators, supported by a model set of indicators
• Describe how indicators can be used

Delivering • Sketch recommended policy pathways

• Consider lessons learned from existing low-carbon development strategies and economic reviews
on green growth • Define the elements of a pro-poor green growth approach for developing countries

© OECD 2011
30

Environment Directorate (ENV)

W
 hat we do Help countries to design environmental policies that are both
economically efficient and effective at achieving their environmental
objectives.

W
 ho we serve As of January 2011, OECD has 34 member countries: Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Luxemburg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The
OECD is in accession discussions with the Russian Federation, and
enhances its engagement with Brazil, People’s Republic of China,
India, Indonesia and South Africa.

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 31

What we are An extension to national governments’ analytical capacity, providing

policy-relevant analysis and recommendations based on reliable
environmental data, outlooks and cross-country experiences.

A forum for governments and representatives from business and civil

society for constructive dialogue on how best to develop and implement
environmental policies across OECD and other countries.

© OECD 2011
32

The Committee Structures

The Environment Policy Committee (EPOC) implements the OECD’s Environment Programme. EPOC, consisting of delegates from
capitals, meets 1-2 times per year and holds meetings at Ministerial level approximately every four years. The last Ministerial
meeting took place in April 2008 and the next one is planned in April 2012.

EPOC oversees work on: country reviews, indicators and outlooks, climate change, natural resources management, policy tools
and evaluation, transport and environment, environment and development, and resource efficiency and waste, supported by
EPOC’s Working Parties and their subsidiary bodies. EPOC also co-operates with other OECD Committees, including through Joint
Working Parties on Trade and Environment and on Agriculture and Environment, as well as Joint Meetings of Experts on Tax
and Environment and Joint Task Teams on environment and development issues. The Chemicals Committee, like EPOC, reports
directly to the OECD Council. EPOC’s Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology and the Chemicals Committee
together form the Joint Meeting which oversees the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Programme.

The OECD Environment Directorate and the International Energy Agency (IEA) jointly serve as the Secretariat for the Climate
Change Expert Group (Formerly the Annex I Expert Group) and undertake studies of issues related to the negotiation and
implementation of international agreements on climate change.

The OECD Environment Directorate also functions as the Secretariat for the Task Force for the Implementation of the Environmental
Action Programme in Central and Eastern Europe (EAP Task Force). The Task Force provides a forum for dialogue and co-operation
for countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA).

The Environment Programme is carried out in co-operation with international and regional organisations, e.g. the World Bank,
UNEP, WTO, UNECE and Secretariats for UNFCCC, CBD and the Basel Convention. Key research institutes are also important
partners, as is civil society represented through business, labour and NGOs. EPOC is actively engaging with key emerging
economies through Global Forums on Environment.
© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 33

EPOC
Working Party
OECD Council on Biodiversity, Water
Environment Policy and Ecosystems

Organigramme
Committee
Working Party on Climate,
Investment
and Development

Working Party
on Environmental
Information

Working Party
on Environmental
Performance

Working Party on • Working Party on Manufactured

Integrating Environmental
and Economic Policies
Working Party on Resource
Productivity and Waste
Joint Meeting
Working Party on
Chemicals, Pesticides and
Chemicals Committee
Biotechnology
Nanomaterials
• Working Group on Good Laboratory
Practice
• Working Group on Pesticides
• Working Group on Chemical Accidents
• Working Group on National
Co‑ordinators of Test Guidelines
Programme
• Working Group on Harmonisation of
Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology

• Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment

Other OECD • Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Environment
substantive committees • Joint Meetings of Tax and Environment Experts
Secretariat Role
• Ad Hoc Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG)
• Task Force for the Implementation of the Environmental Action
Programme in Central and Eastern Europe (EAP)
© OECD 2011
34

ENV Contacts (as of January 2011)

The Environment Directorate is a multicultural team, encompassing some 100 international civil servants: economists, policy
analysts, statisticians and administrative staff. The ENV management team members are:

Director’s Office

Simon Upton Helen Mountford

Director Deputy Director
simon.upton@oecd.org helen.mountford@oecd.org
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 14 56 Tel.: +33 1 45 24 79 13

Central Management and Committee Branch

Kumi Kitamori Amy Plantin

Counsellor Head of Unit and Executive Secretary to EPOC
kumi.kitamori@oecd.org amy.plantin@oecd.org
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 92 02 Tel.: +33 1 45 24 93 08

© OECD 2011
 OECD work on Environment 35

E
 nvironmental Performance Economy and Environment Integration Division
and Information Division

Brendan Gillespie Anthony Cox

Head of Division Head of Division
brendan.gillespie@oecd.org anthony.cox@oecd.org
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 93 02 Tel.: +33 1 45 24 95 64

C
 limate Change, Biodiversity Environment, Health and Safety Division
and Development Division

Marie-Christine Tremblay Dian Turnheim

Head of Division (from May 2011) Head of Division
marie-christine.tremblay@oecd.org dian.turnheim@oecd.org
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 93 10 Tel.: +33 1 45 24 93 15

Green Growth Strategy Accession Unit

Nathalie Girouard Eija Kiiskinen

Co-ordinator Head of Unit
nathalie.girouard@oecd.org eija.kiiskinen@oecd.org
Tel.: +33 1 45 24 84 82 Tel.: +33 1 45 24 18 40

© OECD 2011
36
Selected Working Papers and Databases
Environment Working Papers
This series is designed to make available to a wider readership
selected studies on environmental issues prepared for use
within the OECD. www.oecd.org/env/workingpapers
Selected databases
OECD/EEA Instruments Database
Information on environmentally-related taxes, fees and
charges, tradable permits systems, deposit-refund systems,
environmentally motivated subsidies and voluntary approaches.
www.oecd.org/env/policies/database
Value of Statistical Life (VSL)
Data used in a meta-analysis of value of statistical life estimates
from stated preferences surveys in environment, health and
traffic risk contexts. www.oecd.org/env/policies/vsl
eChemPortal
A Global Portal for information on properties of chemical
substances. www.oecd.org/ehs/eChemPortal
R
 esearch on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials
Information on research projects that address safety issues of
manufactured nanomaterials.
www.oecd.org/env/nanosafety/database
 ransboundary Movement of Wastes destined for
T
Recovery Operations
Country-specific requirements for the application of the “OECD
Decision on Transboundary Movements of Waste Destined for
Recovery Operations”. www.oecd.org/env/waste/database
Biotech Products Database
Information and unique identifiers on products derived from
using modern biotechnology which have been approved for
commercial application. www.oecd.org/biotrack/productdatabase
Get Free ENV Reports and Statistics
Visit www.oecd.org/environment for a selection of free reports
and data.
© OECD 2011
More information on the OECD’s work on environment
The Environment Directorate produces 20-30 titles a year in English and French, with summaries of selected titles translated into
other languages (available for free on the OECD on-line bookshop).

W
 rite to us: Be the first to know about the latest OECD publications
OECD on environment with our free e-mail alert service:
Environment Directorate www.oecd.org/OECDdirect
2, rue André Pascal
75775 Paris Cedex 16 direct
France

O
 rder our publications:
Through the OECD on-line bookshop at Subscribe to our OECDiLibrary and statistics services:
www.oecdbookshop.org, where you can browse titles www.oecdilibrary.org
on your screen before you buy, or by sending
an e-mail to sales@oecd.org.

Find Job Vacancies on the OECD Human Resources website at www.oecd.org/hrm.

 OECD Publications, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris cedex 16
printed in france
(00 2010 88 1) – No. 89761 – 2011

Photo credits:

Front cover: Wind turbine: ©Guy Erwood, Page 8 ©Guy Erwood

Road leading into the sea: ©Victor Zastolskiy, Page 11 ©Robert Young

Plant in cracked earth: ©Pascal Eisenschmidt, Page 14 © Taro Yamada/Corbis

Barley: ©Uschi Hering, Page 22 © Getty Images

Butterfly: ©Trevor Goodwin Page 27 ©FikMik

Back cover: Humming bird: ©Robert Young,

Water: © Taro Yamada/Corbis,

Globe on dollar bills: ©FikMik

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source Efficiency Trade and Environment Chemical Safety Environmental Policy Nanomaterials Material Flows Waste Ma
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC
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