Biomass Gasification 110210

11/02/2010
Thermo Chemical
Biomass Conversion
Alternative Energy
MAB 4523
Dr Ir Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Biomass Energy 3
Thermo Chemical Transformation
Introduction
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Introduction
Conversion of solid or liquid biomass into
combustible fuel using a limited supply of
oxygen and heat.
Thermo chemical transformation include:
1. Gasification:
2. Thermal Cracking(Pyrolysis)
3. Direct Liquefaction
The first syngas flame at UTP
Surface Combustion
Stopping Gas Release and Tar Formation
pp g 500
C)
Temperature (oC
Combustion with Smoke
4000C: Stopping of Smoke
Drastic Reduction of Wood Weight
Tar Formation and Gas Release 400
Flame on Wood Surface
Rapid Exothermal Reaction
Ignition
Rapid Exothermal Reaction
Increase of Gas Release 300
Ignition on Wood Surface
Thermal Decomposition
Releasing Gas
Cellulose Softening 200
Hemi‐cellulose Decomposition
Releasing Combined Water
Glass Transition of Lignin and hemi‐cellulose
Releasing Inner Free Water
100
Vaporizing Surface Water
Time
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Pyrolysis: chemical
decomposition of organic
materials by heating, in
absence of O2 at T<600°C
The type of output depends on the choice of process:
Table: Typical product yields (dry wood basis) obtained by different modes of pyrolysis of wood
Bridgewater, A. Biomass Fast Pyrolysis, THERMAL SCIENCE: Vol. 8 (2004), No. 2, pp. 21-49
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Gasification
Conversion efficiency
Gasification: 22 – 37%
Direct Combustion: 15 – 25%
Best for in‐situ application of syngas in engines etc.
Fuel requirement: Moisture typically less than 20‐30%
Process is exothermic and self sustaining
P d t i i l CO H2 and N

Product gas is mainly CO, H d N2.
May require NOx and SOx control
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Char
Four processes in gasification
¾ Drying
¾ Pyrolysis
¾ Gasification
¾ Reduction (oxidation) Pyrolysis: chemical
decomposition of
organic materials
Reaction
R ti off carbon
b
with hydrogen
Tar Ash
Downdraft Gasification
Major Types of Gasifiers
A.Fixed Bed Gasifiers
B.Fluidized Bed
A. Fixed Bed Gasifiers
Updraft
Downdraft
Cross‐flow
Other types of gasifiers:
‐ Entrained bed
B. Fluidized Bed ‐ Twin Fluid Bed
Low Pressure ‐ Bubbling fluid bed
High Pressure ‐ Circulating fluid bed
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Gasification – Fixed Bed
Fi d B d G ifi
Fixed‐Bed Gasifiers
Main fixed‐bed gasification techniques are:
1. Updraft gasification
2. Downdraft gasification
3. Side‐draft gasification
The product is synthesis gas (syngas).
Twice as efficient as direct combustion.
Results in lower emissions of particulate
matter and greenhouse gases.
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Thermo‐chemical Conversion
Size Reduction
Storage & Handling Feedstock
D
De-watering
t i Interface Products Eth
Ethanol
l
Drying
Gas Cleanup Heat

Gasification & Fuel Synthesis &
Conditioning Power
Separations
Partial Oxidation
Particulate removal Recycle
Pressurized Oxygen
Catalytic Reforming Selectivity
Indirect/Steam
Technical Feasibility of Tars
Benzene By-products
Syngas Quality
Light Hydrocarbons
Methane
Methanol
S, N, Cl mitigation
n-Propanol
CO2 removal
n-Butanol
H2/CO adjustment
n-Pentanol
The names imply directions of the syngas
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Air is fed upward
Syngas flow upwards
Syngas flow out at the
top of reactor (lower T)
Vapor and tar are
permitted to distill/flow
over
Not suitable for vehicle
engine which requires
h h
clean gas (w/o tar and
particles)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
Simplicity in construction The product gas contains
Low cost high level of tar content,
making it unsuitable to be
Low carbon in ash
directly used in gas engines
Able to handle feedstock or turbines
with high moisture content
Melting of ash which may
Good for small application lead to slagging.
Can work under natural Scaling limitation.
and force draft.
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Biomass
Air is fed downward
Syngas flow out at the
bottom of gasifier (highest T)
Tar is minimized air
Air is fed downward
Syngas is drawn out of
the opposite side of the
incoming air
Tar is high in syngas
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What’s this?
http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~pu4I-aok/cooldata2/gassification/calculatione.htm
A reactor based on a counter‐current flow of
A reactor based on a counter current flow of
gas and bed of biomass particles.
The bed, when introduced with flowing gas,
will be lifted, and thus the fluidized bed.
The floating of particles is carefully
controlled by the balance between the
weight and buoyancy force.
h db f
With this method a uniform temperature is
maintained throughout the bed. This
enhances the yield of gasification at low
temperature, as compared to fixed‐bed
gasifiers.
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Mainly for power generation and heating
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Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
IGCC Process
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Natural draft
A 12 VDC fan enables
flame control (forced
draft) if required
Cost less than USD 8
Less fuel consumption
compared to direct burn
www.bioenergylists.org/taxonomy/term/17
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Direct Liquefaction
Also known as Biomass‐
to‐Liquid (BTL) process.
d( )
Low T (250‐350°C)
High P (5‐20 MPa)
Biomass is decomposed
into small molecules
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Liquefaction is often confused with Pyrolysis.
q y y
The differences are:
Pyrolysis occurs at relatively higher T and
lower P
Drying is not required for direct liquefaction
Interest in DL is lower due to the need for
expensive reactors and fuel feeding systems.
During liquefaction, a mixture of
gas, bio
gas, bio‐oil and solid products is
oil and solid products is
formed in various proportions.
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Thermal Cracking
(fast pyrolysis)
A process whereby complex organic molecules are broken down
into simpler molecules; e g : heavy hydrocarbons broken into
into simpler molecules; e.g.: heavy hydrocarbons broken into
light hydrocarbons. Also known as ultra‐fast Pyrolysis.
Done by breaking of carbon‐carbon bonds using high
temperature and/or catalyst, in the absence of oxygen.
The first thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking
process (for petrochemical industries), was invented by Russian
engineer Vladimir Shukhov, in the Russian empire, Patent No.
12926, November 27, 1891.
Ref: Bridgewater
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Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition occurring in the absence of
oxygen It is always also the first step in combustion and
oxygen. It is always also the first step in combustion and
gasification processes where it is followed by total or partial
oxidation of the primary products.
Lower process temperature and longer vapor residence times
favor the production of char coal.
High temperature and longer residence time in crease the
biomass conversion to gas and moderate temperature and short
vapor residence time are optimum for producing liquids.
Fast pyrolysis is a process in which
organic materials are rapidly heated to
g p y
450 ‐ 600 °C in absence of air. Under
these conditions, organic vapours,
permanent gases and charcoal are
produced.
The vapours are condensed to pyrolysis
oil. Typically, 50 ‐ 75 wt.% of the
feedstock is converted into pyrolysis oil.
Pyrolysis transforms difficult‐to‐handle
P l i t f diffi lt t h dl
biomass of different nature into a clean
and uniform liquid, called pyrolysis oil.
Pyrolysis oil can be used for the production of renewable/sustainable energy and chemicals. Its
energy density is four to five times higher than the original solid material, which offers important
logistic advantages.
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One fast pyrolysis technology is based on intensive mixing
of biomass particles and hot sand particles in a modified
rotating cone reactor.
A wide variety of different feedstocks can be processed in
the pyrolysis process. Before entering the reactor, the
particles must be reduced to a size below 6 mm, and its
moisture content to below 10 wt.%. Normally, sufficient
excess heat is available from the pyrolysis plant to dry the
biomass from 40‐50 wt% moisture to below 10 wt%.
p p 75 py y y 5
In the process up to 75 wt.% pyrolysis oil and only 25 wt.%
char and gas are produced as primary products. Since no Charcoal and sand are recycled to a combustor, where
"inert" carrier gas is used the pyrolysis products are charcoal is burned to reheat the sand. The permanent
undiluted. This undiluted and hence small vapour flow gases can be utilised in a gas engine to generate
results in downstream equipment of minimum size. In a electricity or simply flared off. In principal, no external
condensor the vapour is rapidly cooled yielding the oil utilities are required.
product and some permanent gases. In only a few seconds
www.btgworld.com/index.php?id=20&rid=8&r=rd
the biomass is transformed into pyrolysis oil.
Fuel requirement
Low moisture content
Small particle size
Objective is near instantaneous thermal penetration
Output gas is mostly methane (45%) with H
O t t i tl th ( %) ith H2/CO/N2
roughly equal
Suitable for further reactions to make alcohols or SNG
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What are the differences between thermal
cracking and gasification?
GEMS Thermal Cracking
g
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A slow pyrolysis
The most familiar thermochemical conversion process is carbonization, the time‐
honoured process of producing charcoal from wood and other solid plant materials.
In traditional charcoal‐making, wood is piled in earth mounds or covered pits and slowly
fired till most of the hydrogen, oxygen and volatile components have been driven out.
The conversion efficiency of traditional methods is normally low but more advanced
industrial charcoal production processes can convert over 30% weight of raw wood to
useful energy.
They achieve this transformation by 'cooking' the wood within special reactors
(pyrolysers) under controlled temperature and atmospheric conditions that exclude
oxygen from the process.
An advantage of charcoal is that it can be store and used only when required.
Summary
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Summary
Thermo chemical transformation methods are:
1. Gasification:
2. Thermal Cracking(Pyrolysis)
3. Direct Liquefaction
The method involves some heating and produce gas or liquid
Th h d i l h i d d li id
fuels.
The fuel can be used in‐situ or stored (but depends on the
practicality).
Summary
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References:
1. http://www.apo‐tokyo.org/biomassboiler/D0
1. http://www.apo tokyo.org/biomassboiler/D0_online
online‐resources.htm
resources.htm
2. http://www.centreforenergy.com
The End
Assignment
A. In your own word, write the description for:
11. Updraft gasifier
Updraft gasifier
2. Downdraft gasifier
3. Cross‐flow gasifier
4. Circulating fluidized‐bed gasifier
5. Bubbling fluidized‐bed gasifier
6. Vibrating fluidized‐bed gasifier
7. Cyclone (for syngas)
8. Tar reformer (for syngas)
9. Gas filter (for syngas)
10. Gas scrubber (for syngas)
y g
Individual assignment. Submit a written report (Word file).
B. Write a report on a case study related to:
1. Commercial scale of gasification plant
2. Vehicle application of gasification
3. Commercial scale of liquefaction plant
4. Commercial scale of pyrolisys / thermal cracking application
Work in a group of three. Submit a written report (Word file) and slide presentation (Powerpoint).
22

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11/02/2010

P d t i i l CO H2 and N

May require NOx and SOx control

Gas Cleanup Heat

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

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