Critical Appraisal On Steel Water Tank Design Using Recent and Past I. S Codes

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 1, No 3, 2010
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Review article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Critical appraisal on steel water tank design using recent and past I. S
codes
Kala.P 1 , Vimala.S 2 , Ilangovan.R 3
1 Post graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, AUT, Trichirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India.
2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PSNA college of engineering &
technology, Dindigul. Tamilnadu
3 – Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, AUT, Trichirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India.
kala_pkpm@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
IS: 800 code is the basic code for general construction in steel structures and the prime

document for any structural design and has influence on many other codes governing the
design of other special steel structures. IS:8001984,furnished provisions, for designing
the structures, mainly, by “Working Stress Method”. Realizing the necessity to update
the standard to the state of the art of the steel construction technology and economy, the
current revision of the standard (IS:8002007) was undertaken. Earlier codes are silent in
respect of design with respect to fatigue, corrosion, earthquake and durability etc,
whereas in the present code careful revisions have been incorporated. In particular new
code has advocated the design aspects with respect to fatigue, corrosion, earthquake and
durability etc which place predominant role because of rattling forces created due to
earthquake. The new code furnishes provisions, for designing the structures, mainly, by
“Limit State Method of Design”. An attempt here is made to explain the basic differences
in the IS codes – old (IS:8001984) 4 and revised(IS:8002007).To reinforce the effect of
the additional parameters included in the revised version, a steel elevated water tank is
designed, using both the codes separately, and a conclusion is arrived at based on the
sizes f the designed members. (For brevity the detailed design calculation are not given
here.)An elevated water tank has been chosen because the structure involves the design of
all type of members – struts, ties, columns, base plates and girder.
Keywords: Working stress method, Limit state method, yielding, block shear failure,
buckling.
1. Introduction
Steel Structures are preferred because steel offers much better compressive and tensile
strength than concrete. Lighter constructions are also resulted. Unlike masonry or
reinforced concrete, steel can be easily recycled. Now, the designs to be made should
ensure the fundamental requirements of Structural safety, Stability, Stiffness, Durability,
Economy, Aesthetics, Functional safety and requirements.‘Structural safety’ ensure that
the structure does, not fail below the collapse load, within the, ‘life time’ of the structure.
‘Stability’ ensures safety against tilting or buckling. Adequate ‘stiffness’ promotes safety
against deflection and cracking ensuring functional safety. ‘Durability’ ensures that the
390
spalling of concrete leading to corrosion of reinforcements does not occur. ‘Economy’
ensures minimum consumption of materials, exploiting the full capacity of the materials
to resist the loads leading to the overall cost reduction. A structural design ensuring this
condition is known as ‘optimal design’.
A revision to the IS:800 has been made taking into consideration the above fundamental
requirements. The code of practice is largely based on limit state method of design.
1.1 Limit state Method of Design
The limit state method of design was developed to take account of all condition that can
make the structure unfit for use considering actual behaviour of materials and structures.
IS 800 – 2007, the relevant code of practice, applicable to the structural use of hot rolled
steel is largely based on limit state method of design. However it’s still retains the
working stress method which was in use for last several decades. The code recommends
the working stress method in situations where limit state method cannot be adopted
conveniently and confidently. Both the design philosophies have therefore been
incorporated in the body of the text, but with emphasis of limit state method of design
being more realistic and resulting in economical designs. There are basically two
categories of limit state, strength and serviceability. The accepted limit for the safety and
serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state.
1.1.1 Strength Limit State
1. Strength including yielding bucking and transformation into a mechanism. 2. Stability
against overturning and sway. 3. Failure due to excessive deformation or
rupture.4.Fracture due to fatigue and 5. Brittle fracture.
1.1.2 Serviceability Limit State
This limit state refers to the performance of the structure under service load and includes,
1.Deflection 2.Vibrations 3.Deteriorations 4. Corrosion and 5. Ponding
1.2 Probabilistic Basis for Design
Safety of structure is of prime importance for a designer. Safety margins in the form of

permissible in working stress design and load factors in plastic design have been
provided to ensure safety against the risk of failure – the collapse or unserviceability.The
main parameters in analysis and design – the loads, the material properties and the
dimension – are random variables. The statistical variation of these design variables is
usually ignored in conventional practice. Actually, magnitude and frequency relationship
for both load and strength must be considered to avoid unrealistic results. Therefore, any
realistic, rational and qualitative representation of safety must be based on statistical and
probabilistic analysis.
391
An illustration of the statistical meaning of safety is given in Fig 1. Let us consider a
structural component (say, a beam) designed to carry a given nominal load. Bending
moments (B.M.) produced by characteristic loads are first computed. These are to be
compared with the characteristic resistance or strength (R.M.) of the beam. But the
characteristic resistance (R.M.) itself is not a fixed quantity, due to variations in material
strengths that might occur between nominally same elements. The actual resistance of
these elements can be expected to vary as a consequence. The statistical distribution of
these member strengths (or resistances) will be as sketched in (a).
Similarly, the variation in the maximum loads and therefore load effects (such as bending
moment) which different structural elements (all nominally the same) might encounter in
their service life would have a distribution shown in (b). The uncertainty here is both due
to variability of the loads applied to the structure, and also due to the variability of the
load distribution through the structure. Thus if a particularly weak structural component
is subjected to a heavy load which exceeds the strength of the structural component,
clearly failure could occur.
Unfortunately it is not practicable to define the probability distributions of loads and
strengths, as it will involve hundreds of tests on samples of components. Normal design
calculations are made using a single value for each load and for each material property
and making appropriate safety factor into the design calculations. The value used is
termed as “Characteristic Strength or Resistance” or “Characteristic Load”.
Figure 1: Statistical meaning of safety
As per IS: 800, suitable provisions in the design are required to be made for the dynamic
effects of live loads, impact loads and vibration due to machinery operating loads. In
severe cases possibility of resonance, fatigue or unacceptable vibrations shall be
investigated. Unusually flexible structures (generally the height to effective width of
lateral load resistance system exceeding 5:1) need to be investigated for lateral vibration
392
under dynamic wind loads. Structures subjected to large number of cycles of loading
shall be designed against fatigue failure.Durability or Corrosion resistance of a structure
is generally, under conditions relevant to their intended life as are listed below:
a) The environment b) The degree of exposure c) The shape of the member and the
structural detail d) The protective measure and e) Ease of maintenance.
Fire resistance of a steel member is a function of its mass, its geometry, the actions to
which it is subjected, its structural support condition, fire protection measures adopted
and the fire to which it is exposed.The revised code has taken into consideration all the
above factors.
3. Design Procedure of Various types of Members as per IS:8002007
3.1 Design of Tension Members
Mode of Failure
The different Modes of failure of members are: 1. Cross section yielding. 2. Net section
rapture and 3. Block shear failure
Strength as governed by yielding of gross section
T = A f /γ m0 (7 b)
dg g y
Where, A is the gross area of the angle section.
g
Strength as governed by tearing at net section
T = 0.9A f / γ m1 + β A f / γ m0 (7a)

dn nc u go y
Where, f and f are the yield and ultimate stress of the material, respectively. A and A ,

y u nc o
are the net area of the connected leg and the gross area of the outstanding leg,
respectively. The partial safety factors γ = 1.10 and γ = 1.25. β, accounts for the end
m0 m1
fastener restraint effect and is given by,
β = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (f/f) (b/L ) ≤ (f .γ / f .γ ) and β 0.7 ≥

c u mo y m1
yus
where w and b are as shown in Figure 2.
s
393
Figure 2: Angles with end connection
Strength as governed by block shear failure
A tension member may fail along end connection due to block shear as shown in Figure 3.
The corresponding design strength can be evaluated using the following equations. If the
centroid of bolt pattern is not located between the heel of the angle and the centre line of
the connected leg, the connection shall be checked for block shear strength given by
T = ( A f /(3γ ) + 0.9A f /γ )

db vg y m0 tn u m1
or
T = (0.9A f /(3γ ) + A f /γ ) (7c)
db vn u m1 tg y m0
where, A and A = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted
vg vn
force, respectively, and A and A = minimum gross and net area in tension from the hole
tg tn
to the toe of the angle, perpendicular to the line of force, respectively.
Block Shear Failure
Block shear plane
L = Length of the end connection, i.e., distance between the outermost bolts in the end

c
joint measured along the length direction or length of the weld along the length direction
and t = thickness of the leg
Alternatively, the rupture strength of net section may be taken as
T = α A f /γ
dn n u m1
394
Figure 3: Block Shear Failure
3.2 Design of Compression Members
3.2.1 Possible Failure Modes
The possible failure modes of an auxiliary loaded may be given as follows:
1. Local Buckling: Failure occurs by buckling of one or more individual plate
elements, e.g., flange or web, with no overall deflection normal to the applied load.
This failure mode may be prevented by selecting suitable widthtothickness ratios
of component plates. Alternatively when slender plates are used, the design strength
may be reduced.
2. Squashing: When the length is relatively small and its component plate elements
are prevented from local buckling, then the column will be able to attains its full
strength or “squash load”(yield stress x area of crosssection).
3. Overall Flexural Buckling: This mode of failure normally controls the design of
most compression members. In this mode, failure of the member occurs by
excessive deflection in the plane of the weaker principal axis. An increase in the
length of the column, results in the column resisting less loads progressively.
Torsional And Flexuraltorsional buckling Torsional buckling failure occurs by twisting

about the shear centre in the longitudinal axis. A combination of flexure and twisting,
called flexuraltorsional buckling is also possible.In addition to the above failure modes,
in compound members, failure of a component member may occur, if the joints between
members are sparsely placed. Codes and specifications usually have rules to prevent such
failures.
3.3 Basis
The plate elements of a cross section may buckle locally due to compressive stresses. The
local buckling can be avoided before the limit state is achieved by limiting the width to
395
thickness ratio of each element of a cross section, subjected to compression due to axial
force, moment or shear.When plastic analysis is used, the members shall be capable of
forming plastic hinges with sufficient rotation capacity (ductility) without local buckling
to enable the redistribution of bending moment required before formation of the failure
mechanism.When elastic analysis is used, the member shall be capable of developing the
yield stress under compression without local buckling.
On the above basis, four classes of sections are defined as follows:
a.Plastic – Cross section, which can develop plastic hinges and have the rotation capacity
required for failure of the structure by formation of a plastic mechanism.
b) Compact – cross sections, which can develop plastic moments of resistance, but have
inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of a plastic mechanism.
c) Semicompact – Cross sections, in which the extreme fiber in compression can reach,
yield stress, but cannot, develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local buckling.
d) Slender – Cross sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching
yield stress. In such cases, the effective sections for design shall be calculated by
deducting width of the compression plate element in excess of the semi compact section
limit.
When different elements of a cross section fall under different classification, the section
shall be classified as governed by the critical element. The limiting width to thickness
ratios of elements for different classifications of sections:
Figure 4: Section classification based on Moment Rotation characteristics
396
3.3 Design of Beams – Girders
Unrestrained beams that are loaded in their stiffer planes may undergo lateral torsional
buckling. The prime factors that influence the buckling strength of beams are
· Un braced span
· Cross sectional shape
· Type of end restraint
· Distribution of moment
·
The effects of various parameters that affect buckling strength have been accounted for in
the design by appropriate correction factors. The behavior of real beams (which do not
comply with the theoretical assumptions) has also been described. In order to increase the
lateral strength of suitable stiffness and strength has to be provided. When a beam is
transversely loaded in such a manner that the resultant force passes through the
longitudinal shear centre axis, the beam only bends and no torsion will occur. When the
resultant acts away from the shear centre axis, then the beam will not only bend but also
twist.
3.4 Design approach as per New IS: 800
The New IS: 800 follows the same design philosophy with certain alterations in the
parameters for calculating design bending strength governed by lateral torsional buckling.
Figure 5: Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength
according to BS 5950
The step by step design procedure has been detailed below:
397
The design bending strength of laterally unsupported beams as governed by lateral
torsional buckling is given be
Md = βbZp fbd
βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections
= Ze / Zp for semicompact sections
Ze , Zp = plastic section modulus and elastic section modulus with respect to extreme
compression fibre.]
fbd = design bending compressive stress, obtained as given below:
fbd = χLT fy / Ym0
3.4.1 Bolted connections
Bolts can be used for making end connections in tension and compression members.
IS: 800 limits the use of punched holes only in material with yield stress less than 360
MPa and where the thickness (in mm) does not exceed 5600/fy mm. Structurally drilled
holes are better and should be recommended as far as possible.
3.4.2 Base Plate for concentrically Loaded Columns:
The design compressive stress in a concrete footing is much smaller than it is in a steel
column. So it becomes necessary that a suitable base plate should be provided below the
column to distribute the load from it evenly to the footing below.
For a purely axial load, a plain square steel plate or a slab attached to the column is
adequate. If uplift or overturning forces are present, a more positive attachment is
necessary. These base plates can be welded directly to the columns or they can be
fastened by means of bolted or welded lug angles.
4. Design Of Water Tank
4.1 General guidelines
Steel tanks are used for the storage of water and other liquids, e.g. acids, alcohols,
gasoline etc. Steel plates are used to form the container. The plates are designed and
detailed so as to be readily made liquid tight by ordinary shop and erection methods.
Following codes should be referred to for the given design of steel water storage tanks.
1. IS 800 – 2007 code of practice for general construction in steel.
2. IS 804 – 1998code of practice for rectangular pressed steel tanks.
3. IS 805 – 1995 code of practice for use of steel in gravity water tanks.
4.2 General Requirements
Size of the tank: It is economical to build large diameter and low height tanks when the
standpipes are at such an elevation that these can supply water a sufficient pressure to
meet local requirements.
398
Usual heights to diameter ratio are as follows:
H = 0.4D
Where, H is the height of standpipe, and D is its diameter.
Size of plates: For a pleasant look, the net width of the various rings of the plates is kept
same (about 2m). the length of the plates is kept 56m
Having selected the diameter of the standpipe, its height, the number of rings of plates,
and the number of plates per ring, the thickness of plates can be found by the hoop stress
theory as applicable to thin cylinders.
t = γHD/2σatwhere γ = unit weight of the liquid(9.81 x10 6 N/mm 3 for water)

To account for the efficiency of the joint (η)
t = γHD/2ησat
Since the steel plates will be in contact with water, which may lead to corrosion, the
thickness so found is increased by 1.5mm. But in no case the thickness of the plates
should be less than 6 mm.
Tanks elevated on staging or towers are generally provided for water storage and supply.
The capacity and height to the bottom are determined from a consideration of the service
of the tank.
The hemispherical bottom is the most common.
4.3 Circular tanks
The hemispherical bottom consists of a dished circular plate in the bottom called a
saucer plate and plates with radial seams make up the rest of the bottom. In hemispherical
bottom tanks, the ratio of the height of the cylindrical shell to the diameter is
approximately 1:1 for small capacities and 1.25:1 for capacities over 5 x 10 5 liters.Tanks
up to 9m in height commonly have vertical columns. For higher tanks, the columns in the
tower supporting the tank are battered. The batter is about 1.25 to 1.5:12 for
hemispherical bottom tanks up to 25 x 10 5 litre capacity and 1:12 for larger capacities.
This batter decreases wind stresses in the tower.The top of the tank is generally covered
with thin plates with a pitch of 1 to 6. For tanks up to 7.0m diameter the roof plates are
assumed to be selfsupporting and for larger diameters angle rafters are used to support
the plates. A free board of 15cm is provided.
4.4Circular girder
A circular girder of an angle or channel section is provided at the junction of the
cylindrical shell and suspended bottom. It has to support weight of the tank, the weight of
the water stored and its own weight. The total load acts as a uniformly distributed load
399
over the girder. The girder behaves as a beam curved in plan subjected to shear, bending
moment and torsion. In turns it transmits loads to the vertical column over which it is
simply supported. Even number of columns, spaced at an equal distance along the
circumference are provided.
The following expressions may be used to obtain the forces in the circular girder.
Maximum bending moment M1 = M 0 cosφ /2 + WR/2n [Sin φ (2sin 2 φ/2)/ (φ/2)]
Maximum torsion (at a point x at the angle φ’ from the column)
T = m0 sin φ’(1cos φ’) +Wφ’R /4[1(sin φ’/ φ)]
Where W = total vertical load
N= number of columns (4, 6, 8, 12)
R = radius of circular girder.
4.3.1 Wind force
Design wind speed is given by
Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3Where, Vb = basic wind speed of the place in m/s
k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient)
k2 = terrain height and structure size factor.
K3 = topography factor
The value of k1 is obtained after deciding the age of the tower and the zone in which it is
to be built.The value of k2 is fixed by deciding the class of the structure which itself
depends upon the tertian category. The topography factor k3 is ascertained from
topography of the area and by the use of appendix C of IS 875
1.Design wind pressure pz = 0.6 Vz 2 (at a height z)

2.The solidity ratio (φ)is calculated and corresponding to this the force coefficient (Cf ).
3.Wind load on the tower, F = Cf Ae pz
where Ae = effective frontal area of the tower normal to the wind direction
pz = design wind pressure
Wind load on the tank container is the product of the intensity of wind pressure and the
longer side area exposed to the wind. This force will act at midheight of container.
400
4.4 Earthquake Force
As per IS: 18931984 (which is still not revised for tanks)
Table 1: Designed sections using the old (IS:8001984) and New(IS:800) codes for the
same Water Tank
Sections Used
Components used Remarks
Working Stress Limit State
Method Method
Circular Girder ISA 150*150*18mm ISA200*200*18mm
Bigger size
ISHB150@ 271 N/m ISHB 150@ 271 Same size
Columns
N/m
Bracing Struts ISA 60*60*6mm ISA 65*65*6mm Bigger size
Bracing Ties ISA 70*70*6mm ISA 70*70*6mm Same size
230*230*16mm 230*230*16mm
Base Plate Same size
The details furnished in the above table are for information only. These observations no
way affect the rationality of the Limit State Method ( ie the authenticity of the revised
code). The reasons stated in the conclusion above are more than enough to prove the
efficacy of the revised code i.e. IS: 8002007.
5. Conclusions
1. In the limit state method the partial safety factors on load and material have been
derived using the probability concept (using statistical methods ) and therefore the
method is more rational and realistic.
2. In limit state method the perfectly plastic region up to the onset of strain hardening is
used.
3. The riveted joints have lost their importance due advantages of bolted joints
4. Ductility affects the strength of a tension member. An increase in ductility allows a
better redistribution of stress concentration over the cross section.
401
5. For small geometry factor ( ratio of gauge length to the bolt diameter ) , the joint is
more efficient and results in higher tensile strength in tension member .
6. The effect of shear lag and block shear failure should be considered.
7. To avoid shear lag, nowadays equal angles are used.
8. Compression members are more critical than tension members.
9. Four different column curves a, b, c and d have been recommended by IS 8002007
code of practice for different cross sections of columns to account for the initial
imperfections of their geometry.
10. Only plastic sections should be used for indeterminate beams to take the advantages
of successive formation of plastic hinges.
11. The compression flange of beam is subjected to flexural buckling as well as torsion.
So, the beam is subjected to flexural torsional buckling.
6. References
1. British Standards Institution : "BS 5950, Part1 Structural use of steelwork in
building", British Standards Institution, London, 1985 .
2. Code Of Practice–IS 875 1987– Part I, II,III &IV Calculation of Dead Loads
for different structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.
3. Code Of Practice–IS 1893 2002,Determination of seismic design forces based on
factors, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.
4. IS: 800 (1984), General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.
5. IS: 800 (2007), General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice, Bureau of
6. Code Of Practice IS 1367Part 1 & 3, Requirements of Bolted connections,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.
7. Code Of Practice IS 8161969, Requirements of Welded connections, Bureau of

402
8. Duggal.S.K. ‘Limit State Design of Steel Structrues,Tata McGraw Hill Education
Private Limited ., New Delhi, 2010., 3 rd edition.
9. Structural steel design course material, NITTTR, Taramani, Chennai, Sep2010, pp

2097.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

IS: 800 code is the basic code for general construction in steel structures and the prime

Safety of structure is of prime importance for a designer. Safety margins in the form of

T = 0.9A f / γ m1 + β A f / γ m0 (7a)

Where, f and f are the yield and ultimate stress of the material, respectively. A and A ,

β = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (f/f) (b/L ) ≤ (f .γ / f .γ ) and β 0.7 ≥

T = ( A f /(3γ ) + 0.9A f /γ )

L = Length of the end connection, i.e., distance between the outermost bolts in the end

Torsional And Flexuraltorsional buckling Torsional buckling failure occurs by twisting

t = γHD/2σatwhere γ = unit weight of the liquid(9.81 x10 6 N/mm 3 for water)

Maximum bending moment M1 = M 0 cosφ /2 + WR/2n [Sin φ (2sin 2 φ/2)/ (φ/2)]

T = m0 sin φ’(1cos φ’) +Wφ’R /4[1(sin φ’/ φ)]

1.Design wind pressure pz = 0.6 Vz 2 (at a height z)

Bracing Struts ISA 60606mm ISA 65656mm Bigger size

Bracing Ties ISA 70706mm ISA 70706mm Same size

7. Code Of Practice IS 8161969, Requirements of Welded connections, Bureau of

9. Structural steel design course material, NITTTR, Taramani, Chennai, Sep2010, pp

You might also like

Critical Appraisal On Steel Water Tank Design Using Recent and Past I. S Codes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

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Share this document

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Critical Appraisal On Steel Water Tank Design Using Recent and Past I. S Codes

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Copyright:

Available Formats

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

IS: 800 code is the basic code for general construction in steel structures and the prime

Safety of structure is of prime importance for a designer. Safety margins in the form of

T = 0.9A f / γ m1 + β A f / γ m0 (7a)

Where, f and f are the yield and ultimate stress of the material, respectively. A and A ,

β = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (f/f) (b/L ) ≤ (f .γ / f .γ ) and β 0.7 ≥

T = ( A f /(3γ ) + 0.9A f /γ )

L = Length of the end connection, i.e., distance between the outermost bolts in the end

Torsional And Flexural­torsional buckling Torsional buckling failure occurs by twisting

t = γHD/2σatwhere γ = unit weight of the liquid(9.81 x10 ­6 N/mm 3 for water)

Maximum bending moment M1 = M 0 cosφ /2 + WR/2n [Sin φ ­ (2sin 2 φ/2)/ (φ/2)]

T = m0 sin φ’­(1­cos φ’) +Wφ’R /4[1­(sin φ’/ φ)]

1.Design wind pressure pz = 0.6 Vz 2 (at a height z)

Bracing Struts ISA 60*60*6mm ISA 65*65*6mm Bigger size

Bracing Ties ISA 70*70*6mm ISA 70*70*6mm Same size

7. Code Of Practice IS 816­1969, Requirements of Welded connections, Bureau of

9. Structural steel design course material, NITTTR, Taramani, Chennai, Sep2010, pp

You might also like

Torsional And Flexuraltorsional buckling Torsional buckling failure occurs by twisting

t = γHD/2σatwhere γ = unit weight of the liquid(9.81 x10 6 N/mm 3 for water)

Maximum bending moment M1 = M 0 cosφ /2 + WR/2n [Sin φ (2sin 2 φ/2)/ (φ/2)]

T = m0 sin φ’(1cos φ’) +Wφ’R /4[1(sin φ’/ φ)]

Bracing Struts ISA 60606mm ISA 65656mm Bigger size

Bracing Ties ISA 70706mm ISA 70706mm Same size

7. Code Of Practice IS 8161969, Requirements of Welded connections, Bureau of