Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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RECOMMENDATIONS
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A TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER
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MONITORING REGIME
[ FOR POINT lEPREAU, N. B.
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"N·~ MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove Deer Island, N.B.
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FINAL REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
A TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER MONITORING REGIME
FOR POINT LEPREAU, NEW BRUNSWICK
Identification of major phases of freshwater and terrestrial environments
that would accumulate radionuclides released from the Point Lepreau Nuclear
Generating Station.
./
~~ - ---~- ---
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PARTICIPATING STAFF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
THE STUDY AREA 3
THE TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT 5
THE TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER BIOTA 13
PRELIMINARY SPECIES SELECTION 27
ECOLOGICAL PATHWAYS FOR RADIONUCLIDES 29
THE PROPOSED MONITORING PROGRAM 33
LITERATURE CITED 41
DATA FILE FRESHWATER STREAMS - DUCK COVE
FRESHWATER STREAMS - DIPPER HARBOUR
L1TILE LEPREAU RIVER
RETREAT LAKE
TERRESTRIAL STUDY SITES
PARTICIPATING MRA STAFF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
The report should include the calculated flushing rates of the lakes and flow
rates of the rivers. Sites for the collection of undisturbed soil, lichen and plant
samples should also be identified. Field investigations should be carried out only
where there are information gaps that significantly affect the preparation of this
document.
2. PROCEDURES
Marine Research Associates Ltd. was contracted on October 5,1980 "to identify
the major phases of freshwater and terrestrial environments that would accumulate TASK 1 A literature search will be conducted to determine the level of data
radionuclides released from the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station". Objec- available.
tives and proposed procedures were as follows:
TASK 2 A preliminary evaluation of available literature indicates that few
1. OBJECTIVE data are available on the freshwater streams mentioned. Consequently, we recom-
mend a limited field examination of the streams in question as well as Retreat
To develop a baseline review document to identify the major phases of the Lake. These field investigations should include:
freshwater and terrestrial environments that would accumulate radionuclides re- 1) Physical characteristics
leased from the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station. This document will be 2) Invertebrates
used as a basis for the design and implementation of the land and freshwater en- 3) Fish
vironmental monitoring programs for the Point Lepreau nuclear station. 4) Bird species
5) Mammals
This baseline study should include the water, the sediment and the biota of 6) Bank cover
those water courses that enter Duck Cove and Dipper Harbour and including the 7) Bottom characteristics
Little Lepreau River and Retreat Lake. The biota section should include the 8) Stream flow
selection of a local species of fish, an aquatic invertebrate and an aquatic plant
which is readily available and which best reflects longterm effects resulting from Techniques will be modified from: Dodge, D.P. et. al. MANUAL OF IN-
the release of radioactivity from the Point Lepreau station. The selection should STRUCTIONS - AQUATIC HABITAT SURVEYS, Fisheries Branch, Ministry of
er:nphasize that the sampling and monitoring is to be related to environmental Natural Resources, Ontario.
health and should consider pathways leading to higher trophic levels other than
man. TASK 3 Assemble data and prepare the final report.
1
,
For the purpose of this study, the study area was considered to include the land,
streams and lakes within a fifteen mile radius from the site of the nuclear generat-
ing plant at Point Lepreau. As discussed in the body of this report, a much larger
area was considered in a general way. Specific studies were carried out at Retreat
Lake, Little Lepreau River and the streams draining into Duck Cove and Dipper
Harbour. A review of the literature showed that the greatest body of information
existed for Lepreau River. Consequently, we have included these data as supplementary
information.
Field investigations were limited in extent and a review of the literature reveal-
ed relatively little site-specific data. Areas of primary field studies conducted by
Marine Research Associates are shown in Figure 2.2.1.
3
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421 431 441
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FIGURE 2.2.1 STUDY AREAS EXAMINED
i 1 DURING FIELD STUDIES, (Also see data file).
I
- I
I i 94-
-+
-+ t·--+--
I 1, Little Lepreau River drainage
---+- -·---t-....!'>.,,;-'J,)M'i-- -+ 93 -J-----+--_ 2. Dipper Harbour drainage l,
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CONTOUR
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4, Retreat Lake
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
THE TERRESTRIAL AND
This section provides background data on the physical and biotic characterist-
ics of the study area. Of particular interest in terms of a monitoring program, are
parameters which are common to the study area and which may influence the
FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT
biota of the area. Data provided in this section will serve as a foundation for the
selection of "monitoring species" as well as monitoring design.
3.2 GEOLOGY
3.2.1 BEDROCK GEOLOGY. As can be seen in Figure 3.2.1, there are seven
principal geological formations in the study area.
5} MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENNSYLVANIAN FORMATIONS composed chiefly of 4) Retreat lake is bounded by undivided volcanic rocks to the south and the lan-
volcanic and intrusive rocks, minor sandstones, conglomerate and shale. caster Formation to the north.
5
,
261 271 28\ 291 301 31\ 321 331 34\ 351
25'
3.2.1 BEDROCK GEOLOGY
~
---{)2 COLDBROOK GROUP
Chiefly basic volcanic
rocks.
C3
02
-01
m COLDBROOK GROUP
Chiefly acidic volcanic
rocks
01
5000
[mJ SILURIAN FORMATIONS
Granite, diorite and allied
types
~
LANCASTER FORMATION
A Sandstone, conglomerate and
5OQO :. 4." shale
~
., f. -99
r
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k e,:fll'(' [ill] LEPREAU FORMATION
Conglomerate and sandstone
99
CJlmpbells
Point [
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COLDBROOK GROUP
.:::j;," " -98
Undivided Volcanic rocks
98
~l MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENN·
[bill
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- 05 05' SYLVANIAN FORMATIONS
-97 Chiefly volcanic and intrusive r
rocks, minor sandstone, con·
glomerate and shale
97
ocrn
SILURIAN FORMATIONS
-96 Granite, diorite and allied
types
m
MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENN·
96 SYLVANIAN FORMATIONS
-95 Chiefly sandstone, conglomerate
and shale; minor volcanic and
intrusive rocks
10411.. 1
FeF3 E3 H
• E3
0
RECORDED MUD DEPOSITS
Intertidal and subtidal
2
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"'elon 1000
,ASHHe
500 0 1000 2000 3000
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93 Vlrds 1000 500 0 2000 3000
'000
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66°30' 25'
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6 225000m. E. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133
3.4 GROUNDWATER
"Groundwater is located within the surficial gravels at depths of a few feet be·
low the ground surface. This water table is held up or "perched" by the underly-
ing impervious clays. In addition a second aquifer was located at or near the sur-
face of the bedrock in the bottom of glacial channels~ This water appears to be
seeping downward along the surface of the bedrock either through open joints,
or more likely through interconnected seams of gravel underlying the clays.
Porosity of the bedrock is so low that all groundwater flow through the rock must
occur in joints, fracture zones, etc. Extensive pressure testing in boreholes has
shown that the in situ permeability of the rock mass is in the order of 1O-5 cm/sec.
or relatively impervious, Le. indicating tight joints and fracture zones"'(Maclaren
Atlantic Limited, 1975).
3.3 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
Soils in the study area are generally classified as bedrock and thin till over bed· 3.5 WIND
rock consisting of clay, rock flour, silt, san.d, gravel and boulders, occupying depressions in
the bedrock; includes slope wash and rubble, prevalent in areas underlain by resistant bedrock Westerly winds prevail in the study area throughout most of the year being
types (Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ottawa, 1973). In terms of utilization, soil more northwesterly in winter and southwesterly in summer. Average wind speeds
classification ranges from class 4 (Soils having severe limitations that restrict the from the west and from the south equals or exceed 15 miles per hour... 8riefly the average
range of crops or require special conservation practices) to class 7 (Soils having no monthly wind speed throughout the year is greater at Point Lepreau than at the nearby inland
capability for arable culture or permanent pasture). locations of Pennfield Ridge and Saint John. During the winter the strong outflow of cold
arctic air produces storms south of the Bay of Fundy with resulting strong winds in the Point
Maclaren Atlantic limited (1975) described soils at the plant site as follows: Lepreau Area, whereas in summer, winds are moderate except for tropical storms
"The actual site of the proposed plant is underlain by varying thickness of over- The most servere weather phenomena which occur at Point Lepreau are intense storms and
burden consisting of peat, sand and gravel, and red stiff to medium marine clay tropical cyclones (HurricanesJ... it was estimated that winds in excess of 100 miles per hour occur
with some glacial till. The distribution and thickness of these materials vary great- with a frequency of once in twenty years (Maclaren Atlantic, 1975).
ly as they fill a fairly irregular bedrock surface. In glacial channels scoured into the
bedrock overburden thickness exceeds 60 feet. On the other hand there are num- Data for wind direction and speed over a 12-year period at Point lepreau are
erous bedrock ridges exposed throughout the peninsula. In glacial channels and found in Figure 3.5.1 and are considered as representative for the study area.
on outcrops along the coast numerous glacial striae are encountered indicating an
approximately north·south trend of ice movement. Since the direction of ice move- It should be noted that Point lepreau is a promontory which projects well out
ment is almost parallel to the strike of the rock, differential erosion has produced into the Bay of Fundy. Strong winds blow unrestricted across open water from the
a saw tooth rock profile controlled by the bedding and joint systems within the east, west and south and the full force of storms is often felt. Wind data for inland
rock." , localities would undoubtedly be less than that of the Point lepreau area.
, .
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16.0mpn
.·V JI.4mph
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:--------------115%
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FIGURE 3.5.1 PERCENT FREQUENCY WIND DIRECTION
AND AVERAGE SPEED (1939·1951). (Maclaren Atlantic, 1975).
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3.6 CLIMATIC FEATURES In summer the cooler air in this region causes much fog which seldom extends more than
ten miles inland from the coast. Point Lepreau... is said to average ninety days of fog per year
1) TEMPERATURES (Squires, 1976). Table 3.6.3 summarizes the occurrence of fog for a 10-year per-
iod at Pennfield Ridge (located approximately 35 miles southwest of Saint John)
The study area, being in the north temperate region, is characterized by warm and for a 30-year period at Saint John city, Saint John airport and Fredericton
summers and cold winters. The Bay of Fundy strongly influences the climate result· airport. The term"fog" here denotes the point at which visibility is reduced to
ing in somewhat cooler summer temperatures and warmer winters with more rain 5/8 mile or less. These data can be considered as representative for the study
than inland. Although the spring warm-up is late, the winters are not as cold as in area.
New Brunswick's interior.
4) SUNSHINE
Temperatures for the study area were not available on a long-term basis. How-
ever, they would be somewhat similar to Saint John, N.B. Data presented in Conditions of sunshine and overcast conditions occurring at Saint John City
Table 3.6.1 for Saint John City can be considered representative for the study are summarized in Table 3.6.4 for a 10-20 year period. These data can be con-
area. However, MacLaren Atlantic (1975) has pointed out: The mean annual temper' sidered as representative for the study area.
ature based on a ten-year record for Penn field Ridge, within ten miles of Point Lepreau, is 41.9
degrees F. The temperatures measured over a 20 year period at Saint John...are quite similar, 3.7 FRESHWATER STREAMS.
the onlv differences being that in summer the monthly mean temperatures at Point Lepreau
Streamflow data were only available for Lepreau River and Little Lepreau
are slightly higher (3 rf~grees F I and in winter slightly lower (3 degrees F.) than in Saint John.
River (Historical Streamflow Summary Atlantic Provinces to 1976). Little Le·
Temperature data for Nov. 74 - Oct. 75 for Point Lepreau are presented in Table
preau River has a drainage area of 14.8 square miles. The monthly discharges in
3.6.2.
cubic feet per second for 1976 are as follows:
2) PRECIPITATION
Average monthly values for rainfall and snowfall from 25·29 years data are January· 120 July - 33.0
given in Table 3.6.1. Data for Saint John city can be considered as representative February - 85.1 August -
for the study area. At Point Lepreau, however, rainfall measurements for an aD-year March - 56.7 September -
period indicate that rainfall occurs throurIJout the year and averages 33.61 inches per year, a 89.4 October·
April -
lesser amount than the measured amount of 42.88 inches in Saint John... Snowfall at Point May - 79.5 November -
Lepreau averages 65.65 inches annually and occurs from October to May. As with rainfall, there June - 18.9 December -
is less snow at Point Lepreau than at Saint John, which averages 85.4 inches annually. (Mac-
Laren Atlantic, 1975).
The maximum instantaneous discharge was 1950 CFS at 2306 AST on Jan-
3) FOG uary 28 and the maximum daily discharge was 1040 CFS on January 29. These
were extremes recorded for the period of record.
Coastal fog occurs in the Saint John and Pennfield Ridge areas close to 100
days annually while inland there is a greater continental influence (Environment Lepreau River has a drainage area of 92.1 square miles. Discharge rates are
Canada, 19731. as follows in Table 3.7.1.
9
DAILY TEMPERATURE RAINFALL SNOWFALL
Year 50.1 35.0 42.6 42.88 85.4 TABLE 3.6.1 TEMPERATURE, RAINFAll AND SNOWFAll DATA FOR
SAINT JOHN, N.B. (25-29 years data) (Maclaren Atlantic, 1975).
January 20.5
July 7.2 l
EXTREME LOW TEMPERATURE DC ·23.9
EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATUREDC 25.6
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm) 525
TABLE 3.6.2 TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA FOR POINT
lEPREAU, N.B. (November, 1974 to October, 1975) (Maclaren Atlantic, 1977).
l
10
MONTH PENNFIELD SAINT JOHN SAINT JOHN F'TON
RIDGE CITY AIRPORT AIRPORT
Year 107.5 98.0 99.2 41.1 TAB LE 3.6.3. MONTHLY MEAN DAYS WI I H AN INCIDENCE OF FOG AT
SAINT JOHN, N.B. (Lorneville Impact Study, Vol. 2).
11
NEW aaU.SWICIt
LCPllaAU RIVER AT LZPR&AU - STATION MO. 01AOOOI
MONTHLY AXD AHNUAL "BAM DISCHARGES IN CUBIC p.aT PItR SECOND POR TH. PERIOD or RICORD
n, ..... .u.
.. , np
y ... AP' ....y JUN JUL AUG OCT NOY Dac YEAR
1916
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1920
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12
4.1 INTRODUCTION
THE TERRESTRIAL
A search of the literature revealed relatively few site·specific data on the
terrestrial and freshwater biota of the study area. In addition, extensive field studies
were beyond the scope of this study and some species, particularly terrestrial
AND FRESHWATER BIOTA
invertebrates and aquatic plants, may be absent from our survey which was
carried out in late fall.
4.2 VEGETATION
The study area lies in the Fundy Bay Ecoregion, described by Loucks (1968) Off the road to the Jighhouse and west through the forest south of the building site is a
as a community which is dominated by conifers and includes red spruce, balsam fir forest canopy formed mainly of black spruce and balsam with an occasional cedar, larch or
and red maple, with scattered white spruce, white birch and yellow birch... The lesser veg· white birch. There is an intermediate layer of smaller spruce, balsam, alders and a sparse
etation is distinguished by a number of species of boreal affinity. Cowberry, or rock cran- scattering of mountain ash. An occasional shrub SJ.Jch as witherod and mountain holly is
berry, is common on the dry rocky sites, and cloudberry is found in the peat bogs. Canada found. The ground is carpeted with mosses, mainly peat moss, in which grow the character-
raspberry...is common. Mountain-ash is abundant... istic species of this shady, acid, saturated site - goldthread, twin flower. may flower. bunch-
berry, sorrel, starflower, creeping snowberry, sheep laurel, Labrador tea, sedges, Indian pipe
and the seedlings of witherod and mountain ash. Situated about half way across the Point
The most important deterrent to rapid growth appears to be wind. Trees on headlands and are several rocky ridges covered by shallow well-drained soil. Peat moss is replaced by other
exposed ridges have a short, broken appearance, even in dense stands. Although damage from species on this drier ground. Bunchberry is abundant; there are some wood ferns, twin-
salt spray may be important, it does not account for the appearance of the trees on inland ridges. flower, acuminate aster, club mosses, sedges, grasses, sarsaparilla and large-leafed goldenrod.
Trees do well in areas near the coast protected from wind, but ridges miles from the direct effect Balsam is the main canopy tree with white birch saplings coming in below. In the drier parts
of salt spray look the same as coastal headlands. Shelterbelts of a wind-resistant species such at the north end of the cleared site, bracken is common in the openings.
as white spruce have been observed providing effective protection, and should be stressed
in the silviculture of the Ecoregion. Shallow soils and extensive bare bedrock will make this On the western shore the trees are very much influenced by the wind. storms, ice and
difficult. Regeneration of conifers is usually good on the deeper soils, but red maple of salt spray. The effect of prevailing winds is to deform many of the balsam and spruce trees
sprout origin tends to dominate in a few areas. along the west shore, causing dense stunted growth six to fifteen feet high, resembling the
growth of windswept alpine exposures. Tops of many of the taller trees near the shore are
MacLaren Atlantic (1977) carried out a more detailed survey of terrestrial dead, and numerous dead lichen-covered balsam and spruce stand out above the canopy
vegetation near the plant which they described as follows farther inland on the Point.
13
t •
- .. Bogs, which are a feature of this forest, range from the open type, such as the one beside bour and on the east side of Musquash Harbour. Further afield similar forest is found east
the road northeast of the lighthouse, to those which are almost covered by trees. The open of Saint John and in the west towards Black's Harbour.
bog is hedged by Labrador tea and alders and is composed of a deep saturated mat of peat
moss thrown up into hummocks, some of which are crowned with a white top of reindeer Table 4.9.1 summarizes vegetation records for the study area.
lichen. Growing in the peat is a spreading tangle of c1oudberry, cranberry, crowberry, false
Solomon's seal, cottongrass and other sedges. The more common bogs are overgrown with 4.3 INVERTEBRATES
a mat of peat moss and sedges, dotted with pitcher plants. There is usually a general scat·
tering of stunted black spruce, larch and alder with thickets of Labrador tea, sweet gale Numerous species of terrestrial invertebrates can be expected to occur in
and black chokeberry. Crowberry and iris are also common. the study area. No information on invertebrates was found in the literature and
these groups must, consequently, be excluded from a monitoring program.
In August 1974, two transects, each approximately 1,050m long across the building
site, were sampled. Each consisted of a strip 2 metres wide within which all woody veget· Species of freshwater invertebrates collected during MRA surveys are listed
ation was counted in 2D-metre segments. In addition, ages were determined for over 100 in Table 4.9.1
trees by counting the rings on stumps along cut-lines or by taking cores with an increment
borer.
4.4 FRESHWATER FISHES
The data for the transects shows the predominance of conifer, the high proportion of young Hooper (1973) has summarized the inland fisheries in the general vicinity of
regeneration and the contrast between the mainly wet situation on Transect I (TI) compared to the study area as follows:
the better drainage soil on Transect II (Til). The miscellaneous and unidentified category included
a few trees and a number of shrubs such as witherod, mountain holly, sheep laurel. Labrador tea and The following fish are found within the Lepreau, Musquash and Mispec drainages but not
rhodora. About 10 percent of the sample was made up of dead stems from 1 to 14 inches in dia- necessarily in all drainages:
meter. The information on growth showed a very wide variation, depending on moisture and shade.
For example, two balsams about 45 years old were respectively 5 and 10 inches in diameter. Coldwater Game Fish Other Fish
Two black spruce, each abolJt 6 inches in diameter, were respectively about 30 and 85
years old. A larger sample of ages and diameters related to site could be necessary before Brook trout Yellow perch
the age composition of the forest could be established. Landlocked salmon American eel
Lake trout (togue) White sucker
Comparison with forests a few miles inland and at a number of points along the coast reo American smelt Ninespine stickleback
vealed that the community on Point Lepreau is a fairly typical stand, although it seems to
have a somewhat higher proportion of dead and wind-molded trees. The high frequency of
Brown bullhead
Fall fish
L
fog and cooler temperatures may also influence growth and regeneration. Forests very sim- Lake chub
ilar in composition and life form can be found along the coast. For example, the bogs on Creek chub
the headland south of Pocologan Harbour are virtually identical to the . on Point Lepreau Northern red-belly dace
and in the adjacent area. The forest at Seely Head and around Seely Cove is similar to that
around the base of Point Lepreau and along the road to Dipper Harbour and Chance Har-
Banded killifish
Common shiner
l
14
l
Brook trout are endemic and present in rare to abundant quantities throughout the drain- American eel Anguilla rostrata
ages. Landlocked salmon are present in Loch Alva (Musquash) and West Long Lake (Lepreau) Wh ite Sucker Catostomus commersoni
at least. Lake trout are known only in West Long and Victoria lakes although they probably Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus
find adverse summer living conditions in the latter lake. Lakes in the Musquash drainage have Lake chub Hybopsis plumbea
very large populations of warm water trash species (white suckers yellow perch fall fish) and
l l Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus
minnow species. The competition offered by these species significantly reduces the ability of Northern red belly dace Chrosomus eos
these lakes to produce coldwater game fish populations. Lakes in the Lepreau drainage have Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas
somewhat better conditions for coldwater gamefish populations.. Common shiner Notropis cornutus
Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius
Nine to twelve inch brook trout are common in angler creels in the Lepreau drainage. Land- Brown bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus
locked salmon and particularly lake trout (togue) catches are found often in angler creels in
West Long and Victoria lakes. The lake trout frequently range from 18 to 26 inches. Table 4.9.1 gives the status of various fish species in the study area based on
the literature and M RA field surveys.
A survey of angling pressures in New Brunswick in 1967 by the author showed that about
4.5 AMPHIBIANS
11 per cent of the total rod days spent angling in the province were represented in the Lepreau,
Musquash, Mispec and Black River drainages. This accounts for approximately 100,000 rod Gorham (1970) lists the following amphibians as occurring in New Brunswick:
In his report on the Lepreau River, K_ Smith stated the only species offish ob· Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus
A study was conducted by William Groom on elver observations in New Brun- (hypothetical)
swick waters (1975). His findings for the Lepreau River can be summarized as Two·lined Salamander Eurycea bislineata
follows:
... very few elvers were present in this river from May 1 to 15... Catches increased steadily... TOADS AND FROGS (Salientia)
until the midnight high tide of May 24... when over 500 elvers could easily be caught in a
single scoop... The arrival of large eels, up to 36 inches in length, were collecting in the pool • American Toad Bufo americanus
area... The last days of May... saw large numbers of elvers massed under the falls, up to 6,000 'Spring Peeper HyJa crucifer
Redmond (1974) reports the followi ng fish species in the Lepreau River. 'Green Frog R. c1amitans
15
Bird populations hava not been studied in the tornevilla araa (with the exception of a few
r
On the basis of our experience in Charlotte County, species marked with an
Askerisk (-) will be commonly found in the study area in the spring. During the scattered observations from birdwatchers and data obtained on the Saint John Breeding Bird
summer period, Ranaclamitans and Ranapipiens will be common in ponds, lakes Survey route (in 1970 and 1971)) so we must make inferences about them, generally from r
and streams. impressions of the fauna in similar habitats to the east and to the west
In the pradominant forest habitat we expect that there are approximately 55 species of r
4.6 REPTilES
birds regularly nesting in the area. An edditional 20 species could be found nesting regularly
in the old field and residential habitats. Expected minimum population density of these birds
No reptile records were found for the study area. Gorham (1970) lists the
at the beginning of summer (excluding young of the year and migrants, either or both of
following species as occurring in New Brunswick.
which are likaly to be present at any given time) is approximately 100 nesting pairs per 100
acres in the forest and about 150 pairs per 100 acres in the old field and residential habitats,
TURTLES i.e. about 17,000 birds in the development area. These would raise to flying stage some
Snapping Turtle
Wood Turtle
Chelydra serpentina
Clemmys insculpta
25,000 to 30,000 young each year...
Winter populations of birds in the development area would vary greatly from year to year
r
depending on fluctuating supplies of seeds and fruits. No winter bird censuses have ever been
Painted Turtle Chrysemys piera
conducted in New Brunswick 50 it is difficult to estimate the number of birds per acre.
Studies in coniferous forests in other regions (Ontario, New Jersey, Connecticut) and our own
SNAKES
impressions suggest that 20 to 60 birds per 100 acres would be usual. with perhaps 150 birds
per 100 acres in exceptional winters. The usual mid-winter population within the develop-
Water Snake (hypothetical) Natrix sipedon
ment area would, then, be about 3200 birds of 25 to 35 species.
"Red-bell ied Snake Storeria occipitomaculata [
"Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis
In the triangle down wind of the development about 50 landbird species might be found
Ring-necked Snake Dradophis punctatus
'Smooth Green Snake Opheodrys vernalis
in winter with densities varying usually 20 to 150 birds per 100 acres.
[
During spring and fall, mainly mid-March to early June and mid-August to early November,
On the basis of our e.xperience in Charlotte County, species marked with an
Asterisk (-) will likely be common in the study area.
large numbers of migrant land birds, which often tend to concentrate along coastlines, pass through
the area. At times there might be as many as 50,000 transient birds resting in the area for
L
from one to a few days. Smaller numbers of migrants would be present at any time during
migration. L
4.7 BIRDS
Actual sight records of various species of birds reported in the study area have
In a report by Baird, Christie and Pearce as part of the lorneville Enviro- been identified by Squires (1976). These are listed in Table 4.7.1. It should be
nmentallmpact Study (1973), inferences were made concerning bird and land noted; however, that the listing includes water birds as well as rare or irregular
mammal populations of the lorneville area. Since lorneville is in the vicinity visitors and migrants. The area is a very important one for aquatic birds as an over-wint~
of our study area we consider the information of Baird et al. to generally apply. ering area, a stopover during migration and as a visiting area. (Maclaren Atlantic, 1974).
It should be noted however that certain species may not occur while others that In fact the Canada land Inventory recognizes the area as having great importance [
are not mentioned may, in fact, be present at certain times of the year. for migration or for wintering waterfowl.
16
l
[
Bird species identified by MacLaren Atlantic (1977) in the study area are b. Open Habitats ,
listed in Tables 4.7.3 and 4.7.4.
17
r
4.7,2 SIGHT RECORDS FOR BIRDS IN THE STUDY AREA
Actual sight records of various species of birds occurring in the study area. (Data
from Squires, 1976, The Birds of New Brunswick, N.B. Museum, Monographic Series
No.7, 2nd edition). (Nomenclature 'from Squires),
Bald Eagle
Purple Sandpiper
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Calidris maritima
White-Winged Crossbill
Lark Bunting
Loxia leucoptera
Calamospiza melanocorys
l
Great Black-Backed Gull
Bonaparte's Gull
Larus marinus
Larus philadelphia
Savannah Sparrow
Sharp-Tailed Sparrow
Passerculus sandwichensis
Ammospiza caudacuta l
Least Tern Sterna albifrons Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla
R'azorbill
Common Murre
Alea lorda
Uria aalge
Fox Sparrow
Snow Bunting
Passerella i1iaca
Plectrophenax nivalis
l
18
l
TABLE 4.7.3 BIRDS SEEN AND HEARD ON SAMPLE LINE, JUNE 1975.
Least flycatcher Magnolia warbler
June 18 June 19 June 29 Olive-sided flycatcher Cape May warbler
Species 0530-0630 hrs 0510-0620 hrs 1015-1055 hrs Blue Jay Blackburnian warbler
Common raven Chestnut-sided warbler
Common flicker 1 1 Common crow Bay-breasted warbler
Alder flycatcher 1 Black-capped chickadee Black-throated green warbler
Least flycatcher 2 3 2 White-breasted nuthatch Yellowthroat
Olive-sided flycatcher 1 Red-eyed vireo Ovenbird
White-breasted nuthatch 1 Winter wren American redstart
Winter wren 3 1 Catbird Common grackle
American robin 1 2 American Robin Brown-headed cowbird
Hermit thrush 2 L Hermit thrush Evening grosbeak
Swainson's thrush 4 5 L Swainson's thrush American goldfinch
Ruby-crowned kinglet 4 4 1 Ruby-crowned kinglet Dark-eyed junco
Tennessee warbler 6 5 Starling Song Sparrow
Magnolia warbler 6 6 1
Black-throated green warbler 5 1 TOTA L - 3B species
Cape May warbler 1
Chestnut-sided warbler 3 2 Records of occurrence for birds in the study area have not been summarized
Ovenbird 1 in Table 4.9.1, since a separate monitoring program has been initiated for birds
Yellowthroat 6 6 1 by the Canadian Wildlife Service.
American redstart 2 4 1
4.8 MAMMALS
Brown-headed cowbird 1
Purple finch 1
Squires (1968) lists the following mammals as occurring in New Brunswick.
Dark-eyed junco 1 1 1
(Nomenclature from Squires).
White-throated sparrow 7 6 1
SHREWS AND MOLES INSECTIVORA
Unidentified 5 3 1
19
•
BATS CHIROPTERA
RODENTS RODENTIA
l
Sight records and reports given by Maclaren Atlantic (1977) in the study area
are as follows:
4.9 SUMMARY
Table 4.9.1 summarizes terrestrial and freshwater species records for the study
area.
21
TABLE 4.9.1 SUMMARY RECORDS FOR TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER BIOTA, POINT LEPREAU, N.B.
- .. --
r
~ ~
I ~ ~
r
SPECI ES
E
~
E '"
.;:,
~
~ SPECIES
E
~
E '"
.;:,
~
...'"
~
'"'" a: '"
~
...'"'" c:r:
...'"'" .c
...'"'"
~ ~
.0
~ ~
:J :;; ~ :J ~
'"
I'"
~ ~
?- probably occurs ~
..: '"'" .;:, '"
.Y- ? . probably occurs ~
..: '"
'"n
~
'"
.;:, '"
.Y- I
'">a
~
'" c:r:
a:
...'" ...'"
.0 n .0 <0
> ....J
p. occurs. no data on abundance
U
a I
'"
....J :J
....J
...'"
.;: P . occurs. no data on abundance
U
I
~ '"
....J :J ...
.;:
[
'"'"n
~
C· common .Y-
(,) '"nn ......'" ~
n
~
'"
~
~
C· common -"
(,) '"nn ...'"
~
~ ~
'" ~
~
A· abundant 0
:J
0 ....J '"
....J '"
a: '"
f- A· abundant 0
:J
0 ....J '"
....J '"
a: '"
f-
INVERTEBRATES Pelecypoda
Turbellaria Sphaeriidae C C
Phagocata velata C
r
INSECTA
f-.
Coelenterata
--
Hydra C C Plecoptera P C
------ _. --
Bryozoa Taeniopterygidae P
Fredericella sultana P Perlodidae P
r
Annelida Paracapnia sp. P
-
Oligochaeta P C P Capniidae P
Hirudinea Nemouridae C
Erpobdellidae
t-- P
P
Heptageniidae
Stenonema sp. P
C
P
P
Mysidacea Ephemerella P
Amphipoda Aeshnidae
Gastropoda
Physa sp.
Coleoptera
P
l
C Promoresia sp.
- r
Laevapex sp. C
l
- ._-- -- --
22
TABLE 4.9.1 Continued.
~ ~
'" OJ
'" SPECIES '" OJ
'"
SPECIES '"
E
E .2 ~
'"
E
E .2 ~
'"
OJ
'"
OJ
~
cr: ~
'"
.0 '"
OJ
'"
OJ
~
cr: ~
'"
.0
~
~ ~
::> ~ ~ ::> ~
7- probably occurs
~
'"
OJ
'"
~ '"C.
OJ
~
OJ
.2
OJ
-'" '"
:r: ? - probably occurs
~
'"
OJ
'"~ '"c.
OJ
~
OJ
.2
OJ
-'" '"
:r:
P - occurs, no data on abundance
>
0
.0
:r: OJ
cr:
::>
'"
-' "iii
.;: P - occurs, no data on abundance
>
0
.0
:r: OJ
cr:
::>
'"
-' '"
.;:
<J ~ -' ~
~ <J ~ -' ~
~
C - common -'"
OJ
C. ~ '"
OJ
~
c.
'"
OJ
~
'"OJ
~
C - common -'"
C,)
OJ
C.
c. ::;
OJ '"c.
OJ
~ '"
OJ
~
'"
OJ
~
C,)
::> c. ~
~
OJ
~
OJ
~
OJ ::> OJ
~
OJ
~
OJ
A - abundant 0 0 -' -' cr: I- A - abundant 0 0 -' -' cr: I-
Trichoptera FISHES
Hydropsyehidae C Pl P Brook trout A C
Leptoceridae C C Lake trout P
Odontoceridae P Rainbow smelt P
Oeeetis (7) C American eel ? ? ? A ?
Macronema spp. C C C White sucker A
Psychomyiidae Blacknose dace P
Psychomyia sp. .P P Lake chub C
Brachycentrus sp. P P Creek chub C
Astenophyla (cases) ? P P Northern Red-belly dace P
Phryganeidae P P Golden shiner P
Diotera Common shiner C
Tipulidae P P Ninespine stickleback A C C
Chironomidae C C A A Brown bullhead C
Simuliidae C
Heleidae P
Araneae P
23
TAB LE 4.9.1 Continued.
'"
--'"
'" SPECIES '"E
'"
E
~
Q)
--'"
'"
- -
.~
E .~
.
]. probably occurs
'"'"
~
'"
..:
n:
::>
'"n
Q)
~
'"
.~
Q)
"'...J'""
:.ci
I '" ? - probably occurs
'"
Q)
~
'"
'"
Q)
~
..:'"
n:
::>
'"
Q)
~
'"
.~
Q)
"''""
.J:l
I '"
-- -.,
~
--'" -'"
~ Q)
Q)
> .J:l n: (ij > .D n n: ...J ro
P - occurs, no data on abundance a I Q) . P - occurs, no data on abundance a I Q)
::>
.;:
U ...J ::> U ~
...J
~
'" '"
- '" '" '" '"
Q)
'"nn
Q)
C - common Q) Q) Q) C- common n ~
"'::>"
Q)
"'::>"
0 -;:; ~
n
~ ~
~
0 n .E
~
n
~
Q)
~
~
Red-spotted newt
American toad
?
? ?
?
?
? ?
? ?
?
?
? Muskrat
Meadow jumping mouse P
C
r
? ? ? ? ? ? Woodland jumping mouse P
Spri ng peeper
Mink ?
REPTILES Striped skunk P
MAMMALS
Masked shrew C
Short-tailed shrew C
Linle brown bat ?
Varying hare C C-A
Woodchuck P
Chipmunk
Red squirrel
?
C
l
Beaver
Deer mouse
C C C
C
l
24
l
TAB LE 4.9.1. Continued.
~
~ ~
Q;
~
SPECIES ~
E
E '"
.~
~
~ SPECIES ~
E E .~
'"'" II: ~
'" '"'" II: '"
.!e
'"'" '"'"
~ ~
~ .D ~ ~ ~
.D
~ ::J ~ ::J
I'" I'"
~ ~ ~
C - common '" ~
'"0. '"
~
C - common '"0. '" '"'" '"'" ~
-'"
'-' .9-
0. ~
.!e
~ ~
~ '"
~
~
-'"
'-'
::J
0- -;::
~
~
0-
~
~ '"
~
~
A - abundant 0
::J
0 -J '"
-J '"
II: '"
I- A - abundant 0 0 -J '"
-J '"
II: '"
I-
Mountain ash
White Birch LICHENS, MOSSES & FUNGI
Bracken
Cloudberry
, Cranberry
Crowberry
25
TAB LE 4.9.1 Continued.
SPECI ES '"
E
'"'"
'"
E
~
'"
.~
--'"
'" SPECIES '"E '"E
<tl
~
'"
.~
--
'"
<tl
?- probably occurs
'"
~
'"
-
<tl
-
~
'"
..:
cr:
:J
'"'"
~
'"
.~ '"
-"
.-
.0
<tl
:I: ? - probably occurs -
'"'"
~
'"
'"
~
~
'"
..:
cr:
:J
<tl
'"a. >
~
'" '"
-"
.0
I
<tl
-- -
~
'">0
-
~
-'"
...J <tl ...J 'iii
.;:
P - occurs. no data on abundance .;: P - occurs, no data on abundance :I:
U
:I:
'"
...J :J U ~ '"
...J :J
<tl
-
~ <tl
'"'"
--
<tl
C - common
A - abundant
-"
u
:J
0
'"a.a.
0
'"
::J
~
a.
'"
...J
'"
~
'"
cr:
'"'"
~
~
'"
f-
C - common
A - abundant
-"
u
:J
0
'"a.a.
0
'"
;::;
...J
'"a.
~
'"
...J
-'"
~
cr: f-
'"'"
~
~
'"
AQUATIC VEGETATION r
Drepanocladu5 sp. P
Equ isetum sp. P
Saponaria officinal is C
Spartina sp_ A
Chrysoplenium americanus C
Tolvpeli. 'p. P
Nitell. ,p. C
Vallisneria sp. P
Hepaticae, Chiloscyphus C
Musci, Fontina/iaceae A
._"-_..-
l
26 [
PRELIMINARY SPECIES SELECTION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
While an inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater flora and fauna of the
Point Lepreau area is far from complete, numerous species have been identified as
occurring in the study area and selection of monitoring species is possible. The
objective is to select species which will, because of their local status and ecolog-
ical position, most rapidly and easily demonstrate the concentration of radio-
nuclides in the terrestrial and freshwater systems. Consequently, we have es-
tablished the following criteria for preliminary selection of monitoring species.
27
INVERTEBRATES
FISH
TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION
During the operation of the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station, small quantities
of radioactivity will be released to the air and to the ocean. The AECB has jurisdiction over
releases of radioactivity to the environment. The maximum permissible releases of radio-
active material from nuclear generating stations are derived from the recommendations of
the International Commission on Radiological Protection (/CRP). The ICRP is an independ-
ent, non-governmental body consisting of internationally recognized experts from many
Fission gases 25,000 Ci-MeV
countries and a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
lodines 0.09 Ci
Particulates 0.006 Ci
The AECB has an operating target for annual radioactive releases, during normal oper·
Tritium (HTOI 7,000 Ci
ation, of one percent or less of those releases corresponding to the maximum permissible
dose for individual members of the public. The maximum calculated dose to a member of
The average concentration of released material in air downwind from a source normally
the public living at the site boundary, resulting from releases at this "target" level, is with-
decreases exponentially with distance from the source, and depends upon the source shape,
in the normal variation of natural background radiation, and is indistinguishable from it.
effective height of release, the weather and the time over which the release takes place. Radio-
active decay also enhances removal of radionuc/ides from the plume.
Nonetheless, the presence of radionuclides in the environment which result from the
operation of the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station must be considered in relation to
In addition, particulates and reactive vapours are lost from the plume by settling with de-
the potential radiation exposure of people and lower· form biota. The magnitude of exposure
position being highest near the station. Gases and non-reactive vapors ultimately disperse in
that is likely to result from effluent depends upon many complex relationships. These reo
the atmosphere.
lationships involve how, where, what kinds, and in what amounts radioactive materials are
introduced into the environment, the pathways by which the radioactivity is transported
6.3 RELEASES TO FRESHWATER
through the environment, and the ways and extent to which the environment and its re-
sources are used by man.
There are no direct releases from the station in sources of freshwater. The Active Waste
Storage facilities will be designed and operated to prevent contamination of groundwater
and surface water. Both groundwater and surface runoff at the facility will be sampled and
analyzed to demonstrate compliance with this aim.
6,2 RELEASES TO THE AIR
In spite of the foregoing, it must be stressed that airborne particulates ultim-
. Based on operating experience with CANDU PHW plants, the projected annualairborne ately will reach streams and lakes in run-off and will tend to concentrate in fresh-
releases per-reactor are given by AECL as follows: water organ isms.
29
\
'\, ,\
I
6.4 PATHWAYS FOR RADIOACTIVITY TO TERRE' • LSYSTEMS 6.5 BUILD·UP OF RADIONUCLIDES DUE TO AIR EMISSIONS
Generalized environmental pathways for releases to organisms other than man There are many methods of estimating atmospheric dispersion. Calculations for the di-
are shown in Figure 6.4.1. lution factors used in this section were obtained from Bryant's data. This approach follows
standard practice in the Canadian nuclear industry. The concentration of released materials
Plants and animals can be irradiated externally by the decay of fission gases in the ef· in air tel at a point some distance from the source is given by:
fluent plume and the decay of particulate material deposited on plant surfaces and soil.
Radioactive nuclides enter land plants by absorption and adsorption on above-ground
C= KO unitslm3
leafy and woody portions, and by absorption through the below-ground root portions.
Many of the nuclides will be inert relative to plant systems and will accumulate passively
where Q= release rate of materials (units/s)
on plants and soils. A number of radionuclides, however, enter into active plant metabolism
K= dilution factor Islm 3 )
and may be taken up by the plants along with the naturally-occurring forms of these ele-
ments. Such radionuclides may be concentrated many times over the environmental level
The value of K depends on the distance from the source, the shape of the source, effective
by the plants.
height of release, the weather and the time over which the release takes place.
Radioactive nuclides enter animal systems in three ways: absorption and adsorption on
The stack at Point Lepreau will exhaust to the atmosphere at a height of 67 m. The re-
the skin, ingestion and inhalation. The relative importance of each route depends on the
lease point is at the top of the heavy-water upgrading tower, which is located beside the reactor
chemical form of the nuclide itself, the form in which it is transported, the ability of
building. Dilution measurements at the Pickering Generating Station have shown that dilution
particular living systems to assimilate that nuclide in that chemical form and the potential
is estimated conservatively by taking the effective height of release as the physical height,
for accumulation of that nuclide within animal tissue. An additional route exist'S for mammals l
when Bryant's curves are used. Predictions of effective stack height are inexact and an
l
the forage-and/or prey-to-mother-milk-to-infant pathway. Carnivorous species could be sub·
effective height of 50 m is assumed for added conservatism_
ject to biological magnification where consumption of prey would progressively increase the
body burden. The build-Up of 1-131 is not expected to be significant due to its short half-
From the Bryan ts curve the concentration at 70-80 km from the station is approximately
I l
life (eight days) and anticipated smaJl releases. Tritium will be released in water vapour form
1 percent of that at the plant boundary. The outer limit of the zone of influence of the station
but does not concentrate selectively in the environment.
is, therefore, about 80 km. Even if emissions leading to the maximum permissible dose rates at
6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EQUILIBRIUM the plant boundary were released, the dose rate at 80 km VIIOuld be less than the annual
fluctuations in the natural radiation background.
Animals may release accumulated nuclides to the environment in waste products to the
soil and atmosphere. Plant and animal wastes and dead material faJl to the ground where The deposition of long-lived particulate radionuclides from the plume wifJ be hifller near
they are decomposed. the station, and presents the possibility of cumulative build~up in the environment. Using
Bryant'S method and a deposition velocity of 3 x 10-3 mis, the expected deposition rate at
l
After start-up of the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station the radioactive nuclides
will move toward steady state concentrations in the affected areas. Additions to the enviro~
1 km is about 4 x 10-3 mCi/km2 y. As the present weapons test fallout rate of the order of
2 mCilkm2 y just maintains the present environmental contamination of about 150 mCi/km2 l
ment will be made continually through stack emissions, but counter·balancing losses will we may expect an equilibrium level from anticipated plant releases of about 0.3 mCi/km2.
occur due to radioactive decay and physical transport out of the system. Ultimately inputs This small amount of particulate contamination on the ground gives rise to an annual dose
and outputs would achieve at least a rough steady state. of 0.01 mrad, assuming the mean gamma energy to be O.7MeV.
30
~t
A
IG fiE 6.4.1 SIMPLIFIED TERRESTRIAL AND
PRECIPITATION FR S~WATER PATHWAYS FOR RADIONUCLIDES.
RADIONUCLIDES IN
GASEOUS EFFLUENT
DIRECT RADIATION
INHALATION IMMERSION
ADSORPTION ABSORPTION
INGESTION
TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS
~>~
" \ TERRESTRIAL
HERBIVORES
TERRESTRIAL
CARNIVORES
\
\
. ;~.:.:}:.::.,
"13"
:.::0.' ::~; ;'?"T':' .D..'?;}?::
'0' / ) ' . '
AQUATIC PLANTS 0 ;
:, ... ; •... : : '.'
DRAIl'lAGI'
_ :.:t~:,
• :''0-:;,
j
" ,...:'\,,-,
.....
(N/!: '. Y
'::-O~·.~:. CARNIVORES " .qf~~:': 7
: :'''~.: ~ ": ~ .. : .
~ .'.-....
. "~;~
DETRITUS FEEDERS
.....~:-"'~-.'
.. ~
/
31
[
[
air concentrations would give thyroid dose rates of about 0.03 mrem/y to an infant and 0.003
6.6 DOSE TO TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS
The Canadian designed operating targets limit the dose rate at the exclusion area boundary
mrem/y to an adult.
r
The total annual dose from airborne releases at the boundary is therefore about 1.4 mrems
from released radioactive materials to a small fraction of the natural background radiation
level. This small increase in dose rate is not expected to damage living organisms or the
to both infants and adults. This is about one percent of the annual dose from natural background [
radioactivity.
r
ecosystem. It is worth noting that the Environmental Assessment Review Panel for the Point
Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station reported to the Minister of the Environment that:- The 6.8 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
question of the effect of radioactive discharges on organisms other than man has been dis-
Inactive liquid wastes at the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station should have a
cussed at considers/be length by a number of expert committees and panels in recent years.
One of the most recent of these was an international panel of the Committee on Oceano-
negligible effect on the aquatic environment. [
graphy, U.S. National Academy of Sciences. All of these bodies agree that if environmental
levels of radiation are based on the proteetion of man then other organisms will not be
The description of chemical systems in Chapter 3 indicated that the use of these materials
will be minimized under expected operating conditions. It is believed that hydrazine and
[
harmed. It must be noted that there is a dissenting opinion from a group in Sebastopol in
cyclohexylamine/morpholine concentrations in the boiler blowdown will be well below
the U.S.S.R. They have produced a number of publications which claim observable damage
to fish eggs developing in contaminated water where the total doses received were extreme-
toxicity levels of 1.0 mg/I hydrazine and 0.3 mg/I morpholine. Once the blowdown is
mixed with the cooling water discharge it will be greatly diluted and its effect on the aquatic
r
ly small (less than 10 percent above normal background radiation). Other research workers environment will be insignificant.
(including some in the U.S.S. R.J have been unable to repeat their results.
In addition, any other chemical liquid wastes (i.e. demineralizer wastes) will be treated
The monitoring designs presently being considered for terrestrial, freshwater to required levels prior to entering the cooling water discharge. As with the boiler blowdown,
and marine systems, of which this report is a part, assume that environmental any remaining chemical constituents in these wastes will have a negligible effect on the a· ..
programs should not be designed around pathways leading to man. quatic environment.
6.7 DOSES FROM AIRBORNE RELEASES Only a small quantity of oil contaminated wastes will be produced and these wastes will
be treated to ensure that only innocuous oil concentrations (i.e. 15 mgl1) are allowed to
NBEPC has estimated that alm~t all of the dose at the exclusion area boundary will come enter the cooling water discharge.
from external irradiation from released fission gases and from inhaled tritiated water vapour.
The expected air concentrations at the boundary will give dose rates of about 1.4 mrem/y Finally, sanitary wastes will be treated by conventional methods to ensure applicable
from external irradiation, 0.08 mrem/y from inhaled tritiated water vapour and 0.01 mremly effluent standards are met.
from deposited particulates.
As indicated, inactive solid wastes could be handled by various conventional methods. All
In addition, small amounts of iodine may be released, causing irradiation in man as a re- procedures for handling these wastes will be reviewed with the proper authorities and there-
sult of food chain contamination or direct inhalation. fore the effect on the environment should be minimal.
l
The expected air concentrations at the boundary would give a dose rate to the thyroid Contaminants contained in the products of combustion generated by the standby boiler
of an infant fed only locally produced cow.'s milk of about 0.7 mrem/y. As there is no dairy and emergency diesel generators will be dispersed to acceptable levels by the proper selection
industry in the area, the most probable route for exposure is by inhalation. The expected of exhaust stack heights.
32
l
rl
'I
/1
0J,.
7.1 INTRODUCTION
THE PROPOSED
It is clear from the foregoing, that the release of radionuclides and particulates
is expected to fall within natural background levels, but that biological concentration MONITORING PROGRAM
in the environment may occur. This assumes a "best case" operational approach.
However, it is clear that operational "events" do occur and it is our view that mon-
itoring programs should be designed from the "worst case" perspective since no-
thing is lost if values remain acceptable, and comparative background data are a-
vailable if they are required.
The proposed monitoring program, presented in this section, has been designed
with a view to:
1. determing those sampling areas in the environment where surprise that a more complete inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater biota
radionucl ides may concentrate physically. was not carried out prior to the construction phase.
7.2 LIMITATIONS
While a detailed analysis of dispersion patterns is beyond the scope of this work,
analyses carried out for sulphur dioxide emissions from the Coleson Cove Thermal
As previously mentioned, site-specific data for the terrestrial and freshwater
Generating plant throw some light on the variations in dispersion which can be
biota in the study area are not complete. These gaps in information create some
anticipated (Lorneville Impact Study, 1973). Pertinent sections from this report
limitations in the selection of monitoring species. While numerous unrecorded
are reproduced below.
species (which might be excellent candidates for a monitoring program) un-
doubtedly occur in the Point Lepreau area, we have hesitated to include these
sJ;lecies without first-hand knowledge about their occurrence, distribution and Because Lornevi/le is situated at the boundary of two very different surfaces (the land and
abundance and have only considered those species which have been recorded or the Bay of Fundy!. the dispersion of emissions can be expected to be very dependent upon
which, as a result of our experience, we feel will be present. We must express our the wind direction and, therefore, was divided into the following sections:
33
(i) Southwesterly winds blowing from the Lorneville area toward Saint John (1900-2500) on two or three afternoons per month in the warm season, but less than once per month in
the cold season. Morning inversion breakup could occur one to five times per month in the
Dispersion of emmissions under these conditions is based on regional wind direction measured cold season. The maximum concentrations during the above three conditions will be at a
at approximately 300 metres (990 feet) at the radiosonde station on Sable Island. For this wind point 6 to 30 km (3.6-18.6 miles) downwind of the source; this point will be continually
direction it was found that "limited Mixing" conditions, in which pollutants are uniformly mix- shifting because of changing wind direction and air temperature structure.
ed in the vertical direction beneath an overlying inversion or stable layer, could cause the maxi-
mum ground level concentration to exceed the Maximum Acceptable Air Quality Objective (iii! Winds blowing from Lorneville over the 8ay of Fundy towards Nova Scotia (2100-
of 0.34 ppm about one to three times per month between May and October, and once or twice 36(0).
per month in the cold season (November to Apri/). The point of maximum concentration could
be from 3.6 to 6.2 miles downwind of Lorneville and, therefore, could occur within Saint John. It is desirable to examine the impact the Lorneville emissions may have on the air quality [
of western Nova Scotia. In the cold season, air passing from New Brunswick over the re--
Sustained afternoon advection inversions, in which the emissions are injected initially into latively warmer waters of the Bay of Fundy, will be warmed from below and the Lorneville
a stable layer, transported over land with relatively little dilution, and then brought rapidly to
emissions will be well mixed through a very deep layer of atmosphere. The dilution rates
the surface in high concentrations by vertical mixing over the relatively warm land, could occur
over the Bay of Fundy will be large and emissions are unlikely to reach Nova Scotia in
about four times per month in the warm season but less than once per month in the cold season.
measurable concentrations.
This condition can persist for about four hours in the middle of the day at a downwind point
which is continually shifting due to changes in wind direction and temperature structure of
In the warm season, the plume could travel for long distances in a duct between an elevated
the air.
stable layer and a stable layer forming next to the relatively cooler water of the bay. Analysis
of this situation revealed that after a distance of 100 km (62 miles) the Maximum Acceptable
During the night time the emissions are often prevented from reaching the ground by an
National Air Quality Objective could be exceeded over Nova Scotia, but less than once per
inversion layer which forms overnight next to the ground. About an hour after sunrise this
month. Since this estimate was done without regard for the reduction of S02 concentrations
layer has been destroyed to the extent that the emissions, which have undergone relatively
due to chemical decay and washout by precipitation, it is estimated that the emissions that
little dilution aloft, can be brought to the ground in high concentrations. This "morning in·
are projected to come initially from the Lorneville area are not likely to affect the agri-
version breakUp" could take place from two to seven times per month in the cold season.
culture and forestry industries of Nova Scotia. Additional emissions, however, will increase
This condition lasts only about 30 to 45 minutes and the point at which it occurs is contin- the chance of Lorneville emissions affecting Nova Scotia.
ually shifting.
(iiJ Winds blowing inland from the Lorneville area in directions other than towards Saint While the above summary deals with sulphur dioxide, it is clear that some
John (0900-1900) variations in dispersion patterns may have implications with regards to dispersion
from the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station. In particular, we wish to
With this wind direction, sulphur dioxide can be transported inland towards the Saint point out the following
John water supply lakes north of Lorneville, It was found that, under limited mixing con-
ditions, maximum ground level concentrations could exceed the Maximum Acceptable Nat- 1) SOUTHWESTERLY WINDS (190 0 - 2500 )
ional Air Quality Objective north of Lorneville, once or twice per month throughout the year,
fr;'r approximately four hours each time. a) "Limited mixing" conditions could cause maximum ground
level concentrations. This conforms with the analysis provided by MacLaren
Sustained afternoon advection inversions could cause high concentrations to reach ground Atlantic (1977).
34
b) Sustained afternoon advection inversions may transport
1/ 1. ZERO TO FIVE MI LE RADIUS. Five terrestrial/freshwater
emissions beyond the study area. sampling sites as shown in Figure 7.4.1
c) Night time inversion layer at ground level may prevent 2. FIVE TO TEN MI LE RADIUS. Four terrestrial/freshwater
emissions from reaching ground level resulting in the transport of particulates sampling sites to be selected.
beyond the study area.
3. TEN TO TWENTY MI LE RADIUS. At least two terrestrial/
2) WINDS FROM OTHER DIRECTIONS (090 0 -180 0 ) freshwater sites to be selected.
a) Under "limited mixing" emissions, afternoon advection in- 4. NOVA SCOTIA. We have not recommended sites for Nova
versions and morning inversion breakup could cause deposition of particulates Scotia. However, we would recommend that the establishment
up to 18.6 miles from the stack. of monitoring sites be considered.
3) WINDS BLOWING OVER THE BAY OF FUNDY TOWARDS NOVA It should be noted that we have combined both terrestrial and freshwater
SCOTIA (270 0 -360 0 ). sampling sites since all of the recommended terrestrial species occur at these sites.
a) During the summer, the plume may travel long distances in The only difficult species in terms of collection are the leeches and
a duct between an elevated stable layer and a stable layer forming next to the Caddis fly larvae. We would estimate that, if these two species can be obtained
cooler water of the Bay. High concentrations of particulat·es could be expected with relative ease, each sampling should not require more than 5 man-hours.
up to 62 miles from the stack. Allowing for travel, the sampling time for the entire area recommended above
should be in the order of 45 to 55 man-hours or 6 to 7 man-days.
In the absence of a detailed dispersion study and assuming the "worst case"
perspective, it would appear that the monitoring area should be expanded to take
into account dispersion of particulates to outlying areas. The monitoring areas
7.5 SAMPLING SEASON
which should be included, if Coleson Cove data are applicable, are shown in
Figure 7.3.1. An examination of wind frequency data (Figure 3.5.1) shows
We recommend that sampling be carried out during the summer or early fall
that winds blow from 1800 to 360 0 approximately 76 percent of the time.
since most species occur in greater abundance and are more easily obtained dur-
Therefore, areas towards Saint John and the Nova Scotia shore should be
ing this period.
given primary consideration.
35
__ J
/
J
.,,,.
.... ,,,.
-\\'iBRUNSWICK
,~,
SOUTHEASTERLY WINDS
AREA 1
.,.,.
"1fZl
. .,..
~~. _....
S?
.ll.····
<,4
53
/i9 ....
:... / '
l
- - ' ····t9 99
'" .I·~,
Gr.nd6~_.'·
B(r;'ks..-- .
.--,' 92
\.29/
AREA 3
I
.-;;,. NORTHWESTERLY WINDS
:6
J
27'
,., ~ ~ ~
"
i
..'
.
'l"
I'
,;,
~
/"
,... "-:-"..
~
/
~
..... FIGURE 7.4.1 PROPOSED TERRESTRIAl!
" " "rt~:p:'ibR":1ll~~ri;'=;=T~":,'..f~~~~;=:;t~~'Ilj~WJill~IO~~~U~~;I2~ll:1q:iI3~k::~"~~ 15 FRESHWATER SAMPLING SITES IN THE
VICINITY OF THE POINT LEPREAU NUCLEAR
GENERATING STATION (See Data File for 1:20,000
maps of all sites except Lepreau River.
I~
I
I",
.!
~5
i•
~ -OJ
J:
14 15 J6 -02
--L --f-----j!'---L..jl
'0>
I~,
I
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I
I
,
" ."
96 +
I
+-J
95
'!J." -r L I
I 94-
--I
"
- '·3
., ·95
-'-
Q2]!~:!=~t=~t:~t=~~=~~~~~:~~:~,::;t~:~::~~~. .~'~·-:·=·:'·;-:-:~;-:~..:-~.~-~.~._;::.:-:-;~.~.~-~. T."=J-"
5 CQNTOU~ ."rE...... ,.;I fEU tQUIOtSTA/'lCl lI£S COUA8ES $(l "WS
37
that species which occupy most of the basic trophic levels be included in the mon- This species was chosen over other trees because of its existance along con-
itoring program. sistent drainage areas. It is felt that exposure to water-borne radionuclides is
enhanced in such a habitat.
We would suggest that the following samples be taken and analysed from the
proposed sampling sites: 2. Reindeer moss (e/adonia rangiferinai. A primary colonizer, Reindeer moss occurs
commonly on ledge outcrops often in well-drained areas. It has the ability to absorb
TERRESTRIAL SAMPLES and retain moisture and would appear to be the most suitable species for monitoring
such habitat. I
1. Speckled Alder Alnus rugosa
2. Reindeer moss Cladonia rangiferina While we have no information on its position in the food web it is probably [
3. Bog moss Sphagnum sp. utilized by insects and other invertebrates and serves as a minor browse for mam-
4. Flying insects (gross collection) malian herbivores.
5. Soil samples r
3. Bog moss (Sphagnum spi. Spagnum is abundant in poorly-drained depressions.
AQUATIC SAMPLES
This is a unique habitat where water-borne radionuclides may be concentrated. l
1. Leech H e/obdella sp.
Sphagnum is probably utilized by insects and mammalian herbivores.
2. Caddis fly larvae Trichoptera
3. Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius
4. Flying insects. No specific terrestrial insect was identified as a suitable species
4. Green frog Rana c1amitans
for a monitoring program. Nevertheless, forest insects are probably the most im-
5. Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus
portant link in the terrestrial food web where they utilize forest plant cover and
6. Water Rorsetail Equisetum sp.
serve as food for numerous species on higher trophic levels. We believe that gross
7. Stream/Lake sediment samples night collection of night-flying insects will provide a suitable technique for sampl-
ing this important group.
Our rationale for incllJding these species, apart from preliminary selection
criteria, is as follows: 5. Soil samples. Soil samples, including resident fauna, should be taken and mon-
itored from both poorly drained and well-drained sites.
TERRESTRIAL SAMPLES
AQUATIC SAMPLES
1. Speckled Alder (A/nus rugosai. The speckled alder is a common species occurring
in thickets in wet soil along streams, lakes, swamps and areas subject to spring 1. Leech (He/obdella spi. This member of the class Hirudinea, was chosen as a mon-
flooding (Canada, 1956). itoring species because it met all the criteria for preliminary selection. These
leeches were found to be common. Pennak (1978) indicates that this species is
l
While it is not a primary browse species it is on the base of the food web and generally distributed over the region and can be found in a variety of habitats,
will be utilized by insects which are fed upon by amphibians, birds, mammals an!! from lakes and ponds to springs, streams and marshes. This organism is of adequate size
reptiles. for rapid collection. However, as with the majority of freshwater invertebrates,
38
[
a considerable amount of time would be necessary to collect sufficient quantities
for testing.
3. Ninespine stickleback IPungitius pungitius) . The Ninespine stickleback, was Equisetum sp. is an important primary producer utilized by various aquatic in-
selected as a monitoring species due to its observed and reported (Scott and Cross- sects, invertebrate herbivores and terrestrial herbivores.
man, 1973) abundance and distribution throughout the study area and surround-
ing region. They are relatively large and easily collected with a minnow siene. This species may be readily hand picked in the shallow shore waters of most
streams and lakes from mid-spring until late autumn.
The Ninespine stickleback is an opportunistic carnivore, living on a variety of
., aquatic organisms; including crustaceans aquatic insects and smaller fish and eggs. 7. Stream/Lake sediment samples. Sediments deposited in backwaters and dead-
It is a primary source of food for larger predator fish, such as trout and pickerel waters offer the best possibility for the physical concentration of pollutants in
As a result it forms an important link in the aquatic food web. the freshwater system.
39
LITERATURE CITED
Alcock, F.J. MUSQUASH. Charlotte, Kings and Saint John Counties, N.B.
Geo!. Survey Canada, Map 1084A, 1959.
Baird, J.C., D.S. Christie, and P.A. Pearce. BIRDS AND LAND MAMMALS.
In: AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DEVELOPMENTS PROPOSED FOR LORNEVILLE. N.B. Environment
Canada, Vol. 2, Task Reports, Ottawa, 1973.
Cormack, D.W. REPORT ON THE FOREST COVER IN THE LORNEVILLE Environment Canada. AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
DEVELOPMENT AREA. In: An Appraisal of the Environmental Consequences CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEVELOPMENTS PROPOSED FOR LORNE-
of the Developments Proposed for Lorneville, N.B., Environment Canada, VILLE, NEW BRUNSWICK, Vol. 2, Task Reports, Ottawa, 1973.
Vol. 2, Task Reports, Ottawa, 1973.
Fisheries and Environment Canada. HISTORICAL STREAMFLOW SUMMARY
Department of the Environment, Canada Land Inventory. ATLANTIC ATLANTIC PROVINCES TO 1975. Inland Waters Directorate, Water Resources
PROVINCES CRITICAL CAPABI L1TY AREAS, Supply and Services Branch, Water Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 1977.
Canada.
Groom, W. FINAL REPORT ON ELVER OBSERVATIONS IN NEW
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. ATLANTIC BRUNSWICK WATERS. Report to the N.B. Dept. of Fisheries, Research
PROVINCES. SOIL CAPABI L1TY FOR AGRICULTURE. Supply and and Development Branch, 1975.
Services Canada.
Hooper, W.C. INLAND WATER LIMNOLOGY AND FISHERIES. In: An
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. Atlantic Appraisal of the Environmental Consequences of the Developments Pro-
Provinces. LAND CAPABILITY FOR WILDLIFE-WATERFOWL. posed for Lorneville, N.B. Environment Canada, Vol. 2, Task .Reports,
Supply and Services Canada. Ottawa, 1973.
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. Atlantic Levigne, R.G.A. ECHOES FROM THE BACKWOODS. London: Henry
Provinces. LAND CAPABI L1TY FOR RECREATION. Supply and Colburn, 1846.
Services Canada.
Loucks, O. L.A. FOREST CLASSIFICATION FOR THE MARITIME
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. LAND CAPABI L1TY PROVINCES. Reprint From: The Proceedings of the Nova Scotian In-
FOR FORESTRY. Supply and Services Canada. stitute of Science, Vol. 25, Part 2,1959-60. 2nd printing, 1968.
41
MacKay, A.A., R.K. Bosien and P. leslie. BAY OF FUNDY RESOURCE Squires, W.A. THE BI RDS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Mono·Graphic Series
INVENTORY VI. PEA POINT TO POINT lEPREAU. Marine Research No.7, The New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, N.B. 2nd edition, 1976.
Associates ltd., Report to N.B. Dept. of Fisheries, 1979.
42
DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
..
~. "- ....
LOGS IN STREAM, MUD
AND GRAVEL
Canada
••
, I
) Duck Cove
Indian Cove
Point Lepreau
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
Falls oC:::...
AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _.::3::.5_ _
f /' hUJ
Rocks
'I
Sfl(0e£
~®I Gravel WATERTEMPERATURE: 4~•.::00;.;:C~ __
.. :.'::' ,....,.
;
:~.
CONDUCTIVITY: _ _~5~5
DISSOLVED OXYGEN: _ _-::'-:'.!:p~pm:::--
_
- ",,\ _
t
Yt
-.[
'it- \
I
~
~ .,y,
~ '">'- ' Swamp or Marsh
with trees ~
,...
It.
'i
t * je
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: _--=2:.:..:.;,::.cf:.::.s
_
_
.j;
""" ./ -I.-J.. 44 Osee.
...- ~
*
~/
64" 1.5 • 6 , 5.5 • 6 • 4
~
/ -I- "
4-~.
Hardwoods 86" 4.5 , 6 • 4.5 , 3.5 , ,
oj.
AOUATIC FLORA:
"'- Softwoods 4 If s. Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods A A M
and Softwoods T' .
North ~ W
Water Chem.
Station
Sampling Station
AOUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
Sw.mp or M.rsh
wi th trees ~
A
,... 't
j
t * ~
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: 1.73 ds
_
North ~W
W.ter Chem.
Station 0
Sampling St.tion. @-:J. AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Araneae (1) .
Area very swampy with numerous alders along bank.
Trichoptera, Phryganeidae (11
Diptera, Tipulidae (2) (2)
Ephemeroptera, Ephemerella (3)
Chironomidae (1) (1) (12)
Oligocheata (1)
Nemouridae, Prostia sp. (1)
Allocapnia sp. (1)
(Use back of sheet for addition.1 d.t.) Plecoptera (4)
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove, Deer Isl.nd, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
'f InletlOUtlet~
i
~-l
Repids WEATHER:: ..:S~u~n~n:x:y..!!a~nd~C:20~ol!_ _
i ! Ii
t
s,H-W M 1>5
Falls
Rocks
Gravel
AIR TEMPERATURE:
WATERTEMPERATURE:
SALiNITY:
2~0~C~
~O~°:.J./~o~o
_
__
_
5tUMf,tJ Sand
-l /l!JlJ
11J.i7!£5 ......
CONDUCTIV ITY:: -.:::4:;.2 _
5~ Gg;4:z I?..JD~K
-f Mud
;.'
'.;: :.-::' ,,,,. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: -"1~1..1:p~p~m:._ _
If Swamp or Marsh
with trees
A t .I}
'J! 't it
~
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: approximately 50% of rate at site Ng
_
North ::- W
Water Chern.
Station o
Sampling Station @-:S- AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Abundance Comments
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.. Lord's Cove, Deer Island. New Brunswick, Canada
DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
Canada
Scale: 1:20,000
Base Map Source: Forest Classification Map, N.B.
Department of Natural Resources.
END OF TIDAL
INFLUENCE
BEAVER DAM
SALT MARSH
TIDAL FLATS
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
Water Chern.
COMMENTS:
;/ \ Station
Softwoods
+4l}".s. ~
99"
AQUATIC FLORA:
8.5,9.5,6.0,6.0 24 sec.
30 sec.
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD., Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
North ~ W
Water Chern.
Station o
Sampling Station. @-:S- AqUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. ~ Abundance Comments
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
\
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Canada
LITTLE LEPREAU RIVER
POINT LEPREAU. N.B.
& '"l
(LOWER SECTION)
~
-0- ( ,, SAMPLING STATION
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Scale: 1: 20,000
,• Base Map Source: Forest Classification Map. N.B.
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.. .- .... ~
AREA SURVEYED
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.
•,
., .
.............
•
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SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
Swamp or Marsh
with trees
It
'j{ 't
"
t *
jI
SECCHI DISC ANDIOR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: No data - ice forming
_
FISH
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
,
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET
,t t ~
*
Swamp or Marsh pH: 6
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR: _
Swamp or Marsh It. ~ FLOW RATE: _
with trees ,... 'Jl 't ~
Beaver House ..a... i.1t .
Beaver Dam
Hardwoods
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods All. M
and Softwoods T, .
North -->~tJ
1oWO Water Chern.
Station
~
Wharf
w· DATE(SI: November 30. 1979 TIME: 1545 TO: _
STATION NUMBER: _ _--=4!-. _
InletlOutlat~
Rapids WEATHER:: .:::C:.::lo~u:::dLy'..:C:l:0~ld~,.:.sn~o~w~f~lu~r~ri!::es~ _
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _~3.=5.::°C~.u(?.!..I _
Rocks 'I. ><. )(
go~
Gravel 0 0 WATER TEMPERATURE::_--..:4:;:.0:..0,:::C..;(c:..?:....1 _
D SALiNITY: _
Sand .::::';:'= s. CONDUCTIVITY: _
Mud .::; :.:;": (II. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: 1~0~p:!.lp!!.!ml_ _
tt
.;l
*
Swamp or Marsh pH: 6.0
SECCHI DISC ANDIOR WATE R COLOR: _ _"'B.uro"'w"'n...isbou..:·"'y"'e:ullpLllw"'- _
Swamp or Marsh At
with trees ~ 'i j FLOW RATE: Dam 32.72 cfs
~
Width
Beaver House ...a... i.H. 20'
Depth linches)
3"
Distance 100 feet
Times 14.0 sec.
Beaver Dam 13.5 sac.
Hardwoods
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Sampta No. Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods All. M
and Softwoods T" .
North )0 W
Water Chern.
Station ~
Sampling Station. ®-~ AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Abundance Comments
FISH
\
Pungitius pungitius (1) (2)
r
PLANTS
[
Drepanocladus sp. (1) (1)
Equisetum sp. (pieces)
Gramineae (pieces)
l
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A-."/
• DATA FILE
r-..... •
~.
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
Canada
Retreat Lake
FRESHWATER STREAMS
LITTLE DIPPER HARBOUR, N.B.
Clear Lake
SAMPLING STATION ~
Scale: 1:20,000
Base Map Source: Forest Classification, N.B.
Department of Natural Resources
•
••
Black Lake
.. ----
•
••
••
_ .....
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY - DATA SHEET
t
tJ
Wharf
~.
/~
InletiOutl.t~
Rapids
DATEISI::__D
;;.e;;.c;,;.em=be;;,;r..;3;:.
• .;.19""7..;9;...._ _ TIME: __1::;3;::00::...._ TO: _.:.:164=5
STATION NUMBER:_....:5:.:s~t~at~io~n~s~v~is::.it~ed~.
WEATHER:
lI:9i::.:lI::.:ne::.:t",s:::e~t
C..;oo_l_an_d_su_n_n..;y
_
_
_
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: ...::;Oo..;C::.... _
Rocks 'I. ><',(
Gravel 00 WATER TEMPERATURE: l:.:;.5:..0.;C:..- _
o 8·"
Sand ::::!/ S. SALINITY:
CONDUCTIVITY:
0
3=2::.::5:..- _
Mud .::; :.:;':': "'. DISSOLVED OXYGEN:_.ll9 _
~\~{I
~'l Hardwoods
+-} ... Chironomidae (15)
COMMENTS: Man-made lake; approximately 40 years old. Shallow, mud bottom. rocks and sand beadles covered
with weeds. Talitridae (2)
Gillnet set 1620 Dec. 3.1979. taken in 1530 Dec. 4.1979.
Beaver, deer, ducks, geese, sticklebacks Site 2 INSECTA
Lake owned by C. Wilson. Saint John Tugboat Co.
Following information supplied by employee at Lake.
1) Man-made. 30-40 years ago_ Chironomidae (44)
2) Drains: Clear Lake-natural spring-fed lake Odonata· Cordulegastridae
Mud Lake· small, man-made
T richoptera - Leptoceridae (6)
Tricoptera
(21)
r
CLEAR LAKE (1 )
1) Spring fed; no inlets -Phryganeidae (1)
2) Native trout
3) Previous land-locked salmon
-Polycentropodidae (1)
-Leptoceridae (5)
AMPHIPODA r
Ephemeroptera (4)
Talitridae (110)
-Heptageniidae (3)
TURBELLARIA Odonata
ANNELIDA
-Coenagriidae (2)
Hirundinea -Helobdella (1)
[
-Phagocata velata (6) Hemiptera
-Erpobdellidae (1)
-Corixidae (1 )
ANNELIDA
AMPHIPODA
-Oligochaeta (6)
-Hirudinea Talitridae (22)
Gastropoda
Aquatic Flora
Chironomidae (75)
l
Plecoptera (1)
Nitella sp. common
AMPHIPODA
ValJisneria sp. present
(20) HEPATICAE
Tulitridae
Chiloscyphus common
ANNELIDA
MUSCI
-Helobdella (1)
Fontinaliaceae Species 1 - present
Species 2 - abundant
l
PELECYPODA l
Sphaeriidae 11 )
l
26\ 271 281 291 301 31\ 321 331 34\ 351
25r
03
-02 DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Cl Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
02 Canada
-01 TERRESTRIAL STUDY SITES
MAC E S
POINT LEPREAU. N.B.
5000
-99
99
-98
Welch
98
- 05
{ Cove
05'
-97
97
-96
96
-95
95
-94
94
-93
Miles I 0 2
s=F3 E3' F3 E3 I
hilelrn 1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000
93 'HHHHH I
66°30' 25'
I
225000m.E. 126 127 \28 129 130 131 132 133
TERRESTRIAL STUDY SITES
SPECIES
') Sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.)-Abundant
2) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides)-Abundant
3) Lichens - Abundant
4) Mosses - Abundant
5) Fir (Abies balsamea) - Abundant, approximately 50% dead.
6) Birch (Betula sp.) - Present
7) Alder (Alnus sp.)-Present
SPECIES
1) Sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.) - Abundant
2) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoidesl - Abundant
3) Lichens - Abundant
4) Puffballs - Abundant
5) Fir (Abies balsamea) - Abundant, approximately 90% dead
6) Birch (Betula sp.l - Present
SPECIES
1) Sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.) - Abundant
2) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides) - Abundant
3) Lichens - Abundant
4) Fir (Abies balsamea) - Abundant, approximately 75% dead
5) Birch (Betula sp.) - Present
6) Tamarack (Larix laricina) - Present