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Taylor's Theorem
3-1-7 The temperature of a gas is related to its absolute
pressure and specific volume through T=3.488pv, where T, p,
and v are expressed in their standard SI units. Consider a gas at
100 kPa and 1 m3/kg. (a) Estimate the change in temperature
using Taylor's theorem if the state of the gas changes to 101 kPa
and 1.01 m3/kg. (b) Compare your estimate with the exact
change in temperature. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 198.7 kJ/kg, 198.0 kJ/kg (b) 742 kJ/kg, 735 kJ/kg (c) 74.3 kJ/kg, 73.6
kJ/kg
Answers: (a) 47.36 kJ (b) 47.36 kJ (c) 0.15 kJ/kg.K (d) No changes
Anim. 3-2-2
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Anim. 3-2-16
Answers: (a) mdot*(j2-j1) (b) 53.71 kW (c) 74.62 kW (click)
3-2-20 [use TEST] For copper, plot how the internal energy u,
SL Model:
and entropy s vary with T within the range 25oC - 1000oC. Use Property Plots
the SL system state daemon. [TEST Solution]
3-2-21 [use TEST] For liquid water, plot how the internal
energy u, and entropy s vary with T within the range 25oC -
100oC. Use the SL system state daemon.
Anim. 3-3-1
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Anim. 3-3-4
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Anim. 3-3-5
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Answers: 9.44%
Anim. 3-3-11
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3-3-13 [use TEST] Plot the phase diagram (p-T) for the
following refrigerants for a temperature range from -40oC to the
critical temperature: (a) R-134a, (b) R-12 and (c) NH3. Use a log
scale for pressure and linear scale for temperature. [TEST Solution]
4 -- 100 -- -- 2297.2 -- --
5 -- 200 -- -- -- -- 7.8342
6 -- -- -- 3.5654 3131.5 -- --
4 = p1 -- -- -- = h3 -- --
Answers: (a) Superheated Vapor (b) 536.0 kPa (c) 2451.5 kJ (d) 9.432 kJ/kg.K
Answers: (a) 1.32 kg, 0.67 kg, (b) 0.001 m3, 0.25 m3
3-3-24 [use TEST] For H2O, plot how the volume fraction y
changes with quality x over the entire possible range at (a) p =
100 kPa and (b) p = 20 MPa. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 516 kPa to 1555 kPa (b) 516 kPa to 1331 kPa
3-3-42 [use TEST] Plot how (a) the pressure, (b) the stored
energy E and (c) the entropy S of 4.5 kg of water contained in a
2 m3 rigid vessel as the temperature is increased from 30oC to
300oC. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
3-3-51 [use TEST] For H2O, plot how the entropy s changes
with T in the superheated vapor region for a pressure of (a) 10
kPa, (b) 100 kPa and (c) 10 MPa. Take at least 10 points from
the saturation temperature to 800oC. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-3-52
Answers: (a) 4241 kJ/kg (b) 6.31 kJ/kg.K, (click)
3-3-53 Determine (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the volume
flow rate of steam flowing through a pipe of diameter 0.1 m at
1000 kPa, 300oC and 50 m/s. (c) Also determine the rate of
transport of energy by the steam. (d) What-if-Scenario: What
would the answer in (c) be if the temperature were 400oC? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.52 kg/s (b) 0.392 m3/s (c) 4647 kW (d) 4182 kW Figure 3-3-53
3-3-54 Refrigerant-134 flows through a pipe of diameter 5
cm with a mass flow rate of 0.13 kg/s at 100 kPa and 10 m/s.
Determine (a) the temperature and (b) quality of the refrigerant
in the pipe. Also determine the rate of transport of (c) energy
and (d) entropy by the flow. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) -26.6oC (b) 78.3% (c) 24.19 kW (d) 0.0983 kW/K
Anim. 3-3-62
Answers: (a) 45.81oC (b) 84.3 % (c) 0.343 m3/s (d) 61.88 m3/s (click)
3-3-67 [use TEST] In the above problem, plot how the rate of
transport of energy increases as the flow temperature increases
by (a) including and (b) neglecting kinetic energy. [Manual Solution*]
[TEST Solution]
Section-4: Perfect Gas (PG) and Ideal-Gas (IG) Model.
(PG Model Summary) (IG Model Summary)
3-4-1 Determine (a) the mass of air at 100 kPa, 25oC in a
room with dimensions 5m x 5m x 5m. (b) How much air must
leave the room if the pressure drops to 95 kPa at constant
temperature? (c) How much air must leave the room if the
temperature increased to 40oC at constant pressure? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 146 kg (b) 7.3 kg (c) 7.0 kg Figure 3-4-1
bring the pressure up to 30 psig. Assume the atmospheric Table C-1: PG Material
pressure to be 14.7 psia and the temperature and volume to Properties of Gases
remain constant. (b) What-if-scenario: What would the answer
in (a) be if the pressure went up to 40 psig? [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.441 lbm (b) 1.324 lbm
and 200oC. Determine the mass of steam inside the tank using
(a) the PC model for steam, (b) PG model for steam and (c) IG
model for steam. (d) Which answer is the most accurate? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 9.257 kg (b) 9.162 kg (c) 9.162 kg
3-4-7 In order to test the applicability of the ideal gas
equation of state to calculate the density of saturated steam,
compare the specific volume of saturated steam obtained from
the steam table with the prediction from the IG model for the
following conditions: (a) 50 kPa, (b) 500 kPa and (c) critical
point. Express the comparisons as percentage errors, using the
steam table results as benchmarks. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.97 % (b) 4.5% (c) 76.3%
Answers: (a) 0.333 kJ (b) 0.834 kJ (c) 0.00298 kJ/K (d) part a
Anim. 3-4-10
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Answers: (a) -36.5oC (b) 200 kPa (c) 263 kPa, 348oC
Anim. 3-4-12
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3-4-13 [use TEST] Repeat the above problem using the IG Table D-3: IG Property
model for oxygen. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution] Table for Oxygen
Answers: (a) -36.6oC (b) 200 kPa (c) 255.5 kPa, 331.3oC
3-4-14 [use TEST] For nitrogen, plot how the internal energy
u vary with T within the range 25oC - 1000oC while the pressure
is held constant at 100 kPa. Use (a) the PG model and (b) the IG
model. (c) What-if scenario: Would any of the plots change if
the pressure were 1 MPa instead? [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
3-4-19 Air at 15oC and 100 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet
engine steadily with a velocity of 100 m/s. The inlet area is 0.2
m2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air. (b) What-if-
scenario: What would the mass flow rate be if the entrance
velocity were 150 m/s? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 24.2 kg/s (b) 36.3 kg/s
Answers: (a) 24.26 MPa (b) 24.33 MPa (c) 25.02 MPa
3-5-14 [use TEST] For H2O, plot how the specific volume v
varies with T in the superheated vapor region for a pressure of
(a) 10 kPa, (b) 50 kPa and (c) 10 MPa. Take at least 10 points
from the saturation temperature to 600oC. To reduce the data
into a simple correlation, plot pv against T. (d) Explain the
behavior of the reduced data. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
3-5-15 TEST] Use the PC model to generate v vs p data for (a) O2 and (b) N2 at 200
K over the reduced pressure range of 0.1 to 10. Evaluate Z and plot it against p r.
Compare your results with the prediction from the Lee Kesler compressibility chart.
[Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]