1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

Overview

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1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Contents and Session Aims

•What is Cellular? • This is a background session to set
the scene for UMTS, essentially a
cellular history lesson
• Firstly we will examine what we
mean by cellular communications
• We will look at different
•Cellular Generations generations of cellular and briefly
•1st Generation at major standards
•2nd Generation • This will allow us to see why 3G
•2.5G has moved forward in the way that
it has

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

What is Cellular?
• There are three major types of Cellular
terrestrial mobile communications
technologies
• Cellular
! Users are provided wide area
mobility from multiple base stations
with handover permitted MSC PSTN
• Cordless Communication Paging
! Users are provided limited mobility Control
from a dedicated base station Centre
Cordless
• Paging
! Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice
messages are sent to the subscriber
typically using simulcasting Paging

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Cellular Generations
Data
• People talk about mobile
rate
technology in terms of generations
! 1st Generation or 1G
! 2nd Generation or 2G
! 2.5G
! 3rd Generation or 3G
• But what do these mean?

Progress of data rates with

time and generation time

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

1st Generation
• 1976+, though really the
technology of the 1980’s
• Analogue modulation
• Frequency Division Multiple
Access
• Voice traffic only
• No inter-network roaming possible
• Insecure air interface

The 1st Generation of

Cellular Technology makes
use of analog modulation
techniques such as FM

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

1st Generation Standards

• AMPS (Analogue Mobile Telephony System)
! North American Standard in cellular band (800MHz)
• TACS (Total Access Communications System)
! UK originated Standard based on AMPS in 900MHz band
• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony System)
! Scandinavian Standard in 450MHz and 900MHz bands
• C-450
! German Standard in 450MHz band
• JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System)
! Japanese Standard in 900MHz band

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

1st Generation Planning

• Macrocellular
! High sites for coverage driven
planning
! Antennas above roof height
• Frequency planning required
• Large cell size
Cellular Networks are commonly
! Order 30km represented as hexagon grids.
The above diagram shows how
• Hard handover different frequencies are used in
! Only ever connected to a single different cells in a cellular network
(different frequencies represented
cell by different colours).
For networks with more cells than
frequencies these must be
planned

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

2nd Generation
• 1990’s

000
• Digital modulation
• Variety of Multiple Access 00

1111
strategies 01
10
• Voice and low rate circuit switched 10
00 1 0 0
1 0 0 100

0100
0
111100010001
data 1 1 0 0 0 1
• Same technology roaming 01 10 1110
0

1110
• Secure air interface

The 2nd Generation of

Cellular Technology is the
first to use digital modulation

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

GSM
• First networks in 1992
• European developed standard, but GSM phones from 1999/2000
with worldwide subscriber base
• Different frequency bands
! GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900
• Largest 2nd Generation subscriber
base
• Frequency/Time Division Multiple
Access
• Open/Standardised Interfaces

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

GSM Planning
• Macrocells and microcells
! Capacity driven planning
• Frequency planning required
• Optional parameters requiring
planning
! Hierarchical Cell Structures
! Frequency Hopping
GSM networks use microcells
! Discontinuous Transmission to provide additional capacity.
! Power Control As with 1st generation
networks frequency planning
• Simple subscriber/traffic analysis is required

! Capacity limited by number of

TRX’s
• Hard Handover

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1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

D-AMPS/PDC
• TDMA (D-AMPS)
! North American TDMA/FDMA
based standard based upon AMPS
! Predominantly used in North and
South America
! ANSI-41 Core Network
! Planning Similar to GSM
• PDC
! Japanese TDMA/FDMA based
standard
! Predominantly used in Asia
! Planning Similar to GSM

TDMA and PDC phones from

1999/2000

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

cdmaOne
• First networks in 1996
cdmaOne phones from
• Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air 1999/2000
interface
• Largely American subscriber base
with some Asian networks
• Code Division Multiple Access
! This is in many ways the closest
2nd generation standard to many
of the 3rd generation standards
• ANSI-41 core network
• Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

cdmaOne Planning
• Macrocells and microcells
• Single Frequency Unlike GSM there is no
frequency planning
! multiple frequencies for hotspots required for cdmaOne
However soft handover
• Soft Handover (multiple means that there are
connections between mobile and zones where there are
network) two/three connections to
the network
• Code Planning
• Capacity Interference Limited
1 Connection
2 Connections
3 Connections

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
Worldwide Mobile Communications in the
1990s
Million Subscribers

700 Second Generation -

600 D-AMPS
500 Second Generation -
400 PDC
300 Second Generation -
200 GSM
100 Second Generation -
0 cdmaOne
First Generation -
91

93

95

97

99

01
19

19

19

19

19

20
Analogue
Year Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd
Generation Mobile Communications,
Artech House, 1998

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Worldwide Mobile Subscribers

Million Subscribers

2000
European Union
1500 Countries
North America
1000
Asia Pacific
500
Rest of World
0
1995 2000 2005 2010

Year Source:Third Generation Mobile

Communications, Artech House, 2000

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

2.5G
• Now...
• Digital modulation 2.5G technologies are
based upon existing 2G
• Voice and intermediate rate technologies but are
circuit/packet switched data focussed at increasing
the maximum data rates
• Same technology roaming that the technologies can
deliver
• Secure air interface
• Based upon existing dominant
standards such as GSM or
cdmaOne

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

HSCSD
• High Speed Circuit Switched Data
• Enhancement to the GSM standard
• Utilises:
! Multiple channel coding schemes
(4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per
timeslot)
! Multiple timeslots
• Circuit Switched Data rates to
57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps
channel coding per slot)

Nokia Cardphone

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

GPRS
• General Packet Radio Service
• Enhancement to the GSM standard
• Utlilises
! Multiple Channel Coding Schemes
(9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps,
21.4kbps)
! Multiple Timeslots
! Packet Switching
Ericsson R520 Alcatel One Touch 700
• Packet Switched Data typically to (available 1Q 2001)
Sagem MC850
(available October 2000)
rates of 115kbps
! Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8
timeslots

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

IS-95B
• Enhancement to cdmaOne
standard
• Utilises
! High rate coding scheme
! Combined code channels
! packet switching
• Packet Switched Data to rates of
114kbps Qualcomm PDQ
Smartphone

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1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

2G and 2.5G Standards Compared

GSM TDMA cdmaOne PDC
Multiple TDMA TDMA CDMA TDMA
Access
Modulation GMSK π/4-DQPSK QPSK π/4-DQPSK

Carrier 200kHz 30kHz 1.25MHz 25kHz

Spacing
Frame Length 4.615ms 40ms 20ms 20ms

Slots per 8 6 1 3/6

Frame
Frequency 450/ 900/ 1800/ 800/ 1900 800/ 1900 850/ 1500
Band 1900
Max Data HSCSD: IS-136+: IS-95A: 28.8kbps
Rate 115kbps 43.2kbps 14.4kbps
GPRS: 115 – IS-95B:
172kbps 115.2kbps
Frequency Yes No N/A No
Hopping
Handover Hard Hard Soft Hard

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Questions
• What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation technology?
• What is are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne?
• How do 2.5G standards relate to 2G standards?

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 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Session Summary
• We’ve now set the scene - we can start talking about where
people want to go from here now…
• The generations of cellular technology may be summarised:
! 1G is analog voice
! 2G is digital voice
! 2.5G is digital intermediate rate data
• You also know it’s the coffee break now…and to come back at
10:45!

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 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMT-2000 Future Spectrum

ITU 806 960 1710 2500 2690

(WRC-2000) New IMT-2000 New IMT-2000 New IMT-2000

890 960 1710 1880

Europe GSM 900 GSM 1800

Japan

Korea

USA Cellular PCS

600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2400 3000

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMT-2000 Candidate Technology Evaluation

• The ITU issued a request for proposals for the Radio
Transmission Technology (RTT) for IMT-2000 to be submitted
in June 1998
• Following this a self evaluation of the RTT submitted was
required by September 1998
• Candidate technologies were then evaluated according to their
compliance with the goals for IMT-2000

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMT-2000 Candidate Harmonisation

• A number of technologies were submitted many of which had
distinct similarities
• Of course operators were generally keen on a single standard
to allow global roaming and economies of scale
! Operators Harmonisation Group (OHG)
• This led to two partnership projects being set up:
! 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
" Dealing with UMTS FDD/TDD and related candidate technologies a
! 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
" Dealing with cdma2000 and related candidate technologies

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

3G Standardization Environment

Key Players and

their relationships
in the IMT-2000
standardisation
environment

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMT-2000 Selected Air Interface Standards

• Five candidate technologies were
eventually selected:
! IMT-DS (Direct Spread)
"UMTS FDD
! IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)
"cdma2000
! IMT-TC (Time Code)
"UMTS TDD
! IMT-SC (Single Carrier)
"EDGE/UWC-136
! IMT-FT (Frequency Time)
"DECT

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMT-2000 Selected Core Network Standards

• Three candidate technologies will
be used:
! GSM MAP Evolved
! ANSI-41 Evolved
! IP Based
"Driven forward by 3GIP

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

IMT-2000 Standards

The IMT-2000
family of standards

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

North America Drivers

• North America and US influenced countries
! Dominated by 2G TDMA/cdmaOne
! USA has slower growth because recipient party pays
! Mess of digital systems at 800 and 1900 MHz
! US manufacturers have pushed forward growing cdmaOne standard
! PCS spectrum overlaps IMT-2000 band
! Major Drivers
" Spectrum sharing and compatibility with 2G standard
" National/International roaming

EDGE (TDMA operators)

cdma2000 (cdmaOne operators)

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

European Drivers
• Europe and European Influenced Countries
! GSM provided 2nd generation roaming across Europe
! Plenty of Capacity at 1800MHz
! IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
! EU enforced standardisation means UMTS for ‘at least 1 operator’ per
country
! Major Drivers
" Higher Data Rates
" Continued global dominance of European based standard

UMTS

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Japan/Korean Drivers
• Japan and Korea
! PHS and PDC left Japanese manufacturers isolated
! IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
! Political US relationships...
! Major Drivers
" Capacity for Voice
" Global market for cellular infrastructure

UMTS

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Cordless Drivers
• You can’t get 2Mbps out of the cellular standards
• Hence a requirement for cordless style standards
! UMTS TDD Mode
! DECT

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Industry Bodies - Radio Regulatory

• ITU (International)
! http://www.itu.int/
• ERO (EU)
! European Radio Office
! http://www.ero.dk/
• RA (UK)
! Radiocommunications Agency
! http://www.radio.gov.uk/
• FCC (USA)
! Federal Communications
Commission
! http://www.fcc.gov/

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Industry Bodies - Trade Associations

• UMTS Forum
! http://www.umts-forum.org/
• GSM Association
! http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html
• CDMA Development Group
! http://www.cdg.org/
• GSM Suppliers Association
! http://www.gsacom.com/home.html
• Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
! http://www.uwcc.org/

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Industry Bodies - Standards Groups

• 3GPP
! UMTS FDD and TDD
! Standards Development
! http://www.3gpp.org/
• 3GPP2
! cdma2000
! Standards Development
! http://www.3gpp2.org/
• 3GIP
! IP Core Network
! http://www.3gip.org/

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Partnership Projects and Standards

Organisations

Relationships
between the
standards
organisations

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

3GPP Member Organisations

• ETSI (EU)
! http://www.etsi.org/
• ARIB (Japan)
! http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
• T1 (USA)
! http://www.t1.org/
• TTC (Japan)
! http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
• TTA (Korea)
! http://www.tta.or.kr/
• CWTS (China)
! http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

3GPP2 Member Organisations

• TIA (USA)
! http://www.tiaonline.org/
• TTA (Korea)
! http://www.tta.or.kr/
• TTC (Japan)
! http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
• ARIB (Japan)
! http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
• CWTS (China)
! http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

The Road to 3G

HSCSD

Possible Evolution
Paths to 3G

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

3rd Generation Cellular

• 2002+
• Digital modulation
• Voice and high rate data
• Multi technology roaming
• Secure air interface
• Standards
! UMTS FDD (CDMA based)
! UMTS TDD (CDMA based)
! cdma2000 (CDMA based)
! EDGE (TDMA based)

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

UMTS FDD
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency
Division Duplexing Mode
• Built onto enhanced GSM core network
• Utilises:
! QPSK modulation
! Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
! Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission
! CDMA
! FDD
! Asynchronous operation
• Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

UMTS Compared to GSM

UMTS GSM
Carrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHz
Frequency Reuse 1 1-18
Factor
Power Control 1500Hz 2Hz or lower
Frequency
Quality Control Radio Resource Frequency Planning
Management and Network
algorithms Optimisation
Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth gives Frequency Hopping
multipath diversity with
rake reciever
Packet Data Load Based Packet Time Slot based
Scheduling Scheduling with GPRS

Transmit Diversity Supported to improve Not supported by

downlink capacity standard but may be
applied

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

UMTS Compared to IS95

UMTS IS-95
Carrier Spacing 5MHz 1.25MHz
Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 1.2288Mcps
Power Control 1500Hz Uplink 800Hz,
Frequency Downlink slow
Base Station No Yes via GPS
Synchronisation
Frequency Inter Yes, slotted mode Possible but
Frequency measurements measurements not
Handovers specified
Packet Data Load Based Packet Packets as short CS
Scheduling calls
Radio Resource Efficient algorithms to Not required for
Management provide QoS speech only
Transmit Diversity Supported to improve Not supported by
downlink capacity standard

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

UMTS TDD
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency
Division Duplexing Mode
• Built onto enhanced GSM core network
• Utilises:
! QPSK modulation
! Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
! CDMA
! TDD
! Asynchronous operation
• Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

cdma2000
• Built onto ANSI-41 core network
• Utilises:
! QPSK modulation
! Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
! CDMA
! FDD
! Multiple carriers on the downlink to allow compatibility with cdmaOne
! Synchronous operation
• Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

EDGE
• Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
! Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS)
• Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards
• Utlilises:
! 8PSK Modulation
! Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136
! 8 Channel Coding Schemes
! Multiple Timeslots
! TDMA
• Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less)

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

3rd Generation Standards Compared

UMTS FDD UMTS TDD cdma2000 EDGE

Multiple CDMA CDMA CDMA TDMA

Access
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK
Carrier 5MHz (200kHz 5MHz (200kHz 3.75MHz 200kHz/1.6MHz
raster) raster) UL/1.25MHz DL
Spacing
Frame Length 10ms 10ms 20ms 4.615ms
Slots per 15 15 16 8/16/64
Frame
Multiple Multi-code, Multi-code, multi- Supplemental Multiple channel
Variable slot Channels, Multiple code, multi-slot
Rates Spreading Factor spreading Factors
Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps 3.6868Mcps
Max Data 2Mbps 2Mbps 2Mbps 521/4750kbps
Rate
Synchronous No No Yes Yes
Handover Soft Hard Soft Hard

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

4th Generation...
• Probably 2005-2007
• Broadband data rates in excess of
1Mbps
• Probably 10MHz+ carriers
• ...

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Questions
• What is IMT-2000 and why is it related to UMTS?
• Why do the American operators want cdma2000 and EDGE?
• What is the major difference between UMTS and cdma2000?

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3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

Session Summary
• In this session we have discussed:
! The key goals of IMT-2000
! The drivers for 3rd generation from the regions
! The key industry bodies and their relationships
! The four cellular air interfaces for IMT-2000 are:
" UMTS FDD
" UMTS TDD
" cdma2000
" EDGE

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