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Now that you know the contribution that philosophy makes to education, it is important
that you study a few of the philosophical schools of thought. There are quite a number of
schools of thought, which have outlined their beliefs about the different aspects of man,
his nature and his learning process. Let us look at a few of them one by one|

ë |

Oragmatism has been known by a variety of names, such as    

    and 
   John Dewey as one of the scholars in his late
years preferred to call it experimentalism because it sounded more realistic. The principle
themes of pragmatism are:|

The reality of change.|


The essentially social and biological nature of man.|

The relative ness of values.|

The use of critical intelligence.|

Oragmatists maintain that the world is neither dependent on nor independent of people¶s
idea of it. Reality amounts to the interaction of the human being with his environment. It is
the sum total of what we experience. Man and his environment are coordinated. They are
equally responsible for what is real.|

The pragmatists also believe that change is the essence of reality and we must always be
able to alter the way we do things. The ends and means of education must be flexible
and open to continual revision. Thus education itself is both an end and a means. An end
in that it aims to improve man. A means in that it is a way of doing so.|

ÿ 
|

n discipline the pragmatists argue that discipline should not be opposed to the student¶s
interest but should grow out of them. Finally, they believe that education is life and not a
preparation for it.|

ë |

Orogressivism emphasizes individual development and embraces such ideas as

cooperation, sharing and adjustment. Orogressivism also declares that education is
always in the process of development. Therefore, educators must be ready to modify
methods and policies in the light of new knowledge and change in the environment. They
also argue that the special quality of education is not to determine by applying perennial
standards of goodness, truth and beauty but by explaining the meaning of education as a
continual reconstruction of experience.|

ÿ 
|

The progressivisms then reach a technical definition of education, which they believe is
appropriate. That is, ³Education is that reconstruction or organization of experience which
adds to the meaning of experience and which increases the ability to direct the course of
subsequent experience´.|

Orogressivisms however, make six assertions of their own which we should look at.|

Education is life itself not a preparation for living.|


||Learning should be directly related to the interests of the child.|

Learning through problem solving should take precedence over the imparting of
subject matter.|

The teacher¶s role is not to direct but to advise.|

The school should encourage cooperation rather than competition.|

nly democracy permits, i.e., it encourages the free interplay of ideas and
personalities that is a necessary condition of true growth.|

Some of the scholars in this school of thought include: William  Stanley. Ernest Bayles,
L Childs Bawren. Q G Thomas and Frederick C Neff.|

ë  |

This school of thought arose as a counter solution to progressivism. The basic principle of
perennialism is based on the ideology that in the world of uncertainty, nothing can be
more beneficial than steadfastness of educational purpose and stability in educational
behavior. There are six basic principles of perennialism and these include the following.|
 ÿ 
|

Despite differing environments, human nature remains the same everywhere, and hence
education should be the same for everyone.|

Oeople are free but should learn to cultivate reason and control their appetites.
Therefore when a child fails to learn, teachers should not be quick to blame but
rather to help.|

It is education¶s task to impart knowledge of eternal truth. Education should seek
to adjust the individual not to the world as such but to what is true. Adjustment to
truth is the end of learning.|

||Education is not a limitation of life but a preparation for it.|

The students should be taught certain basic subjects that will acquaint him with
the world¶s permanence.|

Students should study the great works of literature, philosophy, history and
science in which people through the ages have revealed their greatest
aspirations and achievements.|

You will realize that the perennialists believe that it is much easier to teach students at
their own pace and in accordance with what they want to learn. Yet if a child is left to
determine what he learns it may hinder him from developing his real talents because self-
realization demands self-discipline which is attained through external discipline.|

O

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