REPORT STRUCTURE

1. Cover Page – Title of the project with PESCE Logo

2. Inner Cover Page – Guide Details – Internal & External Guides
3. Company Certificate
4. PGDOMS certificate
5. Table of contents
6. Acknowledgements
7. Student’s declaration

Chapter 1 – Executive Summary <Abstract of the project >

Chapter 2 – Introduction (Sector, Industry & Company)

Chapter 3 – Project Objective

Chapter 4 – Methodology
Sources of data (Primary & Secondary), Scope of the
study & Limitations

Chapter 5 – Project Analysis

Tabulations & Graphical Representations of collected
data
Data Analysis
Interpretation of the data

Chapter 6 – Inferences of the study

Findings
Suggestion
Learning

Chapter 7 – Conclusion

Chapter 8 – Achievement ( In case of any appreciation letter,

stipend achievement letter, photographs on significant occasions or
any others )

Chapter 9 – References

Chapter 10 – Annexure - Questionnaire

Chapter 11 - Bibliography
Executive Summary

An executive summary is a report, in miniature (usually one page or shorter). That is, the
executive summary contains enough information for the readers to become acquainted
and get a good idea of main points of the document without becoming bogged down with
details. Usually, it contains a statement of the problem, some background information, a
description of any alternatives, and the major conclusions.

Covering no more than a page in length, the executive summary is a highly condensed
version of the most important information the full document contains. It is an
independent elements rather than a part of the body of the document and is placed at
the beginning of the document

Introduction

Tells the reader what is to be gained from reading the report.

Methods

Explains how the reported upon material or information was gathered and allows the
reader to determine if your facts are reliable

Facts

Contains the information or material that you have determined to be useful, necessary,
or important to your reader.

Discussion

Explains how the facts are interpreted from your, or your organization's, point-of-view.

Conclusion

Tells how the facts are significant and what they mean.

Recommendation

Explains what the reader or the organization should do or think

Note :
1) The font size should 12 with font type Times New Roman.
 2) 4 Numbers (1 Student Copy, 1 for Internal Guide, 1 For the Company Guide, 1
for the college) of Hard bound report with Dark blue color should be submitted.

PROJECT WORK

Project work provides a capstone experience where the student synthesizes theory
learned and applies it real world problem solving in health care organizations. Project
work is intended for Individuals who will be in supervisory or above positions requiring
application of management thinking and decision making. Designed to integrate the
knowledge gained in other graduate courses into an applied management project, the
project will have enterprise wide applicability to a health services organization. The
Student will develop and present a deliverable product that could be implemented by
management to improve their organizational performance, specifically with analysis and
recommendations for policy and strategic improvements.

The objective of the Project work is to put to test the student’s ability on the following
skills
• Information seeking Initiative
• Innovative thinking Interpersonal understanding
• Organizational awareness Communication Skills
• Professionalism Project management
• Relationship building Self confidence
• Talent development Analytic thinking
• Process Impact and influence
management/Organizational design

Why Project work?

Project work is a good opportunity to put to test what has been learnt through the course
and practice. The purpose of including project work in the MBA course is to provide an
opportunity to the students to relate the theoretical inputs received with the practical
situation through a process of identifying an area or situation for investigation and
applying management concepts in a systematic verifiable manner.

Students should thus use their imagination and understanding of the subject to pick up
simple topics that will be of benefit to them and to the hospital. The project should not be
so large or so complicated that they will not be able to complete within the time allotted.
They should take the help of their guides and other faculty whenever they need
clarifications.

Students are expected to carry out an original piece of activity in any of the departments
that they have visited and submit a report in the format. The discussions should reflect a
wider reading and understanding of the subject.

Approach

1. Identify a study area which interests you and where you there is scope for
improvement of existing systems or gives an advantage to the health services
 organization. You could also consider analyzing the effect of a recent change in a
department or a system.
2. Formulate a topic for the activity that you wish to do
3. Discuss this with your guide and secure approval for your research study. State
the reasons why you have chosen this topic and what you will be doing as an
original activity and take approval by your faculty guide.

WHAT IS A PROJECT ?

A project is a systematic study of real situations or a problem intended to either resolve

the problem situation or develop a framework for improvement. It entails problem
identification, data collection, data analysis and interpretation leading to valid
conclusions, suggesting areas for improvements and developing an improved system.

HOW TO IDENTIFY A PROJECT WORK?

Before selecting an area for study and identifying the following questions have to be
answered by the student.
a. Is there a real need for investigation?
b. Has the organization recognized any problem areas or areas of concern that
require management investigation?
c. If the situation or problem is investigated and a new approach is suggested,
will the implementation bring about quanitifyable improvement in the
situation?
d. Does the situation render itself to quantitative and qualitative data collection?
e. What management principles can possibly be applied?
f. Can live factual data (primary data) and past records (secondary data)
relevant to the situation be collected?
g. Can the issues be discussed fearlessly with those responsible and those
affected by the situation?
h. Can the analysis and findings that emanate from the study be developed into
a generic model?
 MAJOR STEPS IN PROJECT WORK

Problem definition (May include description of the To be decided jointly by the student
situation) and Supporting organization (SO)

Student’s responsibility.
Research design
To be discussed with the SO

Identifying types and sources of data. Determining

Student’s responsibility.
sample size. Developing formats for data
To be discussed with the SO
collection .and

Preliminary investigation. Includes observation, data

Student’s responsibility.
collection, interviews, stakeholder consultations etc.,

Student’s responsibility.
Data analysis, interpretation, development of new To be discussed with the SO
methods / systems / model and

Student’s responsibility.
Report Preparation To be discussed with the SO

METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

Primary data collection is of paramount importance to help the investigator for analysis
and making valuable contributions towards problem solving. Depending upon the nature
of information necessary, the following methods of primary data collection are available.

Observation Method

This method involves collecting data and requisite information personally by the
investigator through observation. In a hospital setup the investigator will be required to
meet the administrator, doctors, nurses, other para medical staff, lab technicians,
administrative staff, support services staff, patients, patient attendants or anybody who
are likely to have information about the topic chosen and hold discussions with them on
matters that might affect the system. The job not only involves discussions but is
primarily aimed at observing the processes and procedures relating to the chosen topic.

The investigator has to develop a framework for the types of data that has to be
collected for the specific purpose so as to ensure uniformity. A checklist of observation
points and discussion points may be developed and progressively revised so as to
ensure that all relevant data is collected.

The accuracy and reliability of the data collected by this method depends largely on the
type of people interviewed and tone of the language used and hence the investigator
must exercise adequate care and caution.

QUESTINNAIRE METHOD

A popular and common method of primary data collection is by personally interviewing

identified respondents and recording their answers in a structured questionnaire.
Occasionally a part of the questionnaire is unstructured so that the interviewee can feel
free to share information about sensitive matters to the investigator.

Much of the accuracy of the data collected depends on the ability and tactfulness of the
investigator.

MAILED QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

A set of questions relevant to the subject of enquiry can be mailed to a selected list of
persons with a request to return them duly filled in. Supplementary instructions regarding
the definitions of terms used and methods of filling the forms must also accompany the
questionnaire. This method can be employed only when the investigator is confident that
the respondents are capable of understanding the questions and answer the same
independently.

If this method is employed the investigator runs the risk of a high degree of no response
and questions which require probing cannot be asked.

DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a proforma containing a sequence of questions to elicit information

from the interviewees. Questionnaire is at the centre of the primary data collection
technique. Hence it has to be designed with utmost care. The questions must be clear,
simple and to the point and must be well organized from the view point of the respondent
and be formulated in a fashion that provides data in the desired form.

The structured questionnaire is one in which all the questions and even answers are
specified and comments in the respondant’s own words are held to a minimum. This
type of questionnaire The unstructured questionnaire is useful in carrying out in depth
interviews where the aim is to probe into attitudes and reasons.

THE QUESTION SEQUENCE

• The introduction to the questionnaire should be short and simple as possible.

• The introductory letter accompanying the mailed questionnaire ( if used) must be
very brief.
• Following the opening phase should be included questions that are really vital to
the interview.
• As a general rule, questions relating to personal information like name, address,
money matters, religion etc must be avoided if they do not constitute the basis of
the analysis.
• Questions that put strain on the memory or the intellect of the respondent and
those create a risk that the respondent may discontinue the response should be
reserved to the middle section or later half of the questionnaire set. However
care must be exercised in wording the question in such a way that the
respondent is not irritated.
• The questions must be sequenced in a manner that produces good rapport with
the most respondents.
• Colorful objectives and undue descriptive phrases must be avoided.
• In general the questions must be worded such that they are easily understood,,
simple, concrete and conform to respondents way of thinking.
• Multiple choice questions constitute the basis of structured questionnaires.
• Open ended questions may be included to provide a more complete picture of
the respondent’s feelings and attitudes.

PRETESTING A QUESTIONNAIRE

A pretest is a valuable indicator of the effectiveness os a questionnaire to collect the

data. This involves selecting, approaching and interviewing a small segment in the
same manner that is intended to be followed in the full scale operation and then
analyzing the results in the light of the objectives of the study.

SAMPLING

It is not difficult to imagine the difficulties and costs involved in collecting data from
the universe or entire population. For this reason, a selected portion of the
population is targeted to ascertain the characteristic of the population and this
selected portion is called as Sample.

SAMPLE SIZE

Two basic requirements have to be met for the sampling procedure to be fulfilled. A
sample must be representative and it must be adequate. When it is representative,
a sample will be relatively a small piece of the population that mirrors the various
patterns and sub classes of the population. A sample is adequate if it provides an
estimator with sufficiently high precision. Higher the precision the larger is the
sample size and more is the cost.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

Under the convenience sampling, as the name implies, the samples are selected at
the convenience of the investigator. There is no set formula for determining the
representativeness of the sample which hence leads to bias. It is not possible to
make an estimate of the errors in sampling. This method can be used as a basis for
generating few assumptions and for testing the questionnaire at the pretest stage.

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

The simple random sampling may not always provide a representative miniature of
the population. Certain segments of a population can easily be under represented
when an unrestricted random sample is chosen. Hence, when considerable
heterogeneity is present in the population with regard to subject matter under study,
it is often a good idea to divide the population into segments into strata and select a
certain number of sampling units from each stratum thus ensuring representation
from all relevant segments.

The sample under different strata must be allocated on the basis of three
considerations viz.,
 The total number of units in the stratum i.e., stratum size
 The variability within the stratum
 The cost of taking observation per sampling unit.

CLUSTER SAMPLING

In this method of sampling a collection or a cluster of sampling units are selected in a

random manner. Each unit of the cluster is then included in the sample. Example
pediatric patients, orthopedic patients, diabetic patients, cardiac patients, etc., can be
clustered under each type and samples drawn from each such cluster such that all
the types of patients are included in the grand sample.