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BLUETOOTH

IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth Technology - Introduction

• Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol


primarily designed for low power consumption, with a
short range (power class dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters,
100 meters) based around low-cost transceiver microchips
in each device
• Intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable
and/or fixed electronic devices
• Designed to operate in noisy frequency environments, the
Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and
frequency hopping scheme to make the link robust
• Bluetooth radio modules operate in the unlicensed ISM
band at 2.4GHz, use frequency hopping and change freq.
every 42 times a millisecond, hop is synchronized by cell
master
Bluetooth - characteristics

• Compared with other systems in the same frequency


band, the Bluetooth radio hops faster and uses shorter
packets
• Currently at version 4.0
• Since March 2002, an IEEE standard, namely IEEE
802.15
• Unlicensed 2.4GHz radio band, ISM (industrial,
scientific,medical) band - available worldwide, also used
by Microwave ovens, 802.11, HomeRF
Bluetooth - characteristics

• Gross data rate


Version Data Rate
Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s
Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s
Version 3.0 + High Speed 24 Mbit/s
Version 4.0 + Low Energy >24 Mbit/s

• Basic 10m range extended to 100m with amplifiers

Maximum Permitted Power Range


Class
mW dBm (approximate)
Class 1 100 20 ~100 meters
Class 2 2.5 4 ~10 meters
Class 3 1 0 ~1 meters
Bluetooth - Characteristics

• TDMA - TDD - Frequency hopping


• Mixed voice / data paths
• Encryption, low power, low cost
• Extremely small
• Ubiquitous radio link
• Bluetooth technology offers built-in simple networking
on layer 2
• thus it attracted the academic world to do research
on dynamic networks basing on scattered, moving,
emerging and disappearing mobile devices
• A Bluetooth device may operate in master mode or in
slave mode
BT Compliance Requirements

ATT - Attribute Protocol


GATT- Generic Attribute Protocol
EDR - Enhance Data Rate
Bluetooth - applications
• Bluetooth Profiles were written to make sure that the
application level works the same way across different
manufacturers' products
• Bluetooth applications:
 Data & voice access points
 It provides real-time wireless connectivity of
portable and stationary comm devices
 Cable replacement
 Prop cables eliminated, connections are
instant, maintained when not in LOS
 Adhoc networking
 Establishes instant connection with other BT
devices as soon as in radio range
Bluetooth - applications
 Wireless control of and communication
between a cell phone and a hands free
headset or car kit.
 Wireless networking between PCs in a
confined space and where little bandwidth is
required
 Wireless communications with PC input
devices such as mice and keyboards
 Wireless communications to PC output
devices such as printers
 Wireless communications with PC input
devices such as mice and keyboards.
 Wireless communications to PC output
devices such as printers
 Transfer of files between devices via OBEX
 Replacement of traditional wired serial
communications in test equipment, GPS
receivers and medical equipment
Bluetooth Standard Specifications

• Core Specifications
– define various layers of BT architecture, incl related
technologies , testing reqs and defining BT timers
• Profile Specifications
– Deal with use of BT technology to support various
applications so that assorted products can work together
Category of Profile Specifications

• Cable replacement profiles


– Logically connect BT devices in proximity of one an other
(exchange of data, auto query for comm)
• Wireless audio profiles
– Deal with estb of short range voice connections
Protocol Architecture

Protocol Layer Protocols in the stack

Bluetooth Core Protocols Baseband, LMP, L2CAP, SDP


Cable Replacement Protocol RFCOMM
Telephony Control Protocol TCS Binary, AT-commands

PPP, UDP/TCP/IP, OBEX, WAP, vCard,


Adopted Protocols
vCal, IrMC, WAE
Bluetooth Protocol Architecture
Bluetooth Core protocols
• Radio layer:
– defines the requirements for a Bluetooth transceiver operating in the 2.4
GHz ISM band
• Baseband layer:
– describes the specification of the Bluetooth Link Controller (LC) which
carries out the baseband protocols and other low-level link routines
• Link Manager Protocol (LMP):
– is used by the Link Managers (on either side) for link set-up and control
• Host Controller Interface (HCI):
– provides a command interface to the Baseband Link Controller and Link
Manager, and access to hardware status and control registers
• Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP):
– supports higher level protocol multiplexing, packet segmentation and
reassembly, and the conveying of quality of service information
• Service Discovery Protocol (SDP):
– provides a means for applications to discover which services are
provided or available
Bluetooth Cable Replacement Protocol

• RFCOMM protocol:
provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP protocol.
The protocol is based on the E1A- 232 and TS 07.10
• Telephony control protocol – TCS BIN
Bit oriented protocol and deals with call controlling,
signalling, estb speech and data calls b/w BT devices,
responsible for mobility management procedures for BT
devices/ TCS services
Adopted Protocols

• defined by other standards-making organizations and


incorporated into BT protocol stack, in order to min the
interface protocol dev

– Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

– TCP/IP/UDP

– Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX)

– Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application


Protocol (WAE/WAP)
– Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
• Internet standard protocol for transporting IP
datagrams over a point-to-point link.
– TCP/IP/UDP
• Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite
– Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX)
• Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects,
providing a model for object and operation
representation
– Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application
Protocol (WAE/WAP)
• WAE specifies an application framework for wireless
devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile
users access to telephony and information services
Bluetooth Profiles and Dependencies

• A profile can be
described as a
vertical slice
through the
protocol stack

• A profile has
dependencies on
the profiles in
which it is
contained directly
and indirectly
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