Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SCHEME
1.
Formation
of
Allylic
Alcohols
from
Ketones,
and
Reaction
of
Allylic
Alcohols
with
Sulfinyl
Chlorides
to
form
Allylic
Sulfinates.
O
S
Cl
1 2: X = H, D 3: X = H, D
RI = H, alkyl RI = H, alkyl
Results
Experimental
data
suggests
a
distinct
trend
in
pathway
selectivity
for
rearrangement
in
sulfinates
3c-‐i,
with
the
ionic
pathway
being
utilized
100%
by
sulfinates
3e-‐g
at
room
temperature
(~20°
C).
This
dropped
to
50%
and
30%
respectively
for
sulfinates
3h
and
3i;
where
both
required
further
reactions
with
prolonged
heating
to
produce
the
corresponding
sulfones.
Sulfinates
3c
and
3d
rearranged
to
their
allylic
mixture
via
the
ionic
pathway
at
roughly
50%.
A
notable
exception
was
sulfinate
3b,
which
rearranged
to
sulfone
5b
via
the
[2,3]
sigmatropic
pathway
at
100%.
(1)
Simpkins,
N.
1993.
Sulfones
in
Organic
Synthesis.
New
York:
Pregamon
Press.
(2)
Recent
examples
include:
(a)
Jelley,
R.A.,
et
al.,
Bioorganic
&
Medicinal
Chemistry
Letters,
2006.
16(14):
p.
3839-‐3842.
(b)
Churcher,
I.;
D.
B.-‐G.-‐S.
2006.
Bioorganic
&
Medicinal
Chemistry
Letters
,
16
(2),
280-‐4.
(3)
Recent
examples
include:
(a)
Ji,
M.,
et
al.,
Helvetica
Chimica
Acta,
2003.
86(7):
p.
2620-‐2628.
(b)
Powers,
J.C.A.,
GA,
US),
Gotz,
Marion
Gabriele
(Elmhurst,
IL,
US),
Peptidyl
allyl
sulfones.
2009,
Georgia
Tech
Research
Corporation
(Atlanta,
GA,
US):
United
States.
(c)
Neamati,
N.;
Kabalka,
G.
W.;
Venkataiah,
B.;
&
Dayam,
R.
2007.
Patent
No.
PCT/US2007/000560.
US.
(4)
Recent
examples
include:
(a)
Cheng,
W.C.;
Halm,
C.;
Evarts,
J.
B.;
Olmstead,
M.
M.;
Kurth,
M.
J.;
The
Journal
of
Organic
Chemistry.
1999.
64
(23),
8557-‐8562
(b)
Trost
B.
M.;
Organ
M.
G.;
O'Doherty,
G.
A.;
J.
Am.
Chem.
Soc.,
1995.
117
(38),
pp.
9662–9670
(c)
Jung,
S.;
Min,
J.;
Oh,
J.
T.;
Koo,
S.
The
Journal
of
Organic
Chemistry.
2006.
71
(13),
4823-‐4828
(5)
Li,
H.;
Dong,
D.;
Jin,
Y.;
Tian,
S.
J.
Org.
Chem.
2009.
74,
9501-‐9504
1
TABLE
1.
Rearrangement
Data
for
Allylic
Sulfinatesa
ionic
entry
sulfinate
3
sulfone
4
sulfone
5
4/5
group
(%)
O
O
O
d d b
1
OSArMe
3a
S
4a
S 5a
35:65
50
O
O
O S c
O d
2
3b
4b 5b
0:100
0
OSArMe
O
S
O
O O
O
3
OSArMe 3c
S 4c
S 5c
57:43
57
O
O
O O O
4
OSArMe
3d
S 4d
S
5d
55:45
55
O
O
O O
4e
5
OSArMe 3e
S 49:51
100
5e
D
D O
O D O
4f
6
OSArMe 3f
S 48:52
100
5f
D
O
O O
O
7
OSArMe
3g
S
4g
S 5g
70:30
100
O
O
O O
4h
8
OSArMe 3h
25:75
50
D
S
5h
D O
O O
4i
9
OSArMe
3i
S 15:85
30
5i
D
D O
a
Reaction
conditions:
allylic
sulfinates
3a,
c,
d,
e,
f,
&
g
rearranged
during
flash
chromatography.
Allylic
sulfinates
3h
&
i
(1.28
mmol):
hydroquinone
(0.06
4mmol),
formamide
(0.2
M
solution),
100°C
for
24h.
b
50
percent
ionic
pathway
is
the
lower
limit,
this
is
likely
much
higher.
c
Although
shown
in
table
1,
sulfone
4b
was
not
observed
as
the
result
of
a
rearrangement
of
sulfinate
3b.
d
Of
additional
interest
is
that
non-‐rearranged
sulfone
4b
and
rearranged
5a
would
be
identical,
as
well
as
non-‐rearranged
and
rearranged
sulfones
4a
and
5b.
2
This
product
distribution
occurs
as
the
result
of
several
factors,
including
functional
group
type
and
proximity
to
vinyl
bond,
steric
limitations,
and
the
stability
of
carbocation
resonance
structures
A
and
B,
which
form
as
the
intermediate
phase
of
the
Sn1
ionic
rearrangement.
For
example,
allylic
sulfinate
3c
displays
carbocation
stabilization
due
to
the
electron
withdrawing
effects
of
3c’s
phenyl
R-‐group.
Based
solely
on
this,
one
would
expect
to
see
the
sulfone
product
4c
be
favored.
However,
the
steric
hindrance
of
the
phenyl
group
toward
the
nucleophilic
attack
of
sulfanion
C
offsets
somewhat
the
stabilizing
effects
of
the
phenyl
substituent,
as
is
partially
reflected
in
the
1.33:1
ratio
of
sulfones
4c
and
5c.
SCHEME 2. Proposed Ionic Pathway for Rearrangement of Allylic Sulfinate 3 to Allylic Sulfones 4 and 5.
RI
A B RI
(E) O
(Z) O (E) O
R (E) O (E) R S S
S O
R RI R RI
RI X O R
3: X = H, D
RI = H, alkyl C O 4: X = H, D 5: X = H, D
RI = H, alkyl RI = H, alkyl
S
O
However,
one
must
still
consider
the
[2,3]-‐sigmatropic
rearrangement
pathway,
which
yields
only
sulfone
5,
and
accounts
for
43%
of
sulfinate
3c’s
rearranged
sulfone
5c.
Sigmatropic
rearrangement
SCHEME 3. Proposed [2,3] Sigmatropic Pathway for Rearrangement of Allylic Sulfinate 3 to Allylic Sulfone 5.
3: X = H, D O
RI = H, alkyl
R S
O S O 4: X = H, D
X RI = H, alkyl
R (E)
O
(E)
X RI
RI
was
observed
in
varying
degrees
in
the
rearrangement
pathways
of
sulfinates
3a-‐d,
3i,
and
3h.
In
examining
the
[2,3]-‐sigmatropic
pathway,
3b
stands
out,
as
it
yielded
100%
rearranged
sulfone
5
exclusively
via
[2,3]-‐sigmatropic
rearrangement.
However
in
3a,
a
very
similar
structure,
there
is
greater
than
50%
ionic
pathway
rearrangement.
Both
3a
and
3b
are
able
to
form
3°
carbocations.
The
answer
is
one
of
kinetics.
Sulfinate
3a
is
much
less
kinetically
predisposed
to
the
[2,3]-‐sigmatropic
rearrangement
because
of
the
presence
of
two
methyl
groups
at
the
R-‐position,
which
incur
large
steric
demand.
The
Ea
for
the
kinetic
rearrangement
is
much
higher
than
that
of
the
ionic
pathway,
and
the
majority
of
the
reaction
proceeds
via
Sn1
at
the
more
stable
3°
carbocation
B.
Conversely,
3b
is
already
in
an
excellent
configuration
to
undergo
a
[2,3]-‐sigmatropic
rearrangement.
The
observed
100%
formation
of
5b
via
the
sigmatropic
pathway
means
the
Ea
for
the
kinetic
pathway
is
much
lower
than
that
of
the
ionic,
but
that
spatial
orientation
is
of
great
importance
for
the
reaction
to
proceed
thus.
Of
the
allylic
sulfinates
studied,
3a-‐d
displayed
the
greatest
affinity
for
the
sigmatropic
rearrangement,
meaning
these
3
structures
were
more
predisposed
spatially,
with
free
rotation
of
the
chiral
carbon-‐carbon
bond,
and
unhindered
vinyl
groups.
Sulfinates
3e-‐g
all
rearranged
exclusively
via
the
ionic
pathway.
The
shape
of
these
cyclic
structures
makes
it
nearly
impossible
for
the
sigmatropic
rearrangement
to
occur.
They
lack
the
correct
spatial
orientation,
because
the
chiral
carbon-‐carbon
bond
is
locked
in
place
by
the
cyclic
structure.
Additionally,
in
3g
the
vinyl
carbon
is
hindered,
making
it
more
difficult
for
the
kinetic
pathway
to
proceed.
Because
of
these
factors,
the
Ea
for
the
sigmatropic
rearrangement
becomes
much
greater
than
that
of
the
ionic,
and
the
reactions
proceed
exclusively
via
Sn1
carbocation
intermediates.
With
sulfinates
3h
and
3i,
even
greater
challenge
is
encountered,
as
the
stability
of
the
π-‐bond
is
lowered
significantly
by
ring
strain.
Both
3h
and
3i
required
reaction
with
hydroquinone
and
formamide
at
100°
C
for
24
h
to
give
sulfones
4h
4i,
5h
and
5i.
As
the
Ea
for
the
ionic
rearrangement
went
up
dramatically
as
the
result
of
increasing
π-‐bond
instability,
it
made
the
reaction
increasingly
endothermic.
Eventually,
Ea
for
the
ionic
pathway
surpassed
the
Ea
of
the
kinetic
[2,3]-‐sigmatropic
pathway,
giving
an
increase
in
5h
(3:1)
and
5i
(5.7:1)
products.
Conclusion
The
relatively
clean
data,
and
predictable
manner
in
which
these
allylic
sulfinates
rearrange
under
mild
conditions
makes
them
potentially
useful
as
synthetic
intermediates.
The
potential
use
of
these
sulfones
with
control
over
rearrangement
via
functional
groups
could
possibly
yield
a
powerful
carbon-‐carbon
bond
forming
synthetic
tool,
provided
one
could
control
the
racemization
of
these
rearrangements.
Another
aspect
of
interest
is
regioselectivity
of
these
compounds,
which
is
of
importance
to
the
biochemical
and
medical
fields.
Experimental
(E)-‐4-‐phenylbut-‐3-‐en-‐2-‐ol
To
a
dry
Ar-‐flushed
round
bottom
flask
equipped
with
a
stir
bar
and
a
septum
was
added
(E)-‐4-‐
phenylbut-‐3-‐en-‐2-‐one
(1.75g,
12.0
mmol)6
and
30
mL
of
anhydrous
diethyl
ether.
The
resulting
stirred
solution
was
cooled
to
0°
C
in
an
ice-‐water
bath.
To
this
solution
was
added
dropwise
LAH
in
diethyl
ether
(3.33
mL,
0.40
mmol).
After
1
h,
a
saturated
aqueous
solution
of
NH4Cl
was
added,
carefully
quenching
the
excess
reducing
agent.
The
ice
bath
was
removed
and
the
mixture
was
stirred
until
the
aluminum
salts
coagulated.
The
ethereal
solution
was
poured
off
the
salts,
and
the
salts
were
washed
several
times
with
ether.
The
combined
ethereal
solution
was
washed
with
brine
and
dried
over
MgSO4.
The
ether
was
removed
under
vacuum,
giving
1.56g
(89%)
of
crude
alcohol.
Product
was
purified
via
chromatography
on
silica
gel,
eluting
with
5:1
hexanes/ethyl
acetate,
giving
1.29g
(73%)
of
desired
alcohol
of
adequate
purity
for
use
in
next
reaction.
TLC
(5:1
hexanes/ethyl
acetate):
Rf
=
0.22.
1H
NMR
(300
MHz,
CDCl3):
δ
7.42-‐7.22
(s,
5H);
6.79-‐6.56
(doublet,
J=16.12
Hz,
1H);
6.32-‐6.23
(doublet
of
doublets,
J=6.45
Hz,
1H);
4.57-‐4.45
(series
of
multiplets,
J=5.27,
2.93,
1.17
Hz,
1H);
1.58
(s,
3H);
1.40-‐1.37
(doublet,
J=6.44
Hz,
3H).
13C
NMR
(75
MHz,
CDCl3):
δ
136.9,
133.7,
[129.6,
128.7,
127.8,
126.6],
69.2,
23.7.
4
(E,Z)-‐4-‐phenylbut-‐3-‐en-‐2-‐yl
4-‐methylbenzenesulfinate
To
a
dry,
Ar-‐flushed
round
bottom
flask
equipped
with
a
stir
bar
and
septum
was
added
(E)-‐4-‐
phenylbut-‐3-‐en-‐2-‐ol
(0.76g,
5.97
mmol),
triethylamine
(0.86
mL,
6.24
mmol),
and
dichloromethane
(50
mL).
This
stirred
solution
was
cooled
to
-‐10
to
-‐15°
C
using
a
salt/ice
bath.
To
another
dry,
Ar
flushed
flask
was
added
p-‐toluenesulfinyl
chloride
(1.0g,
5.72
mmol)
and
dichloromethane
(12mL).
This
solution
was
added
dropwise
to
the
original
solution
via
syringe.
The
resulting
stirred
solution
was
maintained
at
approximately
-‐15°
C
for
1.5
h.
The
solution
was
transferred
to
a
separatory
funnel
with
the
aid
of
20
mL
of
dichloromethane.
The
solution
was
washed
with
3M
HCl
(1x10
mL),
saturated
aqueous
NaHCO3
(1x10
mL),
and
brine
(1x10
mL).
The
solution
was
dried
over
MgSO4,
and
the
solvent
removed
under
vacuum,
giving
1.47g
(84%)
of
crude
sulfinates.
The
crude
material
was
purified
by
chromatography
on
silica
gel,
eluting
with
10/1:
hexanes/ethyl
acetate,
giving
0.21g
(12%)
diastereomeric
sulfinates
(1.33:1
by
NMR).
TLC
(5:1
hexanes/ethyl
acetate):
Rf
=
0.12,
0.25
(two
spots).
1H
NMP
(300
MHz,
CDCl3):
δ
7.8-‐7.7
(doublet,
J=8.1
Hz,
1H);
7.50-‐7.13
(series
of
multiplets,
2H);
6.38-‐6.31
(doublet,
J=16.11
Hz,
1H),
6.14-‐
6.04
(doublet
of
doublets,
J=8.2
Hz,
1H);
6.00-‐5.88
(series
of
multiplets,
1H);
5.78-‐5.68
(doublet
of
doublets,
J=5.86
Hz,
1H);
4.64-‐4.59
(doublet,
J=9.38
Hz,
1H);
4.17-‐4.09
(quadruplet,
J=7.04
Hz,
1H);
3.89-‐
3.79
(quintuplet,
J=7.03
Hz,
1H);
2.435
(s,
1H);
2.41
(s,
1H);
2.39
(s,
1H);
1.78-‐1.74
(overlapping
doublets,
J=1.77
and
6.32
Hz,
5H
per
diastereomer);
1.73-‐1.70
(doublet,
J=6.34
Hz,
1H);
1.40-‐1.36
(doublet,
J=6.44
Hz,
1H).
GCMS:
13.175-‐13.205
min
(peaks:
302,
278,
155,
139,
123,
91
m/z;
17%);
13.329-‐13.64
min
(peaks:
285,
131,
91
m/z,
34%);
14.627-‐14.684
min
(peaks:
285,
131,
91
m/z,
49%).
C17H18O2S
calcd
at
285.4
g/mol.
13C
NMR
(75
MHz,
CDCl3):
overly
complicated,
1.33:1
diastereomer
ratio
4c/5c.
(8)
Padwa,
A.,
W.H.
Bullock,
and
A.D.
Dyszlewski.
Tetrahedron
Letters,
1987.
28(28):
p.
3193-‐3196.
5
Works
Cited:
Cheng,
W.-‐C.,
et
al.,
Allylic
Sulfones
in
Solid-‐Phase
Synthesis:
Preparation
of
Cyclobutylidenes.
The
Journal
of
Organic
Chemistry,
1999.
64(23):
p.
8557-‐8562.
Ian
Churcher,
D.
B.-‐G.-‐S.
(2006).
4-‐substituted
cyclohexyl
sulfones
as
potent,
orally
active
gamma-‐
secretase
inhibitors.
Bioorganic
&
Medicinal
Chemistry
Letters
,
16
(2),
280-‐4
Jelley,
R.A.,
et
al.,
3-‐Substituted
gem-‐cyclohexane
sulfone
based
[gamma]-‐secretase
inhibitors
for
Alzheimer's
disease:
Conformational
analysis
and
biological
activity.
Bioorganic
&
Medicinal
Chemistry
Letters,
2006.
16(14):
p.
3839-‐3842.
Ji,
M.,
et
al.,
Allylic
Sulfones
Containing
Triene
Moieties
as
Key
Synthons
for
Carotenoid
Synthesis.
Helvetica
Chimica
Acta,
2003.
86(7):
p.
2620-‐2628.
Jung,
S.-‐Y.,
et
al.,
Stereoselective
Synthesis
of
Allylic
Sulfones
via
the
Oxonia-‐Cope
Rearrangement
of
Homoallylic
Alcohols
Containing
a
Homoallylic
Sulfone
Moiety.
The
Journal
of
Organic
Chemistry,
2006.
71(13):
p.
4823-‐4828.
Neamati,
N.,
Kabalka,
G.
W.,
Venkataiah,
B.,
&
Dayam,
R.
(2007).
Patent
No.
PCT/US2007/000560.
US.
Padwa,
A.,
W.H.
Bullock,
and
A.D.
Dyszlewski,
Allylic
1,3-‐rearrangement
of
thiophenyl
substituted
sulfones.
Tetrahedron
Letters,
1987.
28(28):
p.
3193-‐3196.
Powers,
J.C.A.,
GA,
US),
Gotz,
Marion
Gabriele
(Elmhurst,
IL,
US),
Peptidyl
allyl
sulfones.
2009,
Georgia
Tech
Research
Corporation
(Atlanta,
GA,
US):
United
States.
Simpkins,
N.S.,
Sulphones
in
Organic
Synthesis.
Vol.
10.
1993,
Oxford,
England:
Pergamon
Press.
Trost,
B.M.,
M.G.
Organ,
and
G.A.
O'Doherty,
Asymmetric
synthesis
of
allylic
sulfones
useful
as
asymmetric
building
blocks.
Journal
of
the
American
Chemical
Society,
1995.
117(38):
p.
9662-‐9670.
6