Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LIFE07/ENV/RO/686
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 4
1.1. LAND PRESENTATION .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2. CLIMATE..................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS -POPULATION ........................................................................................................ 5
1.4. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS ....................................................... 10
1.5. ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE M.S.W. SECTOR ............................................................................................... 11
Euroconsultants 2
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
ABBREVIATIONS
Euroconsultants 3
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
1. INTRODUCTION
Euroconsultants 4
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The Aegean archipelago includes the regions of the Saronic, the closest
islands to Athens, the Cyclades, the most famous region with 39 islands such
as Santorini, Mykonos, Paros or Naxos, the Dodecanese which lies off the
Turkish coast, of which Rhodes is the best known, Crete which is the largest
of the islands, the Sporades near the city of Volos and the Northeast Aegean
group which includes Lemnos, Lesvos, Chios, Samos and Ikaria. The Ionian
Sea includes the islands of Corfu, Kefalonia, Lefkada, Ithaki, Zakynthos and
Kithira. Greece is a mountainous country. The lowest point is the
Mediterranean Sea, at 0m of height, and the highest point is the Mount
Olympus, at 2917 m. The country is quite rich in natural resources providing
petroleum, magnetite, lignite, bauxite, hydropower and marble.
1.2. CLIMATE
Greece is divided into 13 Regions, of which nine are located in the mainland
and four in the islands. The Regions are further divided into 51 prefectures.
The division into Regions was established through Article 61 of the Law
1622/1986 (OJG 92 A’) «Local Authorities – Regional Development –
Euroconsultants 5
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Democratical Programming». Later on, the Law 2503/97 (OJG 107 A’)
«Regional administration, organization, personnel and regulations concerning
local authorities» granted Regions the role of a decentralized administrative
unit with their own personnel, departments and budget.
1.Attica
2.Central Greece
3.Central Macedonia
4.Crete
5.Eastern Macedonia & Thrace
6.Epirus
7.Ionian Islands
8.Northern Aegean
9.Peloponnese
10.Southern Aegean
11.Thessaly
12.Western Greece
13. Western Macedonia
Figure 1: Greek Regions
The regions as mentioned before are further divided into 51 prefectures which
are listed in the following table.
1 Attica 27 Kerkyras
2 Evoias 28 Kefallonias
3 Eurytanias 29 Leukadas
4 Fokidas 30 Zakynthou
5 Fthiotidas 31 Chiou
6 Voiotias 32 Lesvou
7 Chalkidikis 33 Samou
8 Imathias 34 Arkadias
9 Kilkis 35 Argolidas
10 Pellas 36 Korinthias
11 Pierias 37 Lakonias
Euroconsultants 6
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
12 Serron 38 Messinias
13 Thessalonikis 39 Cycladon
14 Chanion 40 Dodekanisou
15 Herakleiou 41 Karditsas
16 Lasithiou 42 Larisas
17 Rethymnou 43 Magnisias
18 Dramas 44 Trikalon
19 Evrou 45 Achaias
20 Kavalas 46 Aitolokarnanias
21 Rodopis 47 Ileias
22 Xanthis 48 Florinas
23 Artas 49 Grevenon
24 Ioanninon 50 Kastorias
25 Prevezis 51 Kozanis
26 Thesprotias (a) Agio Oros
Euroconsultants 7
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The prefectures are subdivided into 900 municipalities and 133 communities.
Regarding solid waste management it must be noted that general planning is
carried out through the National Waste Management Planning (N.W.M.P.) and
the targets set there, are apportioned into the 13 Regions through the
Regional Waste Management Planning (R.W.M.P.). Each Region is divided
into Administrative Areas, which sometimes happen to have the same
geographical borders as the Prefectures. Most of the times though the
Administrative Areas and Prefectures are not in alignment. For example the
Region of Central Greece consists of five Prefectures but the total number of
the Administrative Areas is eleven.
1.3.2. POPULATION
In the next table the total population for every Prefecture is being presented
for 2009. The data derives from the 2001 census assuming that each year
there is a population increase of 1%.
Euroconsultants 8
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 9
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The first waste management planning begun in the early nineties for each
prefecture. This would have made sense a few decades earlier when solid
waste management cost was still low.
In the 2000 National Planning 124 landfills were to be constructed (70 in the
mainland, 11 in Crete and 43 in the rest of the islands). Among these, the
majority had a capacity of less than 50 tn per day.
Euroconsultants 10
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 11
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The Ministries of Finance, Environment and Interior are also involved in the
management of municipal solid waste. The Ministry of Environment is the
main actor involved in waste management. In particular:
Euroconsultants 12
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
For waste streams not included in M.S.W. the management responsibility lies
within the producer. Especially for special waste streams included in Law
2939/01 (electrical waste, tyres, vehicles etc) recycling is carried out by
schemes created and financed by the producers.
Euroconsultants 13
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
2. WASTE GENERATION
The data for the qualitative and quantitative composition of waste in Greece
are not sufficient since until recently waste was disposed in uncontrolled
landfills. Only the last few years when a big number of modern landfills was
constructed did the monitoring of waste quantities begun.
Euroconsultants 14
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The waste quantities for each Region and Administrative Area given in the
tables below are estimations. For the generation of the data presented the
census of 2001 and a population increase of 1% per year were taken in
account. The average daily waste of production per inhabitant is estimated to
1,14 kg/Person according to the N.W.M.P..
Euroconsultants 15
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 16
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
DODEKANISOU 2.822 1.174 1 027 427 577 240 466 194 171 71
Euroconsultants 17
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
EASTERN MACEDONIA -
TOTAL 285.389 tn
THRACE
Administrative Area 1
PREFECTURE Population Waste (tn)
- 685.867 285.389
Euroconsultants 18
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The most important changes regarding waste composition from 1980 until
today lie within the reduction of the putrescibles fraction and the increase of
plastic and paper as it was shown in a recent research that examined the
composition of M.S.W. in Athens.
The data indicates that M.S.W. still consists mainly of putrescibles (44%),
even if the amount is reduced. Paper increased from 20% to 28% while the
amount of plastics has doubled (13%). Glass and metals lie each at around
3%. The remaining 9% consists of different materials like for example the
fraction wood, rubber and leather ( around 2%).
Other
Glass
9%
3%
Metal
3%
Putrescibles
Plastic Putrescibles Paper
13% 44%
Plastic
Metal
Glass
Other
Paper
28%
Euroconsultants 19
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 20
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
J.M.D. 50910/2727/2003 (OJG 1909/Β) «On measures and terms for solid
waste management» names the Municipalities as the competent authorities
for the collection and transfer of waste. The municipalities reserve the right not
to collect waste that does not resemble household waste and cannot be
collected for technical reasons. In that case the producer is responsible for the
collection.
For the collection of waste, rolling bins with capacities from 80 to 1700 lt are
used. The collection and transport is carried out by the municipalities using
mainly press and mill type vehicles.
Euroconsultants 21
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The Law was implemented in 2001 and two years later the Ministry of
Environment approved the Collective System for Alternative Management of
packaging materials «CSAM - Recycling».
Euroconsultants 22
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
At the same time, contracts have been signed with several municipalities in
order to install and expand the separation at source system of packaging
material.
Packaging waste is temporarily stored in blue bins that are provided by Herrco
and afterwards is transferred to materials recovery facilities (MRF). In the next
tables some data from the collection and processing of packaging waste are
presented.
Table 16: Operating Results of the national packaging waste management system
Apart from Herrco the following recycling systems have been approved:
Euroconsultants 23
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
¾ Recycling system for used oil packaging KEPED (M.D. 105857 ,OJG
391Β/4.4.2003). This system aims to collect and recover used waste oil
packaging waste. During 2007 3.900 tn out of a total of 7.680 tn were
recovered and recycled which corresponds to a percentage of 50,8%.
Since the beginning of 2009 Municipalities receive extra financial aid for the
collection of recyclables. The amount scales according to the quantity of
packaging waste collected per inhabitant.
Euroconsultants 24
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The term of End of Life Vehicle refers to every vehicle that can be classified
as waste meaning that its owner is willing or intends or is obligated to dispose
it. The following categories of vehicles can be defined as End of Life Vehicles:
The national management scheme for E.L.V. (EDOE) was approved by the
M.D. 105136/10.06.04 (OJG 907Β/17.06.04) and its operation is governed by
the regulations of Law 2939/2001 and P.D. 116/2004. Owners of E.L.V. are
obliged to hand them in designated collection points or authorized treatment
facilities without being charged since there is no market value for the vehicle.
Given that many E.L.V. owners dump their cars, EDOE is cooperating with
local authorities who collect these vehicles. According to the P.D. 116/2004
following targets are set:
• no later than January 1st, 2015, for all end-of life vehicles, the reuse and
recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 95 % by an average weight
per vehicle and year
• Within the same time limit, the re-use and recycling shall be increased to a
minimum of 85 % by an average weight per vehicle and year.
During the first quarter of 2008 the scheme was active in 32 prefectures
covering 85% of the total population. Around 45.000 E.L.V. out of the
estimated 50.000 have been recycled.
The term electrical and electronic waste refers to a wide spectrum of materials
and is one of the most complicated solid waste streams due to the variety of
raw materials it contains and to the many different types of electrical devices
Euroconsultants 25
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
- Consumer equipment
- Lighting equipment
- Medical devices
- Automatic dispensers
Euroconsultants 26
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
for citizens. The following table contains data regarding the operation of the
scheme.
Current legislative statutes forbid the landfilling of used tires. According to Law
2939/01 and P.D. 109/04, tire producers are obligated to create or participate
to recycling schemes for used tires. Owners or final users of used tires are
obliged to hand them to collection points or approved management schemes.
The competent scheme called Ecoelastika S.A. begun its operation in 1-11-
2004 in the Prefectures of Voiotia and Fthiotida. From the 54.638 tn produced
in 2006, 46.697 tn (85%) were collected. Nowadays the scheme is active in
both Greek mainland and islands. Around 14% of the tires collected have
been co incinerated in the cement industry, 73% were processed in milling
facilities while the rest 12% was either stored or exported (1%). The achieved
recycling and recovery rates exceeded by far targets set by the current
legislation. In Greece recycled tires are used mainly for
Euroconsultants 27
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Statistical data in the E.U. show that the average production of C.D.E.W. lies
around 480 kg per capita. In Greece the amount is higher since only in the
Region of Attica 6 Mio. tones are annually produced.
3.3.7. ΒATTERIES
The competent management scheme for batteries AFIS S.A. started its
operation in March 2004. Afis has come to an agreement with
importers/producers of batteries, which contribute a fee for every battery sold
in the Greek market in order to cover the costs for collection, transportation,
recycling and dissemination activities. Battery recycling rates are very high.
Euroconsultants 28
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Collection bins have been placed in 33.000 spots spread out across Greece.
The collected tons are presented in the following diagram.
During 2007 442 tones out of 2.100 tones of batteries were recycled which
equals to a percentage of 21%.
Euroconsultants 29
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 30
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Until now three mechanical – biological treatment units have been constructed
in Greece. They are located in Athens, Kalamata (Peloponnese) and Chania
(Crete). The Kalamata plant is the oldest one and begun its operation in 1997
receiving 32.000 tn waste per year. In 2003, the plant stopped operating due
to a court decision.
The Chania plant is the newest one with a total annual capacity of 70.000
tn/year and works similar to the plant in Athens.
Although all RMWP promote the construction of treatment facilities that will
process organic waste after separation at source the works have not begun
Euroconsultants 31
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
yet. In Attica three treatment units one with a capacity of 80.000 tones and
two of 40.000 tones are planned.
The W.M.A. of the Attica Region issued a market study in order to find a way
to utilize the R.D.F. produced in the Athens treatment unit. The study included
Euroconsultants 32
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
two big cement industries (AGET Iraklis and Titan A.E.) and other types of
industry, where big amounts of energy are required (Public Power
Corporation, Steel Industries and Lime Industries) but there was no
correspondence.
The cement industries did not provide data relating to the fuel type they are
using and gave the following specifications regarding the characteristics of the
R.D.F. in order to accept it as a fuel:
Some of the issues brought to the table by the industry (low facility
performance, odor emissions while handling R.D.F. which might affect
personnel, need of storage capacity, R.D.F. production rate, modification of
the facility’s environmental permission terms) should be examined closely and
solutions should be provided. Assuming that the R.D.F. qualitative
requirements are met then the perspectives for the acceptance of R.D.F. will
be given since the interest in using alternative fuels is constantly increasing.
A contract has been signed between AGET – IRAKLIS and the W.M.A. which
states that initially 35.000 tn/year will be co incinerated in the AGET plant and
that amount will increase to 75.000 tn/year. According to the contract, AGET
will receive 10 € per tone of R.D.F. co incinerated. Totally 750.000 €/year will
be required. The contract was signed during February 2007 and has a five
year duration. Nevertheless the total amount of R.D.F. is still being landfilled.
4.2.2. COMPOST
For the compost produced in the Athens M.B.T. a study was issued in order to
examine the available options for its utilization.
Euroconsultants 33
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
- pH: 6,5-7
- Impurities (glas,plastic): 1%
Agricultural and fertilizer firms are mainly interested in specific chemical and
physical characteristics when evaluating the quality of a compost product. The
product’s quality should remain constant throughout the year. Typical
requirements are:
- pH 6,5-7,0
- C/N ratio: 15
- Impurities (glas,plastic): 1%
- A six month testing in order to assess its contribution to the growth rate of
the plants
Euroconsultants 34
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
At the time being the compost is only used for restoration and landfill works.
The average price is 2,5 €/tn.
Ferrous metals recovered originate from packaging waste and consist of steel
with a thin internal layer of tin. The requirements set by companies in order to
absorb the recycled metals are the following:
- Metals should be separated and free from impurities (plastic, wood, earth)
Euroconsultants 35
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Selling prices for aluminimium vary a lot depending on the market needs.
Usually it can be sold for 1000 €/tn.
4.2.3.3. Paper
Euroconsultants 36
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
4.2.3.4. Glass
Glass can be recycled many times without any negative impact in the final
quality. For that reason, it is considered as one of the most environmental-
friendly materials. Glass components in M.S.W. consist of bottles, broken
glassware, light bulbs and other items. Restraining factors for glass recycling
are the different quality and colour and the collection cost.
In Greece, there is only one facility that can absorb glass scrap. The main
requirements are:
4.2.3.5. Plastic
In Greece plastic recycling rate is low compared to other recyclables for the
following reasons:
- There are many different qualities and types of plastic with various
physical characteristics and chemical composition
- It is difficult to recognize the different types of plastic resins
- Plastics contain a lot of impurities since most of the packaging is used for
food.
- High recovery cost
Euroconsultants 37
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Mainly PET and PE plastics are being recycled. Products are geotextiles,
ropes, bins, pots and other. There is no interest for mixed plastic waste since
there is no possibility to utilize it in Greece.
- To be sorted by type
- To be free from impurities like organic waste
The price per tone varies depending on the quality of the material and lies in
the range of 80 - 350 € per tone.
4.3. LANDFILLS
One of the main goals included in the N.W.M.P. was to close all illegal landfills
by 21/12/2008 which was the deadline given by the European Court when
Greece was convicted for that matter. This target was not achieved.
The Joint Ministerial Committee estimated that from a total number of 1.102
illegal landfills, for which Greece was convicted in 2005, 806 have been shut
down, 206 are currently being restored and by the end of the year only 16 will
remain active.
For every one of these 16 illegal landfills fines of 34.000 euro/day will be
imposed. That means 544.000 euro/day.
Euroconsultants 38
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Since 2005 evidence shows that new illegal landfills were created and the
current number is estimated to around 492.
Poor waste management practices are identified as those that do not conform
with the current European and national legislation. Since waste treatment,
recycling operations and collection of waste are important elements of
sustainable waste management the impacts of uncontrolled landfilling and
landfilling of untreated waste will be assessed.
In the following diagram the emissions deriving from solid waste disposal on
Land during the years 1990-2007 are presented.
Euroconsultants 39
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Source: Annual European Community greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2007 and inventory
report 2009. Submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat
Although a decrease can be observed between some years the total amount
of emissions is constantly increasing due to the amounts of biodegradable
waste ending up in controlled and uncontrolled landfills.
After that time and depending on the progress of the future planned waste
treatment facilities the emissions are expected to decrease.
Euroconsultants 40
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
contamination water may occur when leachate from an landfill, via flow
paths (on or under the surface), reaches groundwater or surface water.
Fauna in and around dumpsites may be impacted either by direct
consumption of the solid waste, or by consumption of contaminated
plants and/or animals, or as a result of leachate effects on groundwater
and surface water
Plants near open dumpsites can be impacted directly by the waste or
water from leachate.
¾ For landfills squared brackets [ ] indicate small landfill sites that are
usually constructed for small islands or isolated areas. In the «planned
sanitary landfills» field brackets () indicate an existing landfill that will
have its capacity increased.
Euroconsultants 41
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Prefecture Attica
Administrative Areas 2
Operating sanitary landfill sites 1
Euroconsultants 42
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Table 20: Solid waste management plan in the Region Central Greece
Apart from the commingled waste treatment plants, separation at source for
organic waste and construction of biological treatment units is also included in
the Regional Plan.
Euroconsultants 43
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
*The M.B.T. Plant in Kalamata stopped operating and currently there are
thoughts to resume its operation.
Euroconsultants 44
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
For the whole Region a waste treatment plant with energy recovery is
scheduled to be constructed.
Table 23: Solid waste management works in the Region of Northern Aegean
Euroconsultants 45
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Table 24: Solid waste management works in the Region of Central Macedonia
Euroconsultants 46
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Table 26: Solid waste management works in the Region of Western Greece
Euroconsultants 47
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Table 27: Solid waste management works in the Region of Southern Aegean
Euroconsultants 48
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Table 28: Solid waste management works in the Region of Central Macedonia
Table 29: Solid waste management works in the Region of Ionian Islands
Euroconsultants 49
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 50
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Table 31: Solid waste management works in the Region of Eastern Macedonia – Thrace
Planned sanitary landfill sites 1 for the whole Region + [1] for the Island of Samothraki
Planned inert waste landfill sites 1 1 1 1 1
Waste transfer stations 6 1 2 4 2
MRF 2 1 1 1 1
Operating Waste treatment plants - - - - -
Planned waste treatment plants
Euroconsultants 51
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
5. FINANCIAL ISSUES
Fees are charged depending on the total. surface (indoor and outdoor) in
sq.m of the building
Fee Collection
Α) Through the electricity bill and later attributed to the Municipalities by the
P.P.C.
Euroconsultants 52
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
As described in the Law the fees are imposed in order to finance the
sanitation activities and not for profit purposes. Municipalities make every year
cost estimations and thus the fee per sq.m. is being defined.
Collection cost varies depending on the geographical data and the equipment
used. Usually it amounts over 80 €/tn.
In the existing sanitary landfills the gate fee lies around 25-30 €/tn while the
cost for processing waste in the existing M.B.T. facilities is more than 40 €/tn.
Together and in accordance with the regional action programs, the necessary
infrastructure, to divert the biodegradable fraction of M.S.W. from landfills
towards M.B.T. facilities or other treatment units that are described in the
Regional Plan, will be financed. The E.S.D. program mainly with Cohesion
Euroconsultants 53
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Funds and resources from the European Funds for Regional Development
(E.F.R.D.) that will be granted through Regional Operating Programs (ROP)
will cover the costs for the construction of transfer stations, treatment units
and landfills including the costs for sanitation of all registered uncontrolled
dumpsites throughout the country. Additionally with funds granted through
E.S.D. and R.O.P. and in compliance with the EC directives, uncontrolled
dumpsites of hazardous waste, for which no legal framework exists, will be
sanitized. Actions and infrastructure for the management and storage of
hospital waste in all Regions will be also covered through the E.S.D. program.
• Other: 65.770.000 €
Euroconsultants 54
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
¾ ATTICA REGION
Table 32: Funding from structural funds for waste management facilities in Greece
Allocated Estimated
Estimated
No of funds from Gap
Infrastructures Description budget
Plants Structural
(€ M) (€ M)
Funds (€ M)
Disposal New landfills 40 220 190
Rehabilitation existing landfills 400 300 240
Transportation Transfer Stations 80 120 100
Treatment Plants Attiki 8 500 144
MBT Patra 1 60 55*
MBT Hmathia 1 40 10
To be defined Thessaloniki 1 100
MBT Corfu Island 1 30
MBT Ilia 1 30
MBT Aitoloakarnania 1 30
Eastern 200
To be defined
Macedonia/Thrace 2 60
MBT Zante Island 1 10
MBT Fokida 1 10
MBT Serres 1 25
Euroconsultants 55
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 56
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
6. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The main problems arising with waste collection and separation at source
schemes are the following:
Special mention should be given to the Kalamata plant where many problems
arose during its operation. These problems were the insufficient planning of
Euroconsultants 57
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
the mechanical sorting line and the aeration system in the biological treatment
hall as well as the absence of a central control system. The operating
authority was not qualified leading into overloading of the capacity and bad
maintenance. As a result of the insufficient planning, there was no available
landfill to dispose the residues and as a result, these were dumped in a
nearby land parcel causing thus significant odor problems.
All the existing treatment plants have problems finding a way to utilize their
secondary products which leads to extra disposal costs instead of revenues.
The sanitary landfills in operation are not fully conformed with all the
regulations contained in the Landfill Directive, while their personnel is
insufficient in order to fulfill all the obligations derived from legislation and refer
to operation and environmental monitoring.
The expected formation of local W.M.A. will be combined with programs that
will aim to inform the public opinion in order to increase the acceptance of
solid waste management facilities.
Euroconsultants 58
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
7. CONCLUSIONS
While in many member states the main goal is to reduce waste generation
and to increase recycling and recovery rates, in Greece the main problem that
needs to be solved remains the uncontrolled disposal in illegal landfills in
order to avoid penalties imposed by the EU.
Apart from batteries, recycling rates of other waste streams are lower than the
EU average. Nevertheless it must be noted that significant steps have been
made both in the fields of the organization (Introduction of Waste
Management Authorities) and management of waste (closing and restoration
of uncontrolled landfills, construction of sanitary landfills).
Until recently the cost for managing waste in Greece was low compared to
other countries since it included only collection and disposal.
The allocation of fee to the citizens is done depending on the surface of the
building. The sanitation fee is paid together with the electricity bill. As a result
Euroconsultants 59
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
The cost for managing solid waste is expected to increase since modern
facilities will be constructed. This will be a good opportunity to change the way
fee for solid waste is allocated and the establishment of W.M.A. throughout
the country will help towards that direction.
Judging from the existing waste treatment plants (Kalamata, Ano Liossia,
Chania) and the R.W.M.P. the main trend concerning waste treatment is the
construction of M.B.T. Facilities. Waste incineration is slowly gaining in
acceptance as well.
Indicators of Progress
Euroconsultants 60
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Indicator Number
Bibliographic references 14
Internet sites 22
Euroconsultants 61
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
8. REFERENCES
Bibliographic references
Internet Sites
Euroconsultants 62
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=475
Euroconsultants 63
WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS-GREECE
Euroconsultants 64