Gender and Transport:

Key Issues and Good Practices

for
ADB Operations
Gender & Development Knowledge Sharing Program
10 March 2010
Sonomi Tanaka
Principal Social Development Specialist (Gender & Development)
RSGS
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of
the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do
not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.
 Seminar Objectives

¾ Understand key issues

¾ Share experience
p in mainstreamingg
gender in transport projects and policies
¾ Explore entry points for ADB pipeline
 Seminar Structure
¾ Key Issues and ADB Entry Points,
including:
z Possible project design features
z ADB Good Practices (F(F. Tornieri
Tornieri, SAOD)
z PRC Yunnan Integrated Road Network
Development Project (X. Yang, EATC)
z Gender and labor-based technique –
Experience of Cambodia (David Salter,
SEAE)
¾ Discussion and Group Exercise
I. Key Issues
What does this tell you?
 Transport infrastructure and
services
i could
ld positively
iti l
contribute to narrowing
g gender
g
inequality and women’s
empowerment….
empowerment

…if the existing gender

inequalities are addressed
simultaneously.
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender
de Benefits
e e ts
Potentially, road and transport projects could provide:
Short Term
Short-Term
¾ Employment for women and men during construction
and routine maintenance
¾ Better
B tt labor
l b conditions
diti provided
id d ffor women and d men
Medium- to Long-Term
¾ Mobility
¾ Time saved by women, reduced loading workload, and
improved welfare
¾ Access
A t health
to h lth and d education
d ti ffacilities
iliti b
by women
¾ Access to market
¾ Security
 Key Gender-Based Barriers to
Transport
a spo t Benefits
e e ts
¾ Barriers to improved mobility by women
¾ B i
Barriers tto achieving
hi i titime savingi and d iimproved
d
well-being by women
¾ B i
Barriers tto gender-equal
d l access tto social
i l
services
¾ Barriers to women’s
women s access to market
¾ Barriers to employment in transport sector
¾ B i
Barriers tto safety
f t andd security
it
¾ Barriers to influencing decision-making
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts ((1))
¾ Barriers to mobility
‰ Rural context – Women travel
primarily on foot, around house
‰ Urban context -Women’s
reliance on public transport
system, so mobility depends
on reliability and affordability
‰ Women’s multiple tasks
prevents travel
p Photo from AIT

‰ Sociocultural constraints
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts ((2))
¾ Barriers to time saving and
welfare effects on women
‰ Mobility
ob ty may ay not
ot be eas
easily
y
improved
‰ Cultural perception of women’s
t
transport t tasks
t k fixed
fi d
‰ Lack of provision of
intermediate means of transport
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts (3)
¾ Barriers to women’s
improved access to
social services
‰ Affordability still an
issue
‰ Reliability of service still
an issue, due to time
poverty of women
‰ Q lit off available
Quality il bl
social services matters
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts ((4))
¾ Barriers to women’s access to market
‰ Limited physical access due to cultural norms
and gender division of labor, e.g., reliance on
middlemen
‰ Lack of women’s capacity in fully capturing
economic opportunities,
pp , e.g.,
g , skills,, credit,,
property rights, time flexibility
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts (5)
¾ Barriers to employment in transport sector
‰ Difficulties in securing employment for local
communities
‰ Women cannot travel far to construction sites
‰ Women outside of job information networks
‰ Men tend to get paid civil works jobs but women’s
work is labor ‘contribution’
‰ Women’s limited skills level
‰ Gender unequal pay for equal work
‰ W k harassment
Work h t and
d lack
l k off child
hild care ffacilities
iliti
‰ Women transport entrepreneurs face multiple
g ((e.g.,
challenges g lack of credit, rentingg equipment,
q p
skills, contractual management)
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts (6)
¾ Barriers to safety and security
‰ Road safety now a growing issue
b t often overlooks
but o erlooks gender
dimensions
9 Some studies show women
transporting goods on foot are
accident prone
9 Women can mobilize community for
awareness
‰ Designs
D i and
d services
i iin supportt off
women’s transport security
complicate projects!!
9ee.g.,
g street lights
lights, women’s space in
public transportation, separate toilets
in stations Photo from AIT

‰ Gender analysis
y often not
conducted on these issues
 Gender and Transport:
Key
ey Ge
Gender-Based
de ased CoConstraints
st a ts ((7))
¾ Barriers to influencing decision-making
‰ Lack of critical mass of women in positions
that influence transport planning
‰ Voices of women as road and transportation
users and goods transports not heard
‰ Transport service providers no incentives to
respond to women’s needs for their limited
abilityy to p
pay
y
 Potential adverse
gender
ge de impacts
pacts and
a d risks
s s
¾ Gender-specific
p vulnerabilities in
‰ HIV/AIDS risks
‰ Unsafe migration/human
g trafficking
g risks
‰ Resettlement
‰ Labor standards
‰ Gendered dimensions of vulnerabilities
among
g ethnic g
groups
p and IPs
 Gender vs. Transport
- Need both ways
Benefits Risks
•Time and labor saving •Vulnerability to
•Productivity STD/HIV, trafficking
•Better welfare • Resettlement risks
•Safety/security • Gender in ethnicity,
•Mobility caste, IPs

Gender Transport
•Pattern of use •Physical design
•Access •Technology
T h l option
ti
•Capacity •Financing
•Affordability •Maintenance
•Property rights •Training
g
•Participation •Existing gender inequalities •Policy
influence how infra will be used
- Mobility and well-being,
income,, pparticipation,
p , and
mitigation
 II. Entry Points and Good
II
Practice for ADB Transport
p
Projects
¾ Income
¾ Well-being
¾ Participation
¾ Mitigation
 What Can We Do?
¾ Enabling sector policy and institutional setup
z Focus on sustainability and inclusiveness (both in DMCs and ADB),
g , routine maintenance,, affordability,
e.g., y, and rural transport
p
z Infrastructure and more (e.g. policies, institutional development,
transport services)
z Public-private partnerships to promote sustainability and
inclusiveness principles
¾ Type of projects/subsectors
z Rural transport (see Strategy 2020)
z Urban transport (esp. mass transit systems)
z M j social
Major i l risks
i k tto b
be addressed
dd d iin b
border
d crossings
i
¾ Proactive gender design features
z Income
z Well-being
Well being
z Participation
¾ Getting mitigation right for women
z Resettlement, social risks e.g., HIV/AIDS, trafficking, “boom and
bust” labor standards
bust”,
 Project Design Entry Points -
Gender-Responsive
p Project
j Designs
g
Income
¾ Labor based technique for employment generation and target for
women
¾ Training of community members on community mobilization and
skilled labor training (e.g., road construction societies, savings)
¾ Income generation along with market points to enhance women's
capacity to capture opportunities for marketing and mobility
¾ Affordability of transport services
Well-being
¾ Intermediate means of transport – saving women's
women s time and work
burden for transport
¾ Physical design features (e.g., women’s corners in public spaces,
footpaths, sidewalks)
¾ transport
t t services
i (e.g.
( bus
b servicei schedules,
h d l women only l b
buses))
Participation
¾ Participation of women and men in policy development, project
planning, implementation and monitoring
¾ Women as active agent for road safety campaign
 Project Design Entry Points –
Mitigation
t gat o a
and
d Risks
s s
¾ Gender-responsive HIV/AIDS and/or human trafficking
programs, including
z Address sexual violence
z Preventive programs responsive to needs of male and female
target groups
z Particular attention needed for borders and market points
¾ Gender-responsive resettlement
z Ensure women have access to information,, decision-making, g,
compensation, and income restoration
z Particular attention to ethnic women and other vulnerable groups
z See ADB’s Safeguard Policy Updates; Gender Checklist in
Resettlement
¾ Labor standards of workers
z Equal
q p
pay
y for equal
q work;; toilet and other facilities ((e.g.
g children))
Subsector Example: Expressways
and highways
g y
¾ Getting the mitigation and risk management
right for women and men
z Gender-responsive HIV/AIDS and/or human
trafficking programs
z Gender-responsive
p resettlement
z Labor standards of workers
z Road safety
• Where possible
possible, consider affordable means of
transport services
• Road designs not to interfere with households’
access to fields, water, fuel wood – e.g.,
underpass
 Subsector Example: Rural Roads
¾ Explore labor-based techniques and inform women of
paid labor opportunities
¾ Provide training and credit for women and men for
new business opportunities
¾ Explore introduction of IMT to support transport and
time burden among rural women
¾ Provide security and safety for women and girls
¾ A l participatory
Apply ti i t designing/planning
d i i / l i and d iinvolve
l
women and men
 Example of GAP: A Rural Roads Project
Output 1: • Use labor-based
labor based appropriate technology for employment
Project roads opportunities
rehabilitated • Where appropriate, contractors will prioritize the use of local
unskilled labor in civil works contracts (through
subcontracting)
• Capacity building of local contracting industry, to include
gender and labor-based appropriate technology issues
• Tracking the use of local labor (sex-disaggregated) - target
for women unskilled labor 30%
• Equal pay for equal work for male and female unskilled
laborers
• Contractors to employ no child labor on civil works contract
• Road shoulders will have an appropriate surface enabling
carts with wheels for carrying water to reduce the burden on
women and girls who haul water in rural areas
Output 2: • Road maintenance works to be delegated to community-
Road asset based construction societies
management • At least 50% of the road maintenance workers will be
component women
• Child labor will not be employed for road maintenance
 Example of GAP: A Rural Roads Project
Output 3: • For the safety of children and pedestrians, all project roads
Road safety will have speed bumps to slow traffic in villages
and • All project roads will include road safety signage
safeguards • A community-based road safety campaign will involve
program community members as facilitators (At least 50% to be
women)
• The project will implement a gender-responsive HIV/AIDS
awareness and prevention program
• The project will implement a human trafficking awareness
and prevention program
• The baseline socio-economic survey will collect sex-
disaggregated data
Output 4: • Vulnerability
V lnerabilit mapping for rural
r ral roads to improve
impro e planning
Climate for climate change will include local women
change • To prevent embankment erosion, community-based road
adaptation maintenance will involve women in planting and caring for
road side trees and other plants
road-side
Subsector Example: Urban Transport
¾ Conduct gender analysis to assess gender
differentiated travel pattern, use of public
transport, and needs
¾ Address gender-specific issues in public
transport services and physical designs, e.g.,
z Urban street lights
z Sidewalks, separate bicycle lanes, crossings
z Public transport services
z Facilities at stations
stations, bus stops
stops, terminals
¾ Mitigating risks
 Lessons and Challenges
¾ ADB Experience
z 1998-2009: 2 GEN; 6 EGM; mostly SGB
z Reviews of HIV/AIDS and Counter-trafficking components in transport projects show
poor monitoring and little documentation unless financed by TAs/JFPRs; weak
gender considerations
¾ Design
z Need for quality gender analysis to inform project design
z Use p
project
j g
gender action p
plan ((GAP)) and DMF targets
g as a tool for p
proactive
designs
z Need for sex-disaggregated data related to benefits to assess gender impacts
z Covenants essential but not sufficient – actions to be budgeted and implementation
arrangements clarified
z Innovative use of JFPR and TA grants encouraged but no “XmasXmas tree
tree”
z “EGM” - Do not miss gender mainstreaming opportunities for rural roads subsector
¾ Implementation
z Equally important to design
z Monitor during
g review missions
z Bring to EA’s attention
¾ Challenges:
z Increasing potential for urban transport, but how can private sector-led “services” be
made gender-responsive?
z How to bring assistant to women up to investment scale of ADB’s
z How to ensure support by EAs?
 Resources
¾ Funding
z JFPRs, TAs, GAD Cooperation Fund and other trust funds as a leverage and
innovation fund
¾ Expertise and Resources
z Gender Specialists in your Department (HQ/RM) and RSGS
z Gender CoP; Transport CoP Advisory Team 15 (Social and Environment)
z Resources in the handouts (CD)
z G d and
Gender dT Transportt Checklist/Good
Ch kli t/G d P Practices
ti ((upcoming)
i ) and
dWWebsite
b it
(upcoming); Social Analysis for Transport Project (handout)
z MDB Gender and Infrastructure Websites
• Manila meeting (Nov 2008) http://www.adb.org/Documents/Events/2008/Gender-
Equality-Infrastructure/program.asp
y g
• Lima meeting (Dec 2009)
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTGENDER/0,,contentMD
K:22353246~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336868,00.html
¾ Networks
z IFRTD s Gender Site (including case studies):
IFRTD's
http://www.ifrtd.org/en/tagresults.php?tag=002
z GATNET (Gender and Transport Community of Practice):
http://dgroups.org/worldbank/GATNET
z Asian Institute of Technology. Gender, Transportation and Development Site:
h //
http://www.genderandtransport.ait.ac.th/
d d i h/
Visit our website:
www.adb.org/gender/
III. SRI: Eastern and North Central
Provincial Road Project (2009)
( )
and/or
TIM: Road Sector Improvement
Project (2005)
GENDER AND TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDIES
(a) Grant financed project component
TIMOR-LESTE: Road Sector
Improvement Project (2005) [ADF Grant:
$10 mn] (Loan classified: GEN)
$0.5 mn Grant-financed Project Component
on: Community Empowerment (more
details later)

(b) JFPR attached to the Loan

SRI LANKA: Eastern and North-Central $3.0 mn [Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
Provincial Road Project (2009) [ADF on: Improving Connectivity to Support
Loan: $70.0 mn] (Loan classified: SGB) Livelihoods and Gender Equality (2009)]

(c) Technical Assistance attached to the Loan

INDIA: North East Sector Road $1.7
$1 7 mn [Technical Assistance (TA) on:
Improvement Project (Facility/Tranche 1) Addressing Social and Health Issues
[2010] [OCR Loan: $32.5 mn] (Loan Associated with Road Improvement in
classified: EGM) Selected North Eastern States Î
Cooperation Fund for Fighting HIV/AIDS in
Asia – Pacific]
The inclusion of grant-financed components addressing gender equality and women's empowerment as an integral
part of the overall project design, project DMF, and project financing will qualify the project to be classified as EGM.
For example,
example Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR),
(JFPR) technical assistance (TA),
(TA) and/or other special grants.
 (A.1) TIMOR LESTE:
Road Sector Improvement Project:
Consultations
Timing Type of Primary Input into…
Consultations Objectives
At a very early stage:
• Present goals/objectives of the project.
7 March Stakeholder
• Gain key stakeholders’ understanding of and support
2005 Consultation Workshop for the project.
• Receive recommendations, suggestions, concerns,
and other opinions.

In selected districts, sub-districts, and villages:

1. Key Informant Interviews
• Gain local leadership’s understanding and support
Field Consultations and their insights.
18 March • Obtain overall socioeconomic information on the
Key
to area.
Informant
• Gain insights into local leaders’ political perspectives
Social
8 June
Interviews and capacity. Analysis
2005
(Ongoing 2. Focus Group Discussions (separate for men and
Focus women participants): Assess, in a discussion format
process as facilitated by the project team’s facilitator, villagers’
the study Group
perceptions on poverty
po ert and potential road
period Discussions
improvement, and also their gender-specific needs,
permits) issues, and concerns.
Small- 3. Small-Sample Surveys (local households, vehicle
Sample operators, passengers, freight shippers, and shops):
Obtain various data, including the degrees of usage
Surveys
of the transport infrastructure by various
stakeholders groups and income levels as well as
the structure and performance of the transport
services sector
sector.

Separate Consultation (Independent from the above consultation process)

Final Project
Consultations with Assess the potential for increased community (and
18–23 Design
Organizations women’s) participation in project implementation.
May
2005 (with NGOs, etc.)
(A.2) PROJECT GENDER-DESIGN FEATURES
(a) Labor-intensive road maintenance
Areas identified by local constructors and surveyed communities for potential involvement of women
include support services to construction camps and bio-engineering:
¾ The Ministry of Infrastructure -through the PMU- will encourage civil works contractors to increase
the percentage of women workers to 30% of wage-laborers (at least 75% of bio-engineering
activities).
activities)
(b) Community-Empowerment Component
¾ Participatory and gender-inclusive identification and selection of rural feeder roads to be rehabilitated
under the project;
¾ Skills transfer to women in bio-engineering, agro-forestry and agricultural extension (combined with
literacy,
y, food nutrition,, reproductive
p health and HIV p
prevention);
);
¾ Design of sustainable modalities for gender-inclusive maintenance of rehabilitated feeder roads.

(c) Health/Social Risks and Road Safety

¾ The Project will fund culturally-sensitive and gender-responsive HIV awareness and education
initiatives along the project road Î high
high-risk
risk groups,
groups incl.
incl local construction workers,
workers long
long-distance
distance
drivers and local communities in the campsites and in the corridors of influence along project roads.
(d) DMF Indicators
¾ (i) Economic development and poverty indicators for the project area; (ii) Industrial and agricultural
outputs; (iii) Transport costs and time; (iv) Transport services and transport charges; (v) Accident
rates;
t ( i) Level
(vi) L l off social
i l services,
i i l di
including school
h l enrolment
l t andd infant
i f t mortality;
t lit and d (vii)
( ii)
Employment impact indicators (with information on unskilled laborers, women laborers).
(e) Project Performance Monitoring Framework
¾ Establish sex-disaggregated baseline data to monitor socio-economic impact of the project.
 (A.3) TIMOR LESTE: Road Sector
Improvement Project: impact evaluation
¾ 55% of women’s participation in the rehabilitation of selected Rural Access Roads (initial target: 30%). [Î for future
projects, women concurred with 55% figure and cited their “equal rights” as the reason; men, on the other hand,
indicated that a 50%/50% balance would be better. Men cited women’s “inability” to do “some hard labor” as a
rationale for their opinion].
¾ Women and men worked side-by-side
side by side in the road crews without major drama or difficulty.
difficulty In almost all cases,
cases
participants reported that men and women had only rarely worked together before the project.
¾ Quantitative and qualitative data demonstrates that women achieved greater results than men in the project.
Women’s post-test scores are consistently higher than their male counterparts’(despite having lower levels of
education and generally lower pre-test scores).
¾ “Critical mass of women’ who benefited directly from the project (55%) identified as the reason for the
overwhelming success of the project Î critical mass triggered high level of self-esteem and self-confidence among
women in the communities (not only among direct beneficiaries) Î other women empowered to become agents of
development in their community Î Women exhibited leadership skills throughout the project.]
¾ Of the many new skills which create the necessary preconditions for increased livelihood security in the longer term,
several were reported as especially significant by women during the FGDs.
FGDs These include:
1) enhanced technical skill of participants in construction field; (women and men during the participatory mapping
exercise noted how much they had learned since the beginning of project);
2) heightened access to education (FGD quote: “we are able to send our children to school; this is our future”;)
3) introduction to and familiarity with the banking system, including knowledge about how to save and plan; (FGD
participants
ti i t reported
t d that
th t they
th never thought
th ht an ‘ema
‘ kiik” (t
(translation:
l ti poor person)) ik
ike them
th would
ld be
b able
bl
to have a bank account);
4) increased knowledge of how to establish and run a small business; (FGD participants repeatedly and
vociferously explained how much they learned about small business management)
5) dramatically heightened sense of ownership and empowerment as agents of their own community development;
(D i the
(During h Multi-Stakeholder
M l i S k h ld Workshop,
W k h women were vocall and d actively
i l engagedd in
i the
h discussions
di i about
b how
h
development should happen in the future.)
TIMOR LESTE: Road Sector Improvement
Project: impact evaluation
¾ Although most participants indicated that they had to spend the 75% of
their salary that they received in cash, FGD participants spoke favorably
about the 25% mandatory savings in the bank account (Î end end-line
line
survey: participants still have an average of $90 in their savings accounts.
Only 18.1% of respondents indicated that they have $0 of savings left in
their account). This data demonstrates that some savings have been
generated directly by the project.
project
¾ The data demonstrates that the income generated during the project
greatly increased livelihood security for direct beneficiaries during project
implementation period. Fully 47% of men and 39% of women reported
that household goods and better food was their biggest spending category
during the project (During the FGDs, most participants reported using the
salary that they earned during the project for “routine” household
expenses such h as soap, salt,
lt andd food
f d for
f their
th i household
h h ld consumption).
ti )
FGD participants reported that these basic expenses simply went unmet
prior to the project period. Although it is impossible to quantify this result,
it seems likelyy that food insecurityy decreased as a result of the p
project.
j
(B) INDIA: Addressing Social and Health Issues Associated with Road
Improvement in Selected North Easter States

PROJECT OUTCOME DESIGN AND MONITORING

Expanded networks and stronger service delivery FRAMEWORK
capabilities for HIV prevention in five north eastern • Reduced high-risk sexual behavior, STI
and HIV incidence and prevalence
states
t t (Assam,
(A M h l
Meghalaya, Mi
Mizoram, M i
Manipur, andd among construction workers, sex
Nagaland) through public–private partnership workers and migrant workers
• Increased number of networks capable
of delivering HIV interventions (20%
from baseline [2009]).
• 750 people trained (250 economic
PROJECT COMPONENTS
operators; 250 state CSO, and PLHIV
• Project baseline and monitoring and evaluation system organizations, and 250 trade unions)
• Institutional framework for HIV Prevention in the • 750 people benefited from direct
infrastructure sector interventions for HIV prevention.
• HIV training and skills transfer programs targeting
economic operators
• Capacity development for state civil society organizations
and trade unions PROJECT PERFORMANCE
• Direct interventions for HIV prevention MONITORING SYSTEM
• Recruitment of TA staff and national
research institute
• Setting project-specific baseline, and
monitoring and evaluation system
• Carrying out of baseline surveys and
capacity needs assessments
(C) SRI LANKA – JFPR on: Improving Connectivity
to Support Livelihoods and Gender Equality

PROJECT OUTCOME DESIGN AND MONITORING

FRAMEWORK
Improved connectivity and quality of life for conflict- • Travel time to local health, education,
affected and isolated rural poor communities in market facilities reduced by 30%
selected districts of the Eastern and North Central • Self employment initiatives increased by
provinces. 30%
• 50% women trained in the maintenance
off RARs
RAR
• 50% women trained in alternative
PROJECT COMPONENTS livelihoods and skills development
• Project Baseline and Performance Monitoring
System
• R h bilit ti and
Rehabilitation dM
Maintenance
i t off R
Rurall A
Access
Roads PROJECT PERFORMANCE MONITORING
• Skills Development for Rural Communities SYSTEM
• Developing Rural Transport Services • Recruit a national research and training
institute to set a sex-disaggregated
baseline and monitor the social and
gender-related results of the Project
 IV. PRC Yunnan Integrated Road
Net ork De
Network Development
elopment Project (2010
pipeline))
A key loan component (community based rural road
maintenance)) will be integrated
g in the Project
j following
g pilot
testing gender mainstreaming activities supported by GAD Fund.
 Community-Based Rural Road
Maintenance
(A loan component of $3 million)
¾ Introduction of ppaid rural
road maintenance by
ethnic community groups
(a suitable system for low
volume and unpaved local
roads)
¾ Training in effective group
working methods
(community contracting will
be introduced)
¾ Training in planning and
implementing rural road
maintenance activities
¾ Expand the impact of the
project to the poor rural
areas
¾ Provide improved all-year
access from rural ethnic
minority villages
z The number of impassable
days due to rain will be
significantly
g y reduced.
z Generate employment for an
estimated 2,000-3,000
community members
z Improved
p o ed rural
u a pub
public
c bus
services to markets, education
and health services
 Key Success Factors
¾ Full support of the local ¾ Integrated Rural Accessibility
government
¾ Design roads: Focus on
critical rural road links
(“Lifeline Roads”)
z Address travel needs and
patterns of women (women
carry heavy loads and move
mostly to sites around the
village and township)
Planning
z Bottom up and participatory
Bottom-up
z local level planning
z tools & techniques
¾ Willingness to try new ways to
improve maintenance quality
and maximize the impact
z Where appropriate, more

z The Project focus on labour intensive maintenance

township-village roads methods are adopted
¾ Community-based z Special attention to
z Through local “women performance-based contracts
groups” and “women
groups women z Provides local employment
families” (women can participate in works
within or near their villages)
V. Exercise
 Question: What would you
d differently
do diff tl in
i the
th projects
j t
you are working on to
address gender concerns?

-Writeon meta cards

-Discuss in the group
-Share widely