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  • 14 Total Internal Reflection

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    Edna Osman
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    The document discusses total internal reflection in optical fibers. It explains that total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense medium to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. This causes the light to reflect back inside the fiber. Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light along their length for applications such as telecommunications, medical imaging, and more. They have advantages over copper cables like higher data capacity and less signal degradation.

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    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Topic 14: Light For GCE O-Level Physics 5054

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    The document discusses total internal reflection in optical fibers. It explains that total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense medium to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. This causes the light to reflect back inside the fiber. Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light along their length for applications such as telecommunications, medical imaging, and more. They have advantages over copper cables like higher data capacity and less signal degradation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    977 views34 pages

    14 Total Internal Reflection

    Uploaded by

    Edna Osman
    The document discusses total internal reflection in optical fibers. It explains that total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense medium to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. This causes the light to reflect back inside the fiber. Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light along their length for applications such as telecommunications, medical imaging, and more. They have advantages over copper cables like higher data capacity and less signal degradation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 34

    Topic 14: Light

    REFLECTION
    TOTAL INTERNAL

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    A Review

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    All the lig
    ht traveli
    through a ng
    n opticall
    denser m y
    reflected e d ium is
    internally
    point of i at the
    ncidence
    .
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    The 2 conditions

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Light ray must travel
    from an optically Angle of incidence
    denser medium must be
    towards greater than
    a less optically dense critical angle.
    medium.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Critical Angle, c

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    o
    r = 90 The angle
    of inciden
    air for which c e
    optically dense the angle
    of refract
    medium
    the optica ion in
    lly less de
    medium n s e
    i=c is 90 deg
    rees.
    o
    What does this sentence means?

    “Glass has a critical angle of 42 .”

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Relationship between Critical Angle and Refractive Index

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    o n = sin i
    r = 90
    air sin r
    optically dense
    So then,
    sin c
    medium

    n = o
    i=c sin 90
    right ?
    But definition of refractive index of a medium

    n = speed of light in vacuum

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    speed of light in medium
    o
    Therefore, r = 90
    o air

    n = sin 90 optically dense


    medium

    sin c
    i=c
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Relationship between Critical Angle and Refractive Index

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    1
    n =
    sin c
    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
    o
    “Glass has a critical angle of 42 .”

    Calculate the refractive index of


    this glass.
    in Diamonds
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    in SLR Cameras
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    in Binoculars
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    in Periscope
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    in Rear Reflectors of Cars & Cycles
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    in Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Thin, flexible, transparent fibers that act as a
    waveguide, or "light pipe".

    Transm
    it light
    betwe
    en the
    two en
    ds of t
    he
    fibre
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    in Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    s i c
    Ba ure
    u c t
    str

    A central glass core of high refractive index coated


    with a thin layer of low refractive index glass.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    in Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N N

    C
    i>c i>c
    i>c

    C N

    A light ray entering the optical fibre is totally


    internally reflected if its angle of incidence is greater
    than the critical angle of the optical fibre.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Current uses of Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Medical Imaging
    In the bronchoscope, endoscopes, laproscopes.
    Used by doctors and surgeons to view internal organs
    through body orifices and small key hole incisions.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Current uses of Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Mechanical Imaging
    Inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engines
    (airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, cars etc).
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Current uses of Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Plumbing
    Inspecting water and sewage pipes for blockages and
    fractures
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Current Uses of Optical Fibres

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Telecommunications
    Transmission of telephone calls & video calls,
    tv broadcasts, internet and data transfer.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Advantages of using Optical Fibres over Copper cables.

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Higher data
    Less carrying capacity
    expensive

    Thinner
    Uses less power to
    transmit signals
    Less signal
    degradation
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Advantages of using Optical Fibres over Copper cables.

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    No electrical Non-flamable
    interference

    Flexible
    Ideal for
    transmitting
    Lightweight digital signals
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    Given an incident ray entering the optical fibre,


    draw the normal line at the point of incidence.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    Light ray is moving


    from less optically dense to optically denser medium,
    the light ray will bend towards the normal.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    If the refractive index of the fibre optic is given,


    use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence,
    use Snell’s law to calculate the angle of refraction and
    then carefully draw the refracted light ray.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    Inside, the refracted ray now hits the boundary
    between the two layers of glass.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    Draw the normal line again at the point of incidence.


    It should be perpendicular to the surface boundary.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    i>c

    Use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence.

    If the angle of incidence > critical angle


    Total Internal Reflection occurs instead of refraction.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    i r

    In reflection, angle of incidence = angle of reflection

    Use a protractor to carefully measure out the angle of


    reflection and construct the reflected light ray.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N N
    C

    C
    i>c i>c
    i>c

    C
    N

    Repeat the steps until the light reaches the end of the
    optical fibre.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    Draw the normal line at the point of incidence.


    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N

    Light ray is moving


    from optically dense to less optically dense medium.
    Light ray will bend away from the normal.
    TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
    Constructing the light path inside the fibre optics

    Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com


    N N

    Your ray diagram may look something like this!

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