RELAYS :

Relays are electromagnetic switches, which provides contact between two

mechanical elements. In this project the relays have a coil, which works on 12V dc
power supply and provides DPDT action as an output. In general relays provide potential
free contacts which can be used for universal function like DC, AC voltage switching and
to control bigger electrical switch gears.

The electromechanical relays are based on the comparison between

operating torque/force and restraining torque/force. The VA burdens of such
relays are high.
The characteristics of these relays have some limitations. Each relay can perform
only one protective function. Protective relaying is necessary for almost every electrical
plant and no part of the power system is left unprotected.

The choice of protection depends upon several aspects such as

 Type and rating of the protected equipment.
 Its importance.
 Location and cost.

There are several electrical equipment and machines of various ratings. Each
needs certain adequate protection. The protective relaying senses the
abnormal conditions in a part of the power system and isolates that part from the healthy
part of system.

FIELD :
The field can be any device like motor, heater, fan, bulb, air conditioner,
multimedia like sound, video, image or anything of the sort.

Relay Circuit Operation:

 In the transmitter section the output of the voltage and current sensing circuit

given as input to the relay circuit. When the voltage sensing circuit sense the low voltage

in area1 It is given as input to the Q1A .So the output is high. Then this high output

double inverted using Schmitt trigger IC.Then the output of the Schmitt trigger IC (PIN

4) given as input to the relay driver IC ULN2003.The IC operates the corresponding

relay, then the relay output connected to the FM transmitter. The corresponding signal

transmitted. This signal received by the FM receiver and given as input to the PORT B as

digital inputs of the PIC.

The output from current sensing circuit is high when overloaded. The high output

is gives as input to the Q2A transistor. So the output from the transistor is low .The low
output inverted and given to the relay driver IC.The corresponding relay on and

transnsmitted the signal through the FM transmitter. The FM receiver receives the signal

and given as input to the PORT B of PIC.Thus The program is designed to display the

corresponding fault. For more number of faults many numbers of channels are used. The

voltage sensing and current sensing circuit output in the receiver directly given to the

input of analog channels of the PIC.These outputs are used to monitor the substation

voltage and current