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KISHENPUR-A PROFILE

Kishenpur is a village situated on the bank of river Tawi, about 65 Kms. from Jammu, on
Dhar-Udhampur Road. This small village came in news first during 1965, when villagers from
border areas from Chhamb and Jourian villages affected by Indo-Pak War were put into camps
in Kishenpur and adjoining village Manwal. After the shifting of displaced persons back to their
villages this was a forgotten village and even now many citizens of the State are unaware of its
fast development. With the approval of Dulhasti Hydroelectric project in 1985 the land of this
village was selected and acquired by NHPC for construction of one of the largest grid stations
of the country to pool and transmit power of upcoming hydroelectric projects of the state. In
Nov.’ 1991 the construction and ownership of the substation passed on to POWERGRID and
today this village is an important landmark in the power map of India.

KISHENPUR-SALIENT FEATURES

 Height above mean sea level : 480Mtrs.


 Village Population : Approx. 2000
 Max. Temperature : 45ºC
 Min. Temperature : 01ºC
 Rainfall : Moderate
 Summer : May-June
 Winter : Dec-Jan

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Climatic conditions:-

 Winter conditions : The peculiar location of Kishenpur in the hills results in heavy wind
during night.
 Summer conditions : Being located in a valley and presence of rocks, here temperature
is very high during the day time, which cools off during nights.

Land area:-

 Substation : 895.16 Kanals (Jammu District)


 Township : 193.13 Kanals (Udhampur District)

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KISHENPUR – POWER POOL

S.NO NAME OF STATION OWNED BY INSTALLED CAPACITY

1. SALAL HYDRO NHPC 6X115 = 690.MW

2. CHAMERA HYDRO NHPC 3X180 =540 MW

3. CHENANI HYDRO PDD 5X5 = 25 MW.

4. URI HYDRO NHPC 4 X 120 = 480 MW

5. PONG HYDRO BBMB 6 X 60 = 360 MW.

6. BAIRA SUIL NHPC 3 X 60 = 180 MW.

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KISHENPUR-MILESTONES

DATE OF
S.NO NAME OF LINE / ICT
COMMISSIONING

1. 220KV SALAL - KISHENPUR - I 15-07-93


2. 220KV SALAL - KISHENPUR - II 15-07-93
3. 220KV KISHENPUR-UDHAMPUR I 15-07-93
4. 220KV KISHENPUR-UDHAMPUR -II 15-07-93
5. 220KV KISHENPUR-SARNA - II 06-09-94
6. 220KV KISHENPUR-SARNA-I 07-09-94
7. 220KV KISHENPUR-PAMPORE-I 09-06-96
8. 220KV KISHENPUR-PAMPORE - II 09-06-96
9. 220KV KISHENPUR-SALAL III 31-07-96
10. 220KV KISHENPUR-SALAL – IV 31-07-96
11. 220/400KV 315 MVA ICT-I 05-09-97
12. 220/400KV 315 MVA ICT – II 05-09-97
13. 400KV CHAMERA-KISHENPUR 05-09-97
14. SERIES COMPENSATION 02.06.99
OF 220kV D/C PAMPORE
I & II
15. 400kV S/C DULHASTI 31.03.2000
KISHENPUR -I
16. 800kV KMTL –I ( CHARGED 31.03.2000
17. 800kV KMTL –II AT400kV 19.01.01
LEVEL )
18. Kishenpur-Moga
19. 800kV KMTL –1 (charged at 400kV) 29.04.2000
20. 800kV KMTL –2 (charged at 400kV) 19.01.2001
21. Dulhasti combined transmission system
22. 400kV Kishenpur- Wagoora – 1 29.10.2006
23. 400kV Kishenpur- Wagoora – 2 29.10.2006
24. Baghliar PDC
25. 400kV Kishenpur- Baglihar – 1 25.07.2008
26. 400 KV Kishenpur Baglihar-II 12.08.2008

PSEB & JKPDD bays under O&M of Kishenpur Sub Station:

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1. Udhampur Grid Station JKPDD:

a) 220KV Kishenpur-Udhampur-I

b) 220KV Kishenpur-Udhampur-II

2. Gladni Grid Station, Jammu JKPDD:

a) 220KV Salal-Jammu-I

b) 220KV Salal-Jammu-II

c) 220KV Jammu-Hiranagar

3. Sarna Grid Station, PSEB:

a) 220KV Sarna-Hiranagar

b) 220KV Kishenpur-Sarna-I

c) 220KV Kishenpur-Sarna-II

d) 220KV Sarna-Dasuya-I

e) 220KV Sarna-Dasuya-II

4. Hiranagar Grid Station, JKPDD:

a) 132KV Sewa-Hiranagar-I

b) 132KV Sewa-Hiranagar-II

5. Mahanpur Grid Station, JKPDD:

a) 132KV Sewa

b) 132KV Kathua

6. Kathua Grid Station, JKPDD:

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a) 132KV Mahanpur

b) 132KV Sewa

KISHENPUR – Substation
S.No NAME OF VOLTAGE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRCTION
BAY LEVEL AGENCY PERIOD
1. SALAL- I 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. SALAL- II 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. UDH AMPUR- 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
I
1. UDHAMPUR 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
– II
1. TBC 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. BUS COUPLER 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. SARNA- I 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – SEP’94
1. SARNA- II 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – SEP’94
1. PAMPORE- I 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUN’96
1. PAMPORE- II 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUN’96
1. KISHTWAR- I 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. KISHTWAR- II 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. SALAL- III 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. SALAL- IV 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. ICT – I 220/400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’93 – SEP’97
1. ICT – II 220/400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’93 – SEP’97
1. CHAMERA 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’93 – SEP’97
1. MOGA- I 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’97 – SEP’99
1. MOGA –II 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’97 – SEP’99
2. Wagoora-1 400 KV IRCON ’2004 – 2006
3. Wagoora-2 400 KV IRCON ’ 2004 – 2006
1. BUS REACTOR 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’97 – SEP’99
2. DULHASTI- I 400KV INDO POWER ’98 – SEP’99
2. SERIES 220KV BHEL ’98 - JUNE99
COMP.
PAMPORE-
1&2

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MAJOR EQUIPMENTS AT KISHENPUR

TRANSFORMER
 RATING : 400/220 kV, 105 MVA, SINGLE PHASE
 COOLING : ONAN / ONAF / OFAF
 QUANTITY : 7 NOS. = 2 BANKS OF 3 PHASES AND ONE SPARE
 MAKE : BHEL

CIRCUIT BREAKER
 RATING : 400kV, SF6
 OPERATION : PNEUMATIC CLOSE & OPEN
 QUANTITY : 18 NOS. = 7 WITHOUT PIR + 11 WITH

 MAKE : ABB

 RATING : 220kV, SF6

 OPERATION : PNEUMATIC CLOSE & OPEN


 QUANTITY : 4 NOS.
 MAKE : ABB

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 RATING : 220kV, SF6
 OPERATION : PNEUMATIC OPEN & SPRING CLOSE
 QUANTITY : 14 NOS.
 MAKE : CGL

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 RATING : 400 kV, SINGLE PHASE
 MAKE : TELK, AREVA

 RATING : 220 kV, SINGLE PHASE

 MAKE : TELK, CGL, BHEL

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER


 RATING : 400 kV, SINGLE PHASE

 MAKE : ABB, AREVA

 RATING : 220 kV, SINGLE PHASE


 MAKE : CGL, WSI

RECORDERS AND FAULT LOCATERS

S. NAME OF LINE / ICT / RECORDER / FAULT LOCATER MAKE TYPE


NO. BUS

01. 220KV SALAL - I DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

02. 220KV SALAL - II DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

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03. 220KV SALAL - I & II DR & INBUILT FAULT AREVA MICOM*
LOCATER

04. 220KV UDH. - I DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

05. 220KV UDH. - II DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

06. 220KV UDH. - I & II DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

07. 220KV SALAL - III & IV DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

08. 220KV SARNA -I DISTRUBANCE RECORDER ABB INDACTIC65

09. 220KV PAMPORE - I FAULT LOCATER ABB RANZA

10. 220KV PAMPORE - II FAULT LOCATER ABB RANZA

11. 220KV PAMPORE - I & II DISTURBANCE RECORDER CSD IMS 8*

12. 220KV UDHAMPUR -I & II DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

13. 400KV CHAMERA DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

14. 400KV CHAMERA DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

15. 400kV MOGA-I DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

16. 400kV MOGA-II DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

17. 400kV DULHASTI-I DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

18. 400kV DULHASTI-I DISTURBANCE RECORDER AREVA MICOM*

19. 220KV BUS - I VOLTAGE ADAPT CR100

20 220KV BUS - I FREQUENCY ADAPT 3210

21. 220KV BUS - II VOLTAGE ADAPT CR100

22. 220KV BUS - II FREQUENCY ADAPT 3210

23. 400KV BUS - I VOLTAGE ADAPT 3210

24. 400KV BUS - I FREQUENCY ADAPT 3210

25. 400KV BUS - II VOLTAGE ADAPT 3210

26. 400KV BUS - II FREQUENCY ADAPT 3210

POPULATION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS

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(220KV SIDE)

S.NO DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT MAKE TYPE QTY.

1 Circuit Breaker ABB ELF SL4-1 4

CGL 14

2 Current transformer BHEL IS2705 15

TELK NPOU2LVZ 6

CGL ISOK:245/460/1050 27

3 Capacitive Voltage Transformer CGL CVE:245/1050/50 27

WSI CVE:245/1050 11

BHEL 2

ALSTOM CVEB:245/1050/50 1

ABB 245K/W/220N 1

4 Lightening Arrestors WSI 1.0-20001R(A)2000 1

ELPRO 9L11ZMU 42

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POPULATION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS
(400KV SIDE)

S.NO DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT MAKE TYPE QTY.

1 3×105 MVA 400/220/33 KV ICT BHEL Auto Transformer 2 UNIT+


1 SPARE
2 400KV BUS REACTOR BHEL 01

3 400KV LINE REACTOR BHEL 02

4 CIRCUIT BREAKER ABB EL(V)FSL6-2(PIR) 18


ELFSP6-21
5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER TELK NPOU2LVZ 388

ALSTOM IT-400 21

BHEL IS2705 28

6 Capacitive Voltage Transformer ALSTOM CVEB:245/1050/5 12


0
ABB 421KV/W/420N 18

7 Lightening Arrestors WSI 1.0-2000IR(A)2000 17

ELPRO 9L11ZMU 13

OBLUM METAVAR 6
METALOXIDE
ALSTOM ZODIVER 6

Technical Parameters
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1. Total Transformation capacity           :         630MVA

2. No. of Lines               : 400 KV – 08 Nos.

a) (Kishenpur - Baglihar D/C)

b) (Kishenpur - Moga D/C)

c) (Kishenpur - Wagoora D/C)

d) (Kishenpur- Dulhasti S/C)

e) (Kishenpur- Chamera S/C)

: 220 KV – 12 Nos.

a) (Kishenpur –Salal-I&II D/C)

b) (Kishenpur - Salal III & IV D/C )

(Kishenpur-Sarna D/C)

c) (Kishnepur-Udhampur D/C)

d) (Kishenpur- Pampore D/C)

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e) (Kishenpur – Barn D/C )

3. No. of Existing Bays :400 KV – 18 Nos. (08 Line Bay + 7 Tie Bay + 1

Bus Reactor bay + 2

ICT Bay)

220 KV- 18 Nos. (12 Line Bay + 2 ICT Bay

+FSC Bay+ 1 Bus Coupler

+ 1 TBC)

4. No. of 105 MVA, 400/220/33 KV ICTs       :         07 Nos. (Including 01 Spare)

5. Bus bar Scheme   : 400KV - One & Half Circuit Breaker.

220KV- Double Main & Transfer Bus

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AUTO TRANSFORMER (TECHNICAL DETAILS):-

 MAKE : BHEL

 TYPE OF COOLING : ONAN/ONAF/OFAF

 RATING HV&IV (MVA) : 42/63/105

 40% 60% 100%

 RATING LV (MVA) : 35

 TEMP. RISE OIL : 40 ABOVE AMBIENT OF 50°C

 TEMP. RISE WINDING : 55 ABOVE AMBIENT OF 50°C

 CORE & WINDING (KG) : 54780

 WT. OF OIL (KG) : 29580

 TOTAL WEIGHT (KG) :123300

 TRANSPORT WEIGHT (KG) : 67000

 OIL QUANTITY (LITRE) : 34000

 UNTANKING WEIGHT (KG) : 8000

 FREQUENCY : 50 HZ

 PHASE : SINGLE

 CONNECTION : YNa0d11 FOR 3-PHASE BANK

 TO INDIAN STANDARD : 2026

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BUS REACTOR (TECHNICAL DETAILS):-

 MAKE : BHEL

 TYPE OF COOLING : ONAN

 RATING VOLTAGE (KV) : 420

 RATING CURRENT (A) : 87

 RATING POWER (MVAR) : 63

 TEMP. RISE OIL : 50 (OVER AMBIENT OF 50°C)

 TEMP. RISE WINDING : 50 (OVER AMBIENT OF 50°C)

 CORE & WINDING (KG) : 59410

 WT. OF OIL (KG) : 34565

 TOTAL WEIGHT (KG) :121970

 TRANSPORT WEIGHT (KG) : 75000

 OIL QUANTITY (LITRE) : 39730

 UNTANKING WEIGHT (KG) : 8000

 FREQUENCY : 50 HZ

 PHASE : THREE

 LIGHTENING IMPLUSE : 1300KVP (LINE

 SWITCHING IMPLUSE : 1050 KVP (LINE)

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SUBSTATION LAYOUT- General Arrangement

 Placement of switchyard

 Control Room placement

 Fire fighting pump house placement

 DG set placement

 LT station placement

(ACDB, DCDB, Battery Bank & Battery Charges)

 Identification of roads & rail tracks

 Identification of boundary wall and fencing

 Identification of approach roads

Space for colony and other infrastructures

Switchyard Layout
 Single Line Diagram

 Bus Switching Scheme

 Normal rating with temperature rise, Short time current rating

 Rating & insulation levels of the equipments

 Bay numbering

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Major factors deciding a layout
 Standard factors
 Electrical clearances
 Heights of different levels & electric field
 Variable factors
 Shape of land & feeder orientation
 Bus bar arrangement
 Type of isolator used
 Arrangement of lightning protection
 Location of control room building, FFPH
 Roads and rail tracks

Switchyard at
Substation
Kishenpur

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

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Bus Bar Switching Schemes

Factors dictating choice of bus switching scheme

1) Reliability

No Power interruption during Bus fault

2) CB Maintenance

No Power interruption during CB maintenance. Taking out CB for maintenance shall be


easy

3) Bus Bar Maintenance

No Power interruption during Bus bar maintenance

4) Simplicity of protection arrangements

Protection arrangements shall be simple for easy commissioning and regular checking

5) Ease of Extension

Extension of Bus bar necessary to take care of future expansion. Power interruption
during such extension works.

6) Cost

Optimal techno-economic solution

Bus Switching Schemes


 Single Main Bus Scheme

– With sectionaliser & without sectionaliser

 Single Main & Transfer Bus Scheme

 Double Main Bus Scheme

 Double Main with by-pass isolator Bus scheme

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 Double Main & Transfer Bus Scheme

 One & Half Breaker Bus Scheme

 Double bus two breaker Scheme

 Ring Bus Scheme

IN THE STATION ONLY TWO SCHEMES ARE USED OUT OF


LISTED ABOVE

 One & half breaker bus scheme for a 400KV system.


 Double main & transfer bus scheme.

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1. SINGLE BUS SCHEME

 Simplest and cheapest bus bar


scheme

 Maintenance and extensions of


bus bars are not possible
without shutdown of the
substation.

 Operation & maintenance of


bus bar is easy.

2. SINGLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

 Individual CB can be taken out


for maintenance on-load at a
time.

 The transfer bus coupler acts as


the breaker for the circuit under
by pass.

 Individual circuits have a bypass


isolator to connect to the
transfer bus and this isolator will
be closed during bypass
operation of that particular
circuit.

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3. DOUBLE BUS SCHEME

 Load will be distributed on both


the buses and the bus coupler
shall be normally closed.

 For maintenance & extension of


any one of the buses the entire
load will be transferred to the
other bus.

 On load transfer of a circuit from


one bus to the other bus is
possible through bus isolators
provided the bus coupler is closed
and thereby two buses are at the same potential.

 On load bypassing of any circuit for breaker maintenance is not possible.

4. DOUBLE BUS WITH BY-PASS SCHEME

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 This bus arrangement provides the facilities of a double bus arrangement & a main and
transfer bus arrangement.

 The bus to which the transfer bus isolator is connected can be used as a transfer bus
also.

 During the time a circuit is under bypass, the bus coupler will act as the breaker for the
bypassed circuit.

5. DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

 In this bus scheme, in


addition to the two
main buses there will be a
separate transfer bus
also.

 Since separate transfer


bus is available there
will be no need of
transferring the load
from one bus to the
other bus unlike in a
double main cum
transfer bus
arrangement.

 Other features are


similar to the one
described in double bus
with by pass arrangement.

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6. BREAKER AND HALF SCHEME

 In this scheme, two circuits


have three breakers; the middle
breaker ties the two circuits
and hence is called the tie
breaker.

 Breaker or bus maintenance is


possible without any shut down
of the feeder

 Even if both the buses are out


of service, power can be
transferred from one feeder to
another feeder through tie
breaker

7. DOUBLE BUS TWO BREAKER SCHEME

 Each feeder is controlled by


two breakers.

 This arrangement is
comparatively costlier than
other scheme and hence
followed in very important
circuit only.

 In this arrangement breaker


maintenance for any feeder
circuit is easily possible without
any shutdown.

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8. RING BUS SCHEME

 As long as the ring is closed load has


two sources of supply and any
circuit breaker can be taken out of
service without affecting the
supply.

 Extension of ring scheme is


difficult.

 No bus bar protection required.

Bus Switching Selection considerations

 Reliability

 Operation Flexibility

 Ease of Maintenance

 Short Circuit Level Limitation

 Simplicity of Protection Arrangement

 Ease of Future expansion

 Land availability

 Cost

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Transmission Lines Materials

 Conductor

 Earth wire

 Insulators

 Conductor Accessories / Hardware’s

 Earth wire Accessories

Conductor
 Major item in any Tr.line

 15 – 20 % of the line cost

 Twin Moose (ACSR) Generally used in 400KV lines

 Confirm to IS:398(Part-V) / IEC:1089

 Other conductors, ACSR., Kundah., Zebra., Morkulla., Bersimis, Coyate etc

Conductor Specifications

Strands & Dia 54 / 3.53mm Aluminum


+7/3.53 mm steel

Number of strands:

Steel 1

1st steel layer 6

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1st Alu. layer 12

2nd Alu. Layer 18

3rd Alu. layer 24

Sectional Area 528.5 Sq.mm

Overall Dia 31.77 mm

Unit Mass 2.004 Kg/M

DC resistance at 20 Deg 0.05552 Ohm/KM

Current Carrying capacity 950 Amps @ 28 Deg

Minimum UTS 161.2KN

Earth wire
 Two earth wires are used in 400KV
 Used to carry the short circuit lines
current

 Protection against Lightning  Shielding angle;

 Single Circuit # 20 Degrees


 Double Circuit # 10 Degrees

Specifications of E/W

a. 7/9 SWG ( 7/3.66mm, 7 strands of Gal. steel)


b. Overall Dia – 10.98mm

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c. Unit mass - 583Kg/Km
d. DC resistance – 2.5 Ohms/KM
i. UTS - 68.4KN

Insulators
 Purpose  Specification’s:

 Types; o Rated Voltage : 11KV

o Pin, Disc, Long Rod, Anti- o Creepage Distance : 315mm


fog, Polymer for 120KN

o 90KN, 120KN & 160KN o 330mm for 160KN

 Construction of a Insulator

Conductor Accessories

 Single Suspension Fittings  Balancing Weight

 Double Tension Fittings  Mid-span Joint for ACSR

 Bundle Spacer  Repair Sleeves

 Rigid Spacer  “T” Connector

 Vibration Damper

Earth Wire Accessories

 Suspension Clamp  Vibration Damper

 Tension Clamp  Mid-span Compression Joint for


E/W
 Flexible Copper Bond

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220 KV T.L. SERIES COMPENSATION (FSC)

220 KV double circuits Kishenpur–Pampore line, ^requirement with Uri Transmission


system & belonging to Power Development Department of Govt. of J&K, is a vital link between
Kashmir valley and rest of the country. During winters the power requirement in the valley is
met with this line, while generation at Uri during summer is evacuated on this line. This line
had a limitation of 150 MW power flows, before used to it become unstable. This caused under
utilization of thermal limit of line. The installation of 220 KV series capacitor on these lines has
increased the power handling capacity of line by 67%.

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Technical Data of FSC:

Technical Particulars of series capacitor banks:


Rated output : 3 x 19.2MVar
Rated Voltage : 24kV
Rated current : 800A
Rated Frequency : 50Hz ± 3%
No. of phases : 03 (each bank independent)
Rated capacitance per phase : 106.1 µF
Total units in bank : 96
No. of series section per phase (bank) : 4 No.
No. of units in parallel per series group : 24
Watt loss / KVar : 0.20 W/KVar

Technical Particulars of series capacitor units:


Rated output : 292 kVar
Rated voltage : 7.25 kV
No. of bushings & type : 2 Nos. Soliderable Type
Rated Frequency : 50Hz ± 3%
No. of phases : Single
Rated capacitance : 17.68 µF
Watt loss / KVar : 0.20 W/KVar

Current setting for Auto-Operation: FSC come into service when line-current > 160A & come
out of service when line current < 60A.

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TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first
or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding
and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to
the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows. By appropriate selection
of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be
"stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np.

Power transformers at Grid

AUTOTRANSFORMER

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An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more
terminals at intermediate tap points. The primary voltage is applied across two of the
terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost always having one
terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and secondary circuits therefore
have a number of windings turns in common. Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both
windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer
part of the current flows directly from the input to the output, and only part is transferred
inductively, allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a
single winding .However, a transformer with separate windings isolates the primary from the
secondary, which is safer when using mains voltages.

An adjustable autotransformer is made by exposing part of the winding coils and making the
secondary connection through a sliding brush, giving a variable turns ratio. Such a device is
often referred to as a variac.

Autotransformers are often used to step up or down between voltages in the 110-117-120 volt
range and voltages in the 220-230-240 volt range, e.g., to output either 110 or 120V (with taps)
from 230V input, allowing equipment from a 100 or 120V region to be used in a 230V region.

SWITCH GEAR

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Circuit Breakers Relays Current Transformer

Isolators Voltage Transformer

Switches

CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an


electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect
a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

Circuit breakers - functions

 Carries current when closed


 Withstands voltage when open
 Withstands fault currents for short
 Can interrupt load currents
 Can interrupt fault currents
 Can interrupt small inductive & capacitive currents without creating excessive
overvoltage’s

CATEGORISATION - There are different ways of classifying circuit breakers. One way is by
the method used for arc quenching:-

a) Oil-circuit breakers c) Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers


b) Air blast circuit breakers d) Vacuum circuit breakers

On the basis of operating mechanism:-

a) Spring operated circuits c) Pressure operated circuit breaker


b) Solenoid operated circuit breaker

Page | 34
Circuit breakers can also be divided into broad categories on account of its operation. These
are:-

a) Fixed trip type – These are the breakers which can be closed on faults and the breaker
will trip only after completing the closed operation.
b) Trip free type - These are breakers which do not complete closing operation if tripping
signal on account of a fault exists, the breaker shall start tripping operation before the
contact actually meets.

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: This Circuit Breaker is of single break type. These normally comprise
of 2 sections: 1 upper compartment containing the arc control device and fixed and moving
contacts and a lower supporting compartment. The arc control device is contained in a
bakelised paper enclosure which is in turn in a porcelain insulator. Support for this
compartment is provided by porcelain or bakelised paper support insulators. An insulating link
passing through the support chamber drives the moving contact.

AIR BLAST BREAKERS: In the case of air blast breakers also, the interrupters are insulated
from earth b means of porcelain insulators, the number being determined by the system
voltage. Normally support insulators may carry up to 4 interrupter units. The air supply blast
pipe to the interrupter units may be mounted one above the other and fed via bypass blast
pipes or on branches from a common point at the top of the support insulator. A large
diameter blast valve controls the flow of the air from the local air receiver to the interrupting
units. The whole of the operating mechanism of the circuit forms an electricity operated trip
coil. Isolation in this type of circuit breaker is achieved by keeping the interrupters open and
the contact gas is permanently pressurized. The loss of the air in the pressurized circuit breaker
will result in either its reclousure or loss of dielectric strength across the open contacts. Such
an occurrence could prove disastrous to the system.

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER: This type of circuit breaker is of similar construction as the dead tank
bulk oil volume type of circuit breaker, but to principle of current interruption is similar to the
air blast circuit breaker. It doesn’t therefore represent a new conception of circuit breaker but
simply employs a new arc extinguishing medium named SF 6. The success of the circuit breaker
depends solely on the high arc interrupting performance of the gas i.e. when it is broken down
under electrical stress, it will very quickly reconstruct itself. It is 5 times heavier than air and
has approximately twice the dielectric strength. The circuit breaker is completely sealed and
operates as a closed system which means that no flame is emitted during operation and noise
level is considerably reduced.

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VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER: In a vacuum circuit breaker, two electrical contacts are
enclosed in a vacuum. One of the contacts is fixed, and one of the contacts is movable. When
the circuit breaker detects a dangerous situation, the movable contact pulls away from the
fixed contact, interrupting the current. Because the contacts are in a vacuum, arcing between
the contacts is suppressed, ensuring that the circuit remains open. As long as the circuit is
open, it will not be energized. Vacuum circuit breakers are very durable, and they are designed
to last for an extended period of time. These electrical safety devices can be made with a
variety of materials, depending on the need and the preference of the manufacturer. As with
other devices used to interrupt current for safety, vacuum circuit breakers are given a rating
which indicates the kind of conditions they can handle. When people install circuit breakers,
they must confirm that the breaker they are using is suitable for the conditions; a breaker
which is rated too low can fail catastrophically.
Out of these, circuit breakers used in Kishenpur S.S are:-
1. Gas circuit breaker 2. SF 6 circuit breaker

FOR 200KV SIDE FOR 400KV SIDE

Gas circuit breaker SF6 circuit breaker

 Voltage : 245KV Voltage : 420KV


 Operation: spring-spring Operation : spring- pneumatic
(Close-open) (Close- open)

Page | 36
Make: Crompton Greaves Make: Crompton Greaves

RELAYS
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

Fundamental Requirements of Protective Relaying

In order that protective relay system may perform its function satisfactorily, it should have the
following qualities:

a) Selectivity d) reliability
b) Speed e) simplicity
c) sensitivity f) economy

(i) Selectivity: It is the ability of the protective system to select correctly that part of the system
in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the system.

(ii) Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible for the
following reasons:

(a) Electrical apparatus may be damaged if they are made to carry the fault currents for a
long time.

(b) A failure on the system leads to a great reduction in the system voltage. If the faulty
section is not disconnected quickly, then the low voltage created by the fault may shut down
con- summers’ motors and the generators on the system may become unstable.

(c) The high speed relay system decreases the possibility of development of one type of
fault into the other more severe type.

(iv) Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under the pre-determined Condi-
ions. Without reliability, the protection would be rendered largely ineffective and could even
become a liability.

(v) Simplicity: The relaying system should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. Reli-
ability is closely related to simplicity. The simpler the protection scheme, the greater will be its
reliability.

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(vi) Economy: The most important factor in the choice of a particular protection scheme is the
economic aspect. Sometimes it is economically unjustified to use an ideal scheme of
protection and a compromise method has to be adopted.

TYPE OF RELAYS

Induction Relays: Electromagnetic induction relays operate on the


principle of induction motor and are widely used for protective
relaying purposes involving a.c. quantities. An induction relay
essentially consists of a pivoted aluminum disc placed in two
alternating magnetic fields of the same frequency but displaced in
time and space. The torque is produced in the disc by the interaction
of one of the magnetic fields with the currents induced in the disc by
the other.

Over current Relay (non-directional): This type of relay works on the


induction principle and initiates corrective measures when current in
the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The actuating source is a
current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relays are used on a.c. circuits only and can operate for fault
current flow in either direction.

Directional Over current Relay: When a short-circuit occurs, the


system voltage falls to a low value and there may be insufficient
torque developed in the relay to cause its operation. This difficulty is
overcome in the directional over current relay which is designed to
be almost independent of system voltage and power factor.

Distance or Impedance Relays: Their operation is governed by the ratio of


applied voltage to current in the protected circuit. In an impedance relay,
the torque produced by a current element is opposed by the torque
produced by a voltage element. The relay will operate when the ratio V/I is
less than a pre determined value.

i) Definite-distance relay which operates instantaneously for fault up to a


pre-determined distance from the relay.

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(ii) Time-distance relay in which the time of operation is proportional to the distance of fault
from the relay point. A fault nearer to the relay will operate it earlier than a fault farther away
from the relay.

Differential Relays: A differential relay is one that operates when the


phasor difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a
pre-determined value. The difference between the incoming and
outgoing currents is arranged to flow through the operating coil of the
relay. If this differential current is equal to or greater than the pickup
value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty section.

POPULATION OF PROTECTION RELAYS (400&220 KV SIDE)

S.NO Description of equipment Type of Name of Quantity


protection protection

1 400/220 KV ICT- I and II DIFFERNTIAL DOUBIAS 2

OVERFLOW HV RATUB 4
&IV
REF RADHD 2

BACK UP O/C & CDD 4


E/F
OVERLOAD RXIG 21 2
RELAY
2 400/220 KV BUS BARS DIFFERNTIAL RADSS 4
3 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE LZ 96 6

4 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE MICOMP442 14

5 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE SIPROTEC 2

6 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE RAZFE 11

7 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE MICOM P437 1

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8 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE OPTIMHO 4

CT – Current Transformer

 Transforms the primary current to a lower value suitable for


meters and protection relays.
 Maximum secondary current is usually 1 A or 5 A (amperes).
 Maximum (rated) primary current to secondary current given by
C.T. Ratio, e.g. 500/1, 1200/1 etc.

INTERNAL DESIGN
 There is one conductor which carries the primary current and it is
connected in series with the electrical circuit. The secondary
current is taken from the coils which are mounted around the
primary conductor. The number of secondary coils may vary
based on the requirement. Standard is 3 and 5 coils. Secondary
current is normally 1 A or 5A.

Page | 40
INTERNAL DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION
Normally the purpose of the various secondary coils is as given below –

a) Coil or Core-I : Protection

b) Core –II : Protection

c) Core – III : Metering

d) Core – IV : Protection

e) Core – V : Protection

TYPES OF CT

There are basically two kinds of CTs:

a) Dead tank type b) Live tank type

Primary Primary
conductor conductor &
Secondary
(insulated)
windings in top
extended to tank tank. Secondary
at bottom. cables brought
down to
Terminal Box at
bottom

Page | 41
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CT

 Electrically isolates the instruments and relays from High Voltage side.

 Measures / monitors current.

 Used in measuring power flow.

 Senses abnormalities in current for system protection.

CVT (Capacitor
Voltage
Transformer

Page | 42
CVT – Purpose of Use

 Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is connected in between high voltage line and
ground to provide proportionate low voltage on the secondary side to meters &
protective relays.
 Also used for PLCC

Function

 Electrically isolate the instruments and relays from High voltage side.
 Measure / Monitor voltage.
 Measure power flow.
 Senses abnormalities in voltage for system protection.
 Traps communication signals for PLCC.

CONSTRUCTION

It consists of Coupling Capacitor which acts as a voltage divider and one Electro
Magnetic Unit (EMU) which transforms medium voltage to standard low voltage.

The coupling capacitor active part consists of large number of oil impregnated paper or paper
& film capacitor elements connected in series. Capacitor tissue paper and pure aluminum foils
are used for making capacitor elements.

The EMU tank consists of a medium voltage transformer, damping element and surge
protection device. This unit is housed inside a steel tank

Page | 43
Lightning Arrester or Surge Arrester

Method of
Connection

Why Surge arrestor is required?

• Security guard at entry of Sub Station to block entry or to protect against surge voltages

• Electrical networks may be subjected to high voltage high frequency surges due to
switching surges, lightening, load rejection, single phase faults etc.

• These disturbances take form of traveling waves with high amplitude and steep wave
fronts

• Disturbances if reach terminal of equipment may cause extensive damage if exceeds BIL,
SIL.

• Accordingly proper insulation co-ordination is done by providing Surge Arrestors

• Generally provided at line entry and near Transformer terminal in Sub Station

• Whenever a surge comes ,it should be grounded through non linear resistors provided
in SA

• A good surge arrestor should have:-

I. Rapid response to impulse O/V

Page | 44
II. Independent of wave polarity

III. High thermal capability

IV. Consistent behavior

Principles of operation

• When a surge occurs by direct stroke or through traveling wave from transmission line
due to atmospheric or system disturbances, the material inside the LA (ZnO elements)
start conducting and provides a path for the surge to flow to the ground.

• For normal operating voltage the material inside the LA is non conductive and provides
open circuit between the conductor and the ground.

SELECTION OF SURGE RATING

Objective: To select the lowest rated surge arrester that will have

• Satisfactory service life on the power system

• Which will provide adequate protection of equipment insulation

An arrester of minimum practical rating is generally preferred because it provides the


greatest margin of protection for the insulation.

The use of higher rating

• Increases the capability of the arrester to survive on the power system, but

• reduces the margin of protection it provides for a specific insulation level

• ARRESTER SELECTION MUST STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN ARRESTER SURVIVAL AND


EQUIPMENT PROTECTION.

WAVE TRAP

 It is an equipment which is used to block the High frequency Carrier signals from
entering into power system.

 It is installed in the phase which is used for PLCC.

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How it Looks

CONSTRUCTION

 It is basically an Inductive coil of value in mill Henry.

 To discharge the surges, one LA is provided inside the WT.

 Mounting is done some times over the Coupling Capacitor and sometimes separately on
support insulators depending on design. Sometimes hung from gantry.

ISOLATOR

 Isolator is a device which is used to isolate an Electrical


network for carrying out maintenance.

 Purpose of use of Isolator & CB appears to be same.


Only difference is that in case of Isolator there is no
control for the Arc generated during make and break.

Page | 46
 Therefore an Isolator is to be operated only when there is no power flow in the circuit.

 Earth switch to be closed only when isolator main contact is open and there is no
voltage on E/S Side of isolator.

Types of Isolator

A) Based on arrangement B) Based on phase

i) Horizontal Single Break or Centre Break Three phase/ double phase/ single phase
(HCB)
C) Based on Earth switch
ii) Horizontal Double Break (HDB)
i) Without E/S
iii) Tandem Isolator (HCB)
ii) With 1 E/s
iv) Pantograph Isolators
iii) With 2 E/S.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

PLCC means Power Line Carrier Communication. Using the EHV Transmission line as a
medium, the link is established among the stations connected with the Transmission network.
It is used to serve three purposes mainly. The purposes are:
 For Voice communication.
 For data transmission.
 For transmission of carrier-aided trip signal for reduction of tripping time for the remote
Circuit breaker or in other words, reduction of fault feeding time during occurrence of
fault in the Transmission line.

ADVANTAGES OF PLCC
 High reliability as that of the power lines
 Low capital and running cost
Disadvantages
 Limited bandwidth of 4 KHz
 Low speed of data transfer (typical 1200 baud, transfer of file comprising of graphics size
of 1 MB take minutes )
 Needs separate Battery/Battery chargers for reliable DC supply

Page | 47
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF PLCC

 A carrier frequency in the range 36 to 500 KHz is generated in a high frequency


oscillator. It is then amplified, modulated by speech and other super – imposed signals
like telemetering, teleprotection etc. whenever required and transmitted over power
lines.

 Coupling equipments (i.e. coupling device and Coupling capacitor) are used for isolation
of Carrier equipment from high tension voltage and providing a low impedance path for
the carrier frequency. In addition wave traps are used to confine the carrier current
signals between the two Carrier Equipment located at respective substations.

Basic equipments for PLCC are:

a. Outdoor equipments :
i. Line Trap
ii. Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT)/Coupling capacitors ( CC )
iii. Line matching unit with protective device ( Coupling device : CD )
iv. Co-axial cable.

b. Indoor equipments :

i. Power line Carrier set

ii. Dialing Exchange & Phone sets.

iii. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), Interface Cubicle and Modem.

iv. Protection coupler.

v. Line trap: Normally, operating frequency range of PLCC system is from 50 KHz to 500
KHz. The line trap is basically an inductance of rating 0.5/1.0 MHz depending upon
the voltage level (132KV / 220/400KV). It blocks the PLCC signal to enter into the
bus. (Impedance ώ = 2π f L).

Page | 48
vi. CVT / CC: Normally rating is 5500pF. It allows the PLCC signal to follow its defined
path. (impedance ώ = 1/ 2π f C )

vii. Line matching unit (LMU/CD): It matches the impedance of the PLC set with that of
the Tr. Line for Maximum power transfer. It is also fitted with the protective device.

viii. Co-axial cable: It is an armored cable of low-loss property. There are three layers.
Inner most layers are single core copper conductor called “hot point”. Next to it is
Copper mesh which is to be earthed. Outermost layer is steel tape armor for
environment protection.

Types of coupling mode

a. Phase to ground – is the primitive type in which only one line trap, one CC and one LMU
are involved. Merit: Cheap. Demerit: many, the biggest is earth is the return path and
due to its non-uniform resistivity, signal attenuation is very high. Speech communication
may be ok but not recommended for data / protection signaling.

b. Phase to Phase coupling: Best option for single circuit line. Two sets of outdoor
equipments are installed in two phases. Conductor is the return path and in the case of
one set O/D faulty, it becomes Ph/G coupling in which at least speech is possible.

c. Inter-Circuit coupling: Best among the entire coupling mode. But only possible in double
circuit line. It is basically phase to phase coupling using one conductor from each circuit.

POWERGRID IS ADOPTING ONLY PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING FOR ALL THE LINES

Data Transmission

Field data is acquired using CT/PT, breaker, isolator, transformer tap.

Page | 49
ii. All above are terminated in a SIC (System Interface Cubicle) which is a cubicle full of
Transducers for analog data and Relays for digital data.
Iii. Output of transducers are 4 -20mA (DC) depending upon the value of the Analog
measured. Output of the relays is DC voltage depending upon the condition of the CB /
Isolator.

iv. All these outputs are fed to the RTU (remote terminal unit) which is a telemeter trans-
receiver and which converts the analog input into digital signals (A to D conversion) and
prepares data packets.

v. These data packets are fed to the PLCC using MODEMs which is an equipment runs in FSK
(frequency shift keying) mode. The Modem normally generates an audio frequency called
“centre frequency”. It starts generating some other defined frequency as soon as the keying
is done by the RTU data packet. (2520 ± 60).

vi. Finally, the modem output is fed to the “data input port” or the port known as
“superimposed channels” of the PLC set which ultimately sends the same to the next
station. Use of TBF is required in the intermediate station for isolation of Pilot frequency.

vii. At the other end, the RF modulated data packet enters into the PLC where the signal gets
RF & IF demodulated and finally comes to audio level. This signal is fed to a Modem of
frequency matching with the Transmit end.

vii. Finally, the signal is fed to the Front end computer where the actual data is visualized.

viii. In most of the cases under ULDC scheme, the PLCC & modem data is further connected
to the Wideband network (Microwave or Optical Fiber ) to reach up to the destination Front
end Computer.

Page | 50
PLCC SCHEMES AT KISHENPUR

S.NO Name of Feeder Terminal Equipments

1 220KV SALAL I&II 6515R2+6710+6519(BPL) FREQ


462KHz, 208KHz
2 220KV UDH I&II ETI-22+NSD50+ESD70C(HBB)
FREQ-488KHz, 496KHz
3 220KV SALAL-IV 6515R2+6710+6519(BPL) FREQ
382KHz,368KHz
4 220KV-III ETI21+NSD50(ABB)FREQ-
156KHz 164KHz
5 220KV SARNA I&II ETI22+NSD50+ESD70D(ABB)
FREQ-460KHz,468KHz
6 220KV SARNA I&II ETI21+NSD50(ABB)FREQ-
352KHz,256KHz

7 220KV SARNA I&II ETI21+NSD50(ABB)FREQ-


404KHz,400KHz
8 220KV PAMPORE ETI21+NSD50(WSI)FREQ-
180KHz,204KHz
9 400KV CHAMERA ETI 21 (ABB)

10 400KV CHAMERA ETI21+NSD 61(ABB)FREQ-


240KHz,296KHz
11 400KV CHAMERA ETI21+NSD61(ABB)FREQ-
372KHz,324KHz
12 400KV WAGORA-I 9505+6710(BPL) FREQ
228/248200/220KHz
13 400KV WAGORA-II 9505+6710(BPL) FREQ
196/216188/184KHz
14 BAGLIHAR-I&II 9509+6710(BPL)

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