Chapter 1 SSM

SECTION 1-1 17
CHAPTER 1
Section 1-1
1. To solve an equation is to find the solution set, that is, to find the set of all elements in the domain of the variable
that make the equation true.
3. An equation is linear if it can be written, through simplification, in the form ax + b = 0, a ≠ 0.
5. To check a solution, substitute the value obtained into the original equation to see whether a true statement is
obtained.
7. If an equation, like P  2  2 w , contains more than one variable, it only makes sense to solve it if the
variable to be solved for is specified.
9. 10x – 7 = 4x – 25 11. 3(x + 2) = 5(x – 6) 13. 5 + 4(t – 2) = 2(t + 7) +1

6x – 7= – 25 3x + 6 = 5x – 30 5 + 4t – 8 = 2t + 14 + 1
6x = – 18 –2x + 6 = –30 4t – 3 = 2t + 15
x=–3 –2x = –36 2t – 3 = 15
x = 18 2t = 18
t=9
3a  4 7  2a Common Error:
15. 5– = LCD = 10 After line 2, students often write
5 2 2 3a  4
(3a  4) (7  2a) 
10 · 5 – 10 · = 10 · 50  10 5
5 2 50  6 a  4 
50 – 2(3a – 4) = 5(7 – 2a)
50 – 6a + 8 = 35 – 10a forgetting to distribute the –2.
–6a + 58 = 35 – 10a Put compound numerators in parentheses to avoid this.
4a = –23
23
a =– 4
x3 x4 3 19. 0.1(t + 0.5) + 0.2t = 0.3(t – 0.4) 21. 0.35(s + 0.34) +0.15s = 0.2s – 1.66
17. – = LCD = 8
4 2 8 0.1t + 0.05 + 0.2t = 0.3t – 0.12 0.35s + 0.119 + 0.15s = 0.2s – 1.66
( x  3) ( x  4) 3 0.3t + 0.05 = 0.3t – 0.12 0.5s + 0.119 = 0.2s – 1.66
8· –8· = 8· 0.05 = –0.12 0.3s = –1.779
4 2 8 No solution s = –5.93
2(x + 3) – 4(x – 4) = 3 Solution: –5.93
2x + 6 – 4x + 16 = 3
– 2x + 22 = 3
–2x = –19
19
x=
2
18 CHAPTER 1 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
2 5 2 z 1
23. + =4– 25. = +2
y 2 3y z 1 z 1
Excluded value: y ≠ 0 LCD = 6y Excluded value: z ≠ 1 LCD = z – 1
z 1
2 5 2 (z – 1) = (z – 1) + 2(z – 1)
6y · + 6y · = 6y(4) – 6y · z 1 z 1
y 2 3y z = 1 + 2z – 2
12 + 15y = 24y – 4 –z = –1
–9y = –16 z =1
16 No solution: 1 is excluded
y=
9
y y  10 2 y  2 x  3 2x  3
27. + =  3 LCD = 60 29. 1 – =
3 5 4 x2 x2
y ( y  10) (2 y  2)
60 · + 60 · = 60 ·  60  3 Excluded value: x ≠ 2 LCD = x – 2
3 5 4
20y + 12(y – 10) = 15(2y – 2) – 180 ( x  3) (2 x  3)
20y + 12y – 120 = 30y – 30 – 180 (x – 2)1 – (x – 2) = (x – 2)
x2 x2
32y – 120 = 30y – 210
2y – 120 = –210 x – 2 – (x – 3) = 2x – 3
2y = –90 x – 2 – x + 3 = 2x – 3
y = –45
1 = 2x – 3
4 = 2x
2=x
No solution: 2 is excluded
3a  1 3 3
6 5 33. – 2 =
31. +1= a  4a  4 a  2a
2
a
y4 2y 8 3a  1 3 3
Excluded value: y ≠ –4 LCD 2(y + 4) – = Excluded values: a ≠ 0, –2
(a  2) 2 a(a  2) a
6 5 (3a  1) 3
2(y + 4) + 2(y + 4)1 = 2(y + 4) 3
y4 2( y  4) a(a + 2)2 – a(a + 2)2 = a(a + 2)2 a
(a  2) 2
a(a  2)
12 + 2y + 8 = 5
a(3a – 1) – (a + 2)3 = (a + 2)23
2y + 20 = 5
3a2 – a – 3a – 6 = 3(a2 + 4a + 4)
2y = –15
15 3a2 – 4a – 6 = 3a2 + 12a + 12
y =–
2 –16a = 18
9
a=–
8
SECTION 1-1 19
35. 3.142x – 0.4835(x – 4) = 6.795 3.76

3.142x – 0.4835x + 1.934 = 6.795 37. 2.32 x – = 2.32
x2 x
2.6585x + 1.934 = 6.795 Excluded values: x ≠ 0, 2 LCD = x(x – 2)
2.6585x = 4.861
2.32 x 3.76
4.861 x(x – 2) – x(x – 2) = 2.32x(x – 2)
x= x2 x
2.6585 2.32x2 – 3.76(x – 2) = 2.32x(x – 2)
x = 1.83 2.32x2 – 3.76x + 7.52 = 2.32x2 – 4.64x
to 3 significant digits –3.76x + 7.52 = –4.64x
7.52 = –0.88x
x = –8.55
39. an = a1 + (n – 1)d 1 1 1
41. = + LCD = d1d2f
a1 + (n – 1)d = an f d1 d2
(n – 1)d = an – a1 1 1 1
an  a1 d1d2f = d1d2f + d1d2f
d = f d1 d2
n 1 d1d2 = d2f + d1f
d2f + d1f = d1d2
(d2 + d1)f = d1d2
d1d 2
f=
d 2  d1
43. A = 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
2ab + 2ac + 2bc =A 2x  3
2ab + 2ac = A – 2bc 45. y =
3x  5
a(2b + 2c) = A – 2bc (3x + 5)y = 2x – 3
A  2bc 3xy + 5y = 2x – 3
a =
2b  2c 5y + 3 = 2x – 3xy
5y + 3 = x(2 – 3y)
5y  3
=x
2  3y
5y  3
x=
2  3y
47. The "solution" is incorrect. Although 3 is a solution of the two last equations, they are not equivalent to the
first equation because both sides have been multiplied by x – 3, which is zero when x = 3. It is not permitted
to multiply both sides of an equation by zero. When x = 3, the first equation involves division by zero.
Since 3, the only possible solution, is not a solution, the given (first) equation has no solution.
x  1x x  1  2x
49. = 3 Excl. val.: x ≠ 0 51. = x + 2 Excl. val.: x ≠ 0
1  1x 1  1x
x  x  1x  x  x  1  2x 
=3 =x+2
x 1  1x  x 1  1x 
x2 1 x2  x  2
= 3 Excl. val.: x ≠ –1 = x + 2 Excl. val.: x ≠ 1
x 1 x 1
1
( x  1) ( x  1) 1
=3 ( x  1) ( x  2)
x 1 =x+2
1 x 1
x–1 =3 1
x =4
x+2 =x+2
Solution: All real numbers except the excluded
numbers 0 and 1.
a
53. y = 55. Let x = the number,
1  x b c Then 10 less than two thirds the number is one
a( x  c) fourth the number.
y =
( x  c) 1  x b c  2 1
x – 10 =
x
a( x  c) 3 4
y =
xcb 2 1
x – 10 =
x
ax  ac 3 4
y =
xcb 2  1 
12  x  – 12(10) = 12  x 
y(x + c + b) = ax + ac 3  4 
xy + cy + by = ax + ac 8x – 120 = 3x
cy + by – ac = ax – xy –120 = –5x
cy + by – ac = x(a – y) x = 24
cy  by  ac
=x
a y The number is 24.
cy  by  ac
x =
a y
59. Let P = perimeter of triangle, 16 = length of one
57. Let x = first of the consecutive even numbers 2 1
x + 2 = second of the numbers side, P = length of second side, P = length of
x + 4 = third of the numbers
7 3
x + 6 = fourth of the numbers third side.
first + second + third = 2 more than twice fourth We use the perimeter formula
x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 2 + 2(x + 6) P=a+b+c
3x + 6 = 2 + 2x + 12 2 1
P = 16 + P+ P
3x + 6 = 2x + 14 7 3
x=8 2  1 
21P = 21(16) + 21  P  + 21  P 
The four consecutive numbers are 8, 10, 12, 14. 7  3 
21P = 336 + 6P + 7P
21P = 336 + 13P
8P = 336
P = 42 feet
SECTION 1-1 21
60. Let w = width of rectangle 63. Let P = price before discount

2w – 3 = length of rectangle
We use the perimeter formula 0.30P = 30 percent discount on P
P = 2a + 2b. Then price before discount – discount = price
54 = 2w + 2(2w – 3) after discount
54 = 2w + 4w – 6 P – 0.30P = 140
54 = 6w – 6 0.7P = 140
60 = 6w 140
P=
10 = w 0.7
17 = 2w – 3 P = $200
dimensions: 17 meters  10 meters
65. Let x = sales of employee
Then x – 7,000 = sales on which 8% commission is paid
0.08(x – 7,000) = (rate of commission)  (sales) = (amount of commission)
2,150 + 0.08(x – 7,000) = (base salary) + (amount of commission) = earnings
Earnings = 3,170
2,150 + 0.08(x – 7,000) = 3,170
2,150 + 0.08x – 560 = 3,170
0.08x + 1,590 = 3,170
0.08x = 1,580
1,580
x=
0.08
x = $19,750
67. (A) We note: The temperature increased 2.5°C for each additional 100 meters of depth. Hence, the
temperature increased 25 degrees for each additional kilometer of depth.
Let x = the depth (in kilometers), then x – 3 = the depth beyond 3 kilometers.
25(x – 3) = the temperature increase for x – 3 kilometers of depth.
T = temperature at 3 kilometers + temperature increase.
T = 30 + 25(x – 3)
(B) We are to find T when x = 12. We use the above relationship as a formula
T = 30 + 25(12 – 3)
= 255˚C
(C) We are to find x when T = 200. We use the above relationship as an equation.
200 = 30 + 25(x – 3)
200 = 30 + 25x – 75
200 = –45 + 25x
245 = 25x
x = 9.8 kilometers
69. Let x = total population 71. Let x = amount of distilled water

Using the assumption given for the ratios, we have 50 = amount of 30% solution
number tagged in second sample total number tagged Then 50 + x = amount of 25% solution
 acid in 30% solution + acid in distilled
number in second sample total population water = acid in 25% solution
22 80 0.3(50) + 0 = 0.25(50 + x)
= LCD: 80x
80 x 0.3(50) = 0.25(50 + x)
15 = 12.5 + 0.25x
 22   80 
80x   = 80x  
 80   x  2.5 = 0.25x
22x = 6,400
6, 400 x = 10 gallons
x=  291
22
x = 291 kangaroo rats total (approximately)
73. Let x = amount of 50% solution

5 = amount of distilled water
Then x – 5 = amount of 90% solution
acid in 90% solution + acid in distilled
water = acid in 50% solution
0.9(x – 5) + 0 = 0.5x
0.9x – 4.5 = 0.5x
–4.5 = –0.4x
x = 11.25 liters
75. Let t = time for both computers to finish the job

Then t + 1 = time worked by old computer
t = time worked by new computer
Since the old computer can do 1 job in 5 hours, it works at a rate
1
(1 job) ÷ (5 hours) = job per hour
5
1
Similarly the new computer works at a rate of job per hour.
3
Part of job completed by Part of job completed by
old computer in + new computer in = 1 whole job.
t + 1 hours t hours
(Rate of old)(time of old) + (Rate of new)(Time of new) =1
1 1
(t + 1) + (t) =1
5 3
1 1 
15   (t  1)  15  t  = 15
5
  3 
3(t + 1) + 5t = 15
3t + 3 + 5t = 15
8t + 3 = 15
8t = 12
t = 1.5 hours
SECTION 1-1 23
77. Let d = distance flown north

d
(A) Using t = , we note:
r
rate flying north = 150 – 30 = 120 miles per hour
rate flying south = 150 + 30 = 180 miles per hour
time flying north + time flying south = 3 hours
d d
+ =3
120 180
d d
360 + 360 = 3(360)
120 180
3d + 2d = 1080
5d = 1080
d = 216 miles
(B) We still use the above ideas, except that rate flying north
= rate flying south = 150 miles per hour.
d d
+ =3
150 150
2d
=3
150
d
=3
75
d = 225 miles
79. Let x = the speed of the current.

Then distance upstream = 1,000 rate upstream = 3 – x
distance downstream = 1,200 rate downstream = 3 + x
We can use the formula d = r · t to find an expression for each time:

1, 000
1,000 = (3 – x) · (time upstream); time upstream =
3 x
1, 200
1,200 = (3 + x) · (time downstream); time downstream =
3 x
The problem tells us that these two times are equal, so we set them equal to each other and solve.
1, 000 1, 200
 LCD: (3 + x)(3 – x)
3 x 3 x
1, 000 1, 200
(3  x)(3  x)  (3  x)(3  x)
3 x 3 x
(3  x)1, 000  (3  x)1, 200
3, 000  1, 000 x  3, 600  1, 200 x
2, 200 x  600
600
x  0.27
2, 200
The speed of the current is about 0.27 meters per second.
81. Let x = frequency of second note 83. We are to find d when p = 40.
y = frequency of third note 1
264 x y 40 = – d + 70
= = 5
4 5 6  1 
264 x 264 y 5(40) = 5   d  + 5(70)
= =  5 
4 5 4 6 200 = –d + 350
x y –150 = –d
66 = 66 =
5 6 d = 150 centimeters
x = 330 hertz y = 396 hertz
Section 1-2
1. To solve an inequality is to find the solution set, that is, to find the set of all values of the variables that
make the inequality a true statement.
3. The sense of an inequality reverses if we multiply or divide both sides by a negative number. There is no
corresponding distinction in solving an equation.
5. –8 ≤ x ≤ 7 7. –6 ≤ x < 6 9. x ≥ –6
11. (–2, 6] 13. (–7, 8) 15. (–∞, –2]

] x
-10 -5 0 5 10
17. [–7, 2); –7 ≤ x < 2 19. (–∞, 0]; x ≤ 0 21. 12 > 6, 12 + 5 > 6 + 5
2 6
23. –6 > –8, –6 – 3 > –8 – 3 25. 2 > –1, –2(2) < –2(–1) 27. 2 < 6, <
2 2
29. 7x – 8 < 4x + 7 31. 12 – y ≥ 2(9 – 2y) N

3x < 15 12 – y ≥ 18 – 4y 33. >4
12 + 3y ≥ 18 2
x < 5 or (–∞, 5)
3y ≥ 6 N < –8 or (–∞,–8)
y ≥2 ) N
or [2, ∞) -8
35. –5t < –10 37. 3 – m < 4(m – 3) Common Error:

t > 2 or (2, ∞) 3 – m < 4m – 12
Neglecting to reverse the order after
–5m < –15
division by –5
m > 3 or (3, ∞)
B 1 B
39. –2 – ≤ 41. –4 < 5t + 6 ≤ 21
4 3 –10 < 5t ≤ 15
–2 < t ≤ 3 or (–2, 3]
SECTION 1-2 25
 B (1  B)
12  2   ≤ 12 ( ] t
 4 3 -2 3
–24 – 3B ≤ 4(1 + B)
–24 – 3B ≤ 4 + 4B
–7B ≤ 28
B ≥ –4 or [–4, ∞)
43. 45.
[4, 7] [–1, 4)
(–5, 5) (2, 6]
(5,5)  [4, 7]  (5, 7]
[1, 4)  (2, 6]  (2, 4)
5  x  7
2 x4
47. 49.
(,1) (, 1)

(2, ) [3, 7)
(,1)  (2, )  (, ) (, 1)  [3, 7)

  x   x  1 or 3  x  7
51. 53.
(, 4)
[2,3] (1, 6]
(1,5)
[2,3]  (1,5)  (1,5) (,4)  (1,6]  (,6]
1 x  5 x6
q q4 2x 1 2x 3
55. –3 > +1 57. – (x – 3) ≤ – (x + 2) LCD = 30
7 3 5 2 3 10
q   (q  4)  12x – 15(x – 3) ≤ 20x – 9(x + 2)
21   3  > 21   1 12x – 15x + 45 ≤ 20x – 9x – 18
7   3  –3x + 45 ≤ 11x – 18
3q – 63 > 7(q – 4) + 21 –14x ≤ –63
3q – 63 > 7q – 28 + 21 x ≥ 4.5 or [4.5, ∞)
3q –63 > 7q – 7
–4q > 56
q < –14 or (–∞,–14)
) q
-14
9 5
59. –4 ≤ x + 32 ≤ 68 61. –20 < (4 – x) < –5
5 2
9 2 2
–36 ≤ x ≤ 36 (–20) < 4 – x < (–5)
5 5 5
5 5 –8 < 4 – x < –2
(–36) ≤ x ≤ (36) –12 < –x < –6
9 9 6 < x < 12 or (6, 12)
–20 ≤ x ≤ 20 or [–20, 20]
[ ] x
-20 20
63. 16 < 7 – 3x ≤ 31 1
9 < –3x ≤ 24 65. –8 ≤ – (2 – x) + 3 < 10
4
–3 > x ≥ –8
–8 ≤ x < –3 or [–8, –3)  1
(–4)( –8) ≥ (–4)    (2 – x) + (–4)3 > –4(10)
[ ) x  4
-8 -3 32 ≥ 2 – x – 12 > –40
32 ≥ – x – 10 > –40
42 ≥ –x > –30
–42 ≤ x < 30 or [–42, 30)
67. 0.1(x – 7) < 0.8 – 0.05x 69. 0.3x – 2.04 ≥ 0.04(x + 1)

0.1x – 0.7 < 0.8 – 0.05x 0.3x – 2.04 ≥ 0.04x + 0.04
0.1x + 0.05x – 0.7 < 0.8 0.3x – 0.04x – 2.04 ≥ 0.04
0.15x – 0.7 < 0.8 0.26x – 2.04 ≥ 0.04
0.15x < 0.8 + 0.7 0.26x ≥ 0.04 + 2.04
0.15x < 1.5 0.26x ≥ 2.08
x < 10 or (–∞, 10) x ≥ 8 or [8, ∞)
) x [ x
10
8
71. 1  x represents a real number exactly when 73. 3 x  5 represents a real number exactly when 3x + 5
1 – x is positive or zero. We can write this as an is positive or zero. We can write this as an
inequality statement and solve for x. inequality statement and solve for x.
1–x≥0 3x + 5 ≥ 0
–x ≥ –1 3x ≥ –5
x≤1 5
x≥–
3
1
75. represents a real number exactly when 2x + 3 is positive. (not zero).
4
2x  3
We can write this as an inequality statement and solve for x.
2x + 3 > 0
2x > –3
3
x>–
2
SECTION 1-2 27
77. (A) For ab > 0, ab must be positive, hence a and b must have the same sign. Either
1. a > 0 and b > 0 or
2. a < 0 and b < 0
(B) For ab < 0, ab must be negative, hence a and b must have opposite signs. Either
1. a > 0 and b < 0 or
2. a < 0 and b > 0
a a
(C) For > 0, must be positive, hence a and b must have the same sign. Answer as in (A).
b b
a a
(D) For < 0, must be negative, hence a and b must have opposite signs. Answer as in (B).
b b
b
79. (A) If a – b = 1, then a = b + 1. Therefore, a is 81. If is greater than 1
greater than b. > a
(B) If u – v = –2, then v = u + 2. Therefore, u is b
>1
less than v. < a
b
a· < a · 1. (since a is negative.)
a
b<a
0<a–b
a – b is positive
85. If a < b, then by definition of <, there exists a positive number p such that
83. (A) F (B) T (C) T a + p = b. Then, adding c to both sides, we obtain (a + c) + p = b + c, where
p is positive. Hence, by definition of <, we have
a+c<b+c
89. 150 ≤ T ≤ 250

87. (A) If a < b, then by definition of <, there exists a positive 150 ≤ 30 + 25(x – 3) ≤ 250
number p such that a + p = b. If we multiply both sides of this by 150 ≤ 30 + 25x – 75 ≤ 250
the positive number c, we obtain (a + p)c = bc, or ac + pc = bc, 150 ≤ 25x – 45 ≤ 250
where pc is positive. Hence, by definition of <, we have ac < bc. 195 ≤ 25x ≤ 295
7.8 ≤ x ≤ 11.8
(B) If a < b, then by definition of <, there exists a positive Depth from 7.8 km to 11.8 km.
number p such that a + p = b. If we multiply both sides of this by
the negative number c, we obtain (a + p)c = bc, or ac + pc = bc,
where pc is negative. Hence, by definition of <, we have ac > bc.
91. Let x = number of calculators sold

Then Revenue = (price per calculator)  (number of calculators (B) We want
sold) = 63x
Cost = fixed cost + variable cost Revenue = Cost
63x = 650,000 + 47x
= 650,000 + (Cost per calculator)  (number sold)
16x = 650,000
= 650,000 + 47x
x = 40,625
(A) We want Revenue > Cost (C) 40,625 calculators sold represents the
63x > 650,000 + 47x break-even point, the boundary
16x > 650,000 between profit and loss.
x > 40,625
More than 40,625 calculators must be sold for the company to
make a profit.
93. (A) The company might try to increase sales and keep the price the (B) Here the cost has been changed to
same (see part B). It might try to increase the price and keep the 650,000 + 50.5x, but the revenue is
sales the same (see part C). Either of these strategies would need still 63x.
further analysis and implementation that are out of place in a Revenue > Cost
discussion here. 63x > 650,000 + 50.5x
12.5x > 650,000
x > 52,000 calculators
(C) Let p = the new price. Here the cost is still 650,000 + 50.5x as in part (B) where x is now known to be
40,625. Thus, cost = 650,000 + 50.5(40,625).
The revenue is (price per calculator)  (number of calculators) = p(40,625).
Revenue > Cost
p(40,625) > 650,000 + 50.5(40,625)
650, 000  50.5(40, 625)
p>
40, 625
p > 66.50
The price could be raised by $3.50 to $66.50.
95. We want 220 ≤ W ≤ 2,750. We are given W = 110I. Substituting, we must solve
220 ≤ 110I ≤ 2,750
2 ≤ I ≤ 25 or [2, 25].
Section 1-3
1. The absolute value of a positive number is equal to the number. The absolute value of 0 is 0. If the number is
negative, find its absolute value by changing its sign. This is Definition 1 in words.
3. The equation x  5  10 states that the distance of x from 5 is 10. Then either x = 5 + 10, thus x = 15,
or x = 5 – 10 , thus x = –5.
5. The symbol denotes the nonnegative square root. Thus the left side of this statement is nonnegative,
while the right side need not be.
7. 5 9. |(–6) – (–2)| = |–4| = 4 11. |5 – 5|=5– 5 since 5 – 5 is positive.
13. | 5 – 5| = – ( 5 – 5) = 5 – 5 since 15. d(B,O) = |0 – (–4)| 17. d(O,B) = |–4 – 0|

= |4| = |–4|
5 – 5 is negative. =4 =4
19. d(B,C) = |5 – (–4)| 21. The distance between x and 3 23. The distance between m and –2 is equal to 5.
= |9| is equal to 4. |m – (–2)| = 5
=9 |x – 3| = 4 |m + 2| = 5
25. The distance between x and 3 27. The distance between p and –2 is more 29. The distance between q
is less than 5. than 6. and 1 is not less than 2.
|x – 3| < 5 |p – (–2)| > 6 |q – 1| ≥ 2
|p + 2| > 6
31. y is 3 units from 5. 33. y is less than 3 units from 5. 35. y is more than 3 units from 5.
SECTION 1-3 29
|y – 5| = 3 |y – 5| < 3 |y – 5| > 3
y – 5 = ±3 –3 < y – 5 < 3 y – 5 < –3 or y – 5 > 3
y=5±3 2<y<8 y < 2 or y > 8
y = 2, 8 (2, 8)  – , 2   8,  
y
) ( y
2 8
2 8
37. |u – (–8)| = 3 39. |u – (–8)| ≤ 3 41. |u – (–8)| ≥ 3

u is 3 units from –8. u is no more than 3 units from u is at least 3 units from -8.
|u + 8| = 3 –8. |u + 8| ≥ 3
u+8=±3 |u + 8| ≤ 3 u + 8 ≤ –3 or u + 8 ≥ 3
u = –8 ± 3 –3 ≤ u + 8 ≤ 3 u ≤ –11 or u ≥ –5
u = –11 or –5 –11 ≤ u ≤ –5 (, 11]  [5, )
[–11, –5]
u ] [ u
-11 -5 [ ] u
-11 -5
-11 -5
43. |2x – 11| ≤ 13 45. |100 – 40t| > 60 47. |4x – 7| = 13
–13 ≤ 2x – 11 ≤ 13 100 – 40t > 60 or 100 – 40t < –60 4x – 7 = 13 or 4x –7 = –13
–2 ≤ 2x ≤ 24 –40t > –40 or –40t < –160 4x = 20 or 4x = –6
–1 ≤ x ≤ 12 t<1 or t>4 3
(, 1)  (4, ) x=5 or x= 
 1,12 2
1 3 9
49. w <2 51. |0.2u + 1.7| ≥ 0.5 53. C  32 < 31
2 4 0.2u + 1.7 ≥ 0.5 or 0.2u + 1.7 ≤ –0.5 5
1 3 0.2u ≥ –1.2 or 0.2u ≤ –2.2 9
–2 < w – <2 –31 < C + 32 < 31
u ≥ –6 or u ≤ –11 5
2 4 (, 11]  [6, )
–8 < 2w – 3 <8 9
–63 < C < –1
–5 < 2w < 11 5
5 11 5
– <w < –35 < C < –
2 2 9
–2.5 < w < 5.5  5 
(–2.5, 5.5)  35,  
 9
55. x2 < 2 57. (1  3t ) 2 ≤ 2 59. (2t  3) 2 > 3
|x| < 2 |1 – 3t| ≤ 2 |2t – 3| > 3
–2 < x < 2 –2 ≤ 1 – 3t ≤ 2 2t – 3 < –3 or 2t – 3 > 3
(–2, 2) –3 ≤ –3t ≤ 1 2t < 0 2t > 6
1 t<0 t>3
1 ≥t≥– (–∞, 0)  (3, ∞)
3
1
– ≤t≤1
3
 1 
  3 ,1
61. |2.25 – 1.02x| ≤ 1.64 63. |21.7 – 11.3x| = 15.2

–1.64 ≤ 2.25 – 1.02x ≤ 1.64 21.7 – 11.3x = 15.2 or 21.7 – 11.3x = –15.2
–3.89 ≤ –1.02x ≤ –0.61 –11.3x = –6.5 or –11.3x = –36.9
3.81 ≥ x ≥ 0.598 x = 0.575 or x = 3.27
to three significant digits to three significant digits
.598 ≤ x ≤ 3.81
65. 0 < |x – 3| < 0.1 1

The distance between x and 3 is between 0 and 67. 0 < |x – a| <
10
0.1, that is, less than 0.1 but x ≠ 3.
–0.1 < x – 3 < 0.1 except x ≠ 3 1
The distance between x and a is between 0 and ,
2.9 < x < 3.1 but x ≠ 3 10
2.9 < x < 3 or 3 < x < 3.1 1
(2.9,3)  (3,3.1) that is, less than but x ≠ a.
10
( ) x 1 1
– <x–a< except x ≠ a
2.9 3 3.1 10 10
1 1
a– <x<a+ but x ≠ a
10 10
1 1
a– < x < a or a < x < a +
10 10
 1   1
 a  , a    a, a  
 10   10 
69. We consider two cases for |x – 2| = 2x – 7. 71. We consider two cases for |3x + 5| = 2x + 6
Case 1: x – 2 ≥ 0 Case 1: 3x + 5 ≥ 0
For this case, the possible values of x are For this case, the possible values of x are in the
in the set x ≥ 2. 5
Then |x – 2| = x – 2 set x ≥ – .
We solve x – 2 = 2x – 7
3
–x = –5 Then |3x + 5| = 3x + 5.
x = 5 A solution, since 5 is We solve 3x + 5 = 2x + 6
among the possible values of x. x = 1 A solution, since 1 is
Case 2: x – 2 < 0 among the possible values of x.
For this case, the possible values of x are
Case 2: 3x + 5 < 0
in the set x < 2.
Then |x – 2| = 2 – x For this case, the possible values of x are in the
We solve 2 – x = 2x – 7 5
–3x = –9 set x < – .
x = 3 Not a solution, since 3 is not
3
among the possible values of x. Then |3x + 5| = –(3x + 5)
Solution: x = 5 We solve –(3x + 5) = 2x + 6
–3x – 5 = 2x + 6
–5x = 11
x = –2.2 A solution, since –2.2 is
among the possible values of x.
Solution x = 1, –2.2
SECTION 1-3 31
73. We consider four cases for |x| + |x + 3| = 3.

Case 1: x ≥ 0 and x + 3 ≥ 0, that is, x ≥ 0 and x ≥ –3 (or simply x ≥ 0)
|x| = x and |x + 3| = x + 3
Hence: x + x + 3 = 3
2x + 3 = 3
x=0 which is a possible value for x in this case.
Case 2: x < 0 and x + 3 ≥ 0, that is, x < 0 and x ≥ –3 (or simply –3 ≤ x < 0)
|x| = –x and |x + 3| = x + 3
Hence: –x + x + 3 = 3
3 = 3 This is satisfied by all x, but the condition –3 ≤ x < 0 must be imposed.
Case 3: x ≥ 0 and x + 3 < 0, that is, x ≥ 0 and x < –3. These are mutually contradictory, so no solution
is possible in this case.
Case 4: x < 0 and x + 3 ≤ 0, that is, x < 0 and x ≤ –3 (or simply x ≤ –3)
|x| = –x and |x + 3| = –(x + 3)
Hence: –x + [–(x + 3)] = 3
–x – x – 3 = 3
–2x = 6
x = –3 Combining the results of the four cases, –3 ≤ x ≤ 0 is the solution.
x x
75. We consider two cases for |3 – x| = 2(4 + x) 77. Case 1: x > 0. Then |x| = x. Hence = = 1.
x x
Case 1: 3 – x ≥ 0
For this case, the possible values of x are in the set x
x ≤ 3. Case 2: x = 0. Then |x| = 0. Hence is not defined.
x
Then |3 – x | = 3 – x.
x x
We solve 3 – x = 2(4 + x) Case 3: x < 0. Then |x| = –x. Hence = = –1.
3 – x = 8 + 2x x x
–3x = 5 x
5 Thus, the possible values of are 1 and –1.
x=  x
3
5
A solution, since  is among the possible
3
values of x.
Case 2: 3 – x < 0
For this case, the possible values of x are in the
set x > 3.
Then |3 – x | = x – 3
We solve x – 3 = 2(4 + x)
x – 3 = 8 + 2x
–x = 11
x = –11 Not a solution, since –11 is not
among the possible values of x.
5
Solution x = 
3
79. The absolute value of no number is negative, thus
can never be less than –3.
81. There are three possible relations between real 83. If m < n, then m + m < m + n (adding m to both
numbers a and b; either a = b, a > b, or a < b. sides)
We examine each case separately. Also, m + n < n + n (adding n to both sides).
Case 1: a = b Hence,
|b – a| = |0| = 0; m+m<m+n<n+n
|a – b| = |0| = 0 2m < m + n < 2n
Case 2: a > b mn
|b – a| = – (b – a) = a – b m< <n
| a – b| = a – b
2
Case 3: b > a
|b – a| = b – a
|a – b| = – (a – b) = b – a
Thus in all three cases |b – a| = |a – b|.
85. Case 1. m > 0. Then |m| = m; |–m| = – (–m) = m. 87. If n ≠ 0, n > 0 or n < 0.
Hence |m| = |–m| Case 1.
Case 2. m < 0. Then |m| = –m; |–m| = –m. m m m
n > 0. If m ≥ 0 |m| = m, ≥ 0; = ; |n| = n.
Hence |m| = |–m| n n n
Case 3. m = 0. Then 0 = m = –m, m m m
hence |m| = |–m| = 0. Hence: = =
n n n
m m m
< 0;
If m < 0 |m| = –m, = – ; |n| = n.
n n n
m m m m
Hence: =– = =
n n n n
Case 2.
m m m
n < 0. If m > 0 |m| = m,
< 0; = – ; |n| = –n
n n n
m m m m
Hence: =– = =
n n n n
m m m
If m ≤ 0 |m| = –m,
> 0; = ; |n| = –n
n n n
m m m m
Hence: = = =
n n n n
89. First note that a ≤ b is true if a < b or if a = b. Hence a < b implies a ≤ b. Also a = b implies a ≤ b. Now
consider three cases (m > 0, m = 0, m < 0).
Case 1. m > 0. Then |m| = m. Also –|m| < 0
Hence –|m| < 0 < m = |m|
–|m| < m = |m|
–|m| ≤ m ≤ |m|
Case 2. m = 0. Then –|m| = m = |m| = 0.
Hence –|m| ≤ m ≤ |m|
Case 3. m < 0. Then |m| = –m, hence –|m| = m. Also |m| > 0.
Hence –|m| = m < 0 < |m|
–|m| = m < |m|
–|m| ≤ m ≤ |m|
SECTION 1-4 33
x  45.4
91. <1 93. The difference between P and 500 has an absolute
3.2 value of less than 20.
x  45.4 |P – 500| < 20
–1 < <1
3.2 –20 < P – 500 < 20
–3.2 < x – 45.4 < 3.2 480 < P < 520
42.2 < x < 48.6 Production is between 480 and 520 units.
97. The difference between N and 2.37 has an
95. The difference between A and 12.436 has an absolute value of no more than 0.005.
absolute value of less than the error of 0.001. |N – 2.37| ≤ 0.005.
|A – 12.436| < 0.001
–0.001 < A – 12.436 < 0.001
12.435 < A < 12.437 or, in interval notation,
(12.435, 12.437)
Section 1-4
1. In the complex number system, every negative real number has an (imaginary) square root.
3. Yes. The square of any pure imaginary number is a negative real number. For example, the square of 3i is –9.
5. (A) is true. Every real number a can be written as a complex number a + 0i.
(B) is false. For example, i is a complex number that is not a real number.
7. 2 – 9i = 2 + (–9)i 3 5 11. 6.5 + 2.1i
(A) real part: 2 9. – + i (A) real part: 6.5
2 6
(B) imaginary part: –9i (B) imaginary part: 2.1i
(C) conjugate: 2 – (–9)i = 2 + 9i 3 (C) conjugate: 6.5 – 2.1i
(A) real part: –
2
5
(B) imaginary part: i
6
3 5
(C) conjugate: – – i
2 6
13. iπ = 0 + πi 15. 4π = 4π + 0i 17. –5 + i 2
(A) real part: 0 (A) real part: 4π (A) real part: –5
(B) imaginary part: πi (B) imaginary part: 0i = 0
(C) conjugate: 0 – πi = –πi (C) conjugate: 4π – 0i = 4π (B) imaginary part: i 2
(C) conjugate: –5 – i 2
19. (3 + 5i) + (2 + 4i) = 3 + 5i + 2 + 4i = 5 + 9i 21. (8 – 3i) + (–5 + 6i) = 8 – 3i – 5 + 6i = 3 + 3i
23. (9 + 5i) – (6 + 2i) = 9 + 5i – 6 – 2i = 3 + 3i 25. (3 – 4i) – (–5 + 6i) = 3 – 4i + 5 – 6i = 8 – 10i
27. 2 + (3i + 5) = 2 + 3i + 5 = 7 + 3i 29. (2i)(4i) = 8i2 = 8(–1) = –8
31. –2i(4 – 6i) = –8i + 12i2 = –8i + 12(–1) 33. (1 + 2i)(3 – 4i) = 3 – 4i + 6i – 8i2 = 3 + 2i – 8(–1)
= –12 – 8i = 3 + 2i + 8 = 11 + 2i
35. (3 – i)(4 + i) = 12 + 3i – 4i – i2 = 12 – i – (–1) 37. (2 + 9i)(2 – 9i) = 4 – 81i2 = 4 + 81 = 85 or 85 + 0i
= 12 – i + 1 = 13 – i
1 1 (2  4i ) 4  3i (4  3i ) (1  2i )
39. = 41. =
2  4i (2  4i ) (2  4i ) 1  2i (1  2i ) (1  2i )
2  4i 2  4i 4  5i  6i 2 4  5i  6
= = = =
4  16i 2
4  16 1  4i 2
1 4
2  4i 10  5i
= = 0.1 – 0.2i = =2–i
20 5
7  i (7  i ) (2  i ) 14  5i  i 2 45. 2 8 = 16 = 4
43. = =
2  i (2  i ) (2  i ) 4  i2
14  5i  1 15  5i
= = =3–i
4 1 5
47. 2 8 = 2 8 1 = 2 8i 49. 2 8 = 1 2 8 =i 2 8 = i 16 = 4i
= 16 i = 4i
51. 2 8 = 1 2 1 8 = i 2 i 8 53. (2 – 4 ) + (5 – 9 ) = (2 – i 4 ) + (5 – i 9 )
= i2 16 = –1 · 4 = –4 = 2 – 2i + 5 – 3i = 7 – 5i
55. (9 – 9 ) – (12 – 25 ) 57. (3 – 4 )(–2 + 49 ) = (3 – i 4 )(–2 + i 49 )

= (9 – i 9 ) – (12 – i 25 ) = (3 – 2i)(–2 + 7i)
= (9 – 3i) – (12 – 5i) = –6 + 25i – 14i2
= 9 – 3i – 12 + 5i = –3 + 2i = –6 + 25i + 14 = 8 + 25i
5  4 5  i 4 5  2i 5 2 1 1 1 1 (2  3i )
59. = = = – i 61. = = =
7 7 7 7 7 2  9 2i 9 2  3i (2  3i ) (2  3i )
2  3i 2  3i 2  3i
= = =
4  9i 2
49 13
2 3
= + i
13 13
5 5 i 5i 5i 65. (2i ) 2  5(2i )  6 = 4i 2  10i  6
63. =  · = 2 = = 5i or 0 + 5i
i i i i 1 = 4  10i  6  2  10i
67. (5 + 2i)2
– 4(5 + 2i) – 1 69. x2 – 2x + 2 = (1 – i)2 – 2(1 – i) + 2
= 25 +20i + 4i2 – 20 – 8i – 1 = 1 – 2i + i2 – 2 + 2i + 2
= 25 +20i – 4 – 20 – 8i – 1 = 12i or 0 + 12i = 1 – 2i – 1 – 2 + 2i + 2 = 0 or 0 + 0i
71. 3  x represents an imaginary number 73. 2  3x represents an imaginary number when

when 3 – x is negative. 2 – 3x is negative.
3– x <0 2 – 3x < 0
– x < –3 – 3x < –2
x>3 2
x>
3
SECTION 1-4 35
(1  x)  ( y  2)i
75. (2x – 1) + (3y + 2)i = 5 – 4i 77. =2–i
1 i
We note: a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c
and b = d. Thus (1  x)  ( y  2)i
(1 + i) = (2 – i)(1 + i)
2x – 1 = 5 and 3y + 2 = –4 1 i
2x = 6 3y = –6 (1 + x) + (y – 2)i = 2 – i + 2i – i2
x=3 y = –2 (1 + x) + (y – 2)i = 3 + i
We note: a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d.
Thus
1 + x = 3 and y – 2 = 1
x=2 y=3
81. (4 + 2i)z + (7 – 2i) = (4 – i)z + (3 + 5i)
79. (10 – 2i)z + (5 + i) = 2i 3iz + (7 – 2i) = (3 + 5i)
(10 – 2i)z = –5 + i 3iz = –4 + 7i
5  i 4  7i
z= z=
10  2i 3i
5  i 10  2i
z= · 4  7i i 4i  7i 2
10  2i 10  2i z= · =
3i i 3i 2
50  10i  10i  2i 2 4i  7 7 4
z= z= = + i
100  4i 2 3 3 3
50  2 1 1
z= =  or  + 0i
100  4 2 2
83. x is a square root of y if x2 = y. Thus,
(2 – i)2 = 4 – 4i + i2 and (–2 + i)2 = 4 – 4i + i2
= 4 – 4i – 1 = 4 – 4i – 1
= 3 – 4i = 3 – 4i
Hence, 2 – i and –2 + i are square roots of 3 – 4i.
85. The error arises when equating 1 1
87. i4k = (i4)k = (i2·i2)k = [(–1)(–1)]k = 1k = 1
with (1)(1) .
For positive real numbers a and b,
a b ≠ ( a )(b) .
89. 1. Definition of addition 91. The product of a complex number and

2. Commutative property for addition of real its conjugate is a real number.
numbers. z z = (x + yi)(x –yi)
3. Definition of addition (read from right to left). = x2 – (yi)2
= x2 – y2i2
= x2 + y2 or (x2 + y2) + 0i.
This is a real number.
93. The conjugate of a complex number is equal to the complex number if and only if the number is real. To
prove a theorem containing the phrase "if and only if", it is often helpful to prove two parts separately.
Thus: z = z if z is real;
z = z only if z is real
Hypothesis: z is real Hypothesis: z =z
Conclusion: z =z Conclusion: z is real
Proof: Assume z is real, then Proof: Assume z = z,
z = x + 0i = x that is, x – yi = x + yi
z = x – 0i = x Then by the definition of equality
x=x –y = y
Hence z = z . –2y = 0
y=0
Hence z = x + 0i, that is, z is real.
95. The conjugate of the sum of two complex numbers 97. The conjugate of the product of two complex
is equal to the sum of their conjugates. numbers is equal to the product of their
conjugates.
zw = ( x  yi )  (u  vi )
zw = ( x  yi )(u  vi )
= x  yi  u  vi
= xu  xvi  yui  yvi 2
= x  u  ( y  v)i
= (x + u) – (y + v)i = xu  ( xv  yu )i  yv
= x + u – yi – vi = xu – yv – (xv + yu)i
= (x – yi) + (u – vi) = xu – xvi – yv – yui
= z + w = x(u – vi) – yui + yv(–1)
= x(u – vi) – yui + yvi2
= x(u – vi) – yi(u – vi)
= (x – yi)(u – vi)
= z w
Section 1-5
1. A quadratic equation can be written in the standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.
3. The product of two numbers can only be zero if one or both of the numbers is 0.
5. One would have to choose the quadratic formula, because factoring does not always work and completing the
square can require somewhat laborious arithmetic.
9. –8 = 22t – 6t2
7. 2x2 = 8x 6t2 –
22t – 8 = 0
2x2 – 8x = 0 2(3t2 – 11t – 4) = 0
2x(x – 4) = 0 2(3t + 1)(t – 4) = 0
2x = 0 or x – 4 = 0 3t + 1 = 0 or t – 4 = 0
x=0 x=4 1
t=  t=4
3
SECTION 1-5 37
11. 3w2 + 13w = 10

3w2 + 13w – 10 = 0 13. m2 – 25 =0 15. c2 + 9 =0
(3w – 2)(w + 5) = 0 m2 = 25 c2 = –9
3w – 2 = 0 or w + 5 = 0 m = ± 25 c = ± 9
3w = 2 w = –5 m = ±5 c = ±3i
2
w=
3
17. 4y2 + 9 = 0 19. 25z2 – 32 = 0 21. (2k – 5)2 = 16
4y2 = –9 25z2 = 32 2k – 5 = ± 16
9 32 2k – 5 = ± 4
y2 = – z2 =
4 25 2k = 5 ± 4
9 32 5 4
y =±  z =± k=
2
4 25
9 1
i 9 32 k= or k =
y =± z =± 2 2
4 25
3i 4 2
y =± z =±
2 5
23. (n – 3)2 = –4 25. x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 Common Errors:
n – 3 = ± 4 a = 1, b = –2, c = –1 It is incorrect to cancel this way:
n – 3 = ±2i b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4(1)(–1) 2  2 2
≠ ±2 2
2
n = 3 ± 2i =8
2  2 2
The discriminant is positive; or this way 2 ≠1±2 2
there are two real roots.
b  b 2  4ac
x=
2a
(2)  8 2  2 2
x= =
2(1) 2
x=1± 2
27. x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 29. 2t2 + 8 = 6t 31. 2t2 + 1 = 6t
a = 1, b = –2, c = 3 2t2 – 6t + 8 = 0 2t2 – 6t + 1 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4(1)(3) = –8 t2 – 3t + 4 = 0 a = 2, b = –6, c = 1
The discriminant is negative; a = 1, b = –3, c = 4
there are no real roots. b2 – 4ac = (–6)2 – 4(2)(1) = 28
b – 4ac = (–3)2 – 4(1)(4) = –7
2
The discriminant is positive;
b  b 2  4ac The discriminant is negative;
there are two real roots.
x= there are no real roots.
2a b  b 2  4ac
b  b 2  4ac t=
(2)  8 t= 2a
x= 2a
2(1) (6)  28 6  28
(3)  7 3  i 7 t= =
2  2i 2 t= = 2(2) 4
x= =1±i 2 2(1) 2
2 6 2 7 3 7
t = =
4 2
35. 2r2 + 10r + 11 = 0 37. 4u2 + 8u + 15 = 0

33. x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 11 15
x2 – 4x = 1 r2 + 5r + =0 u2 + 2u + =0
x2 – 4x + 4 = 5
2 4
(x – 2)2 = 5 11 15
r2 + 5r = – u2 + 2u = –
x–2=± 5 2 4
25 11 25 15
x =2± 5 r2 + 5r + =– + u2 + 2u + 1 = – +1
4 2 4 4
 52 3 11
r   = (u + 1)2 = –
4
 2 4
5 3 11
r+ =± u+1=± 
2 4 4
5 3 i 11
r=– ± u = –1 ±
2 4 4
5 3 2 i 11
r=– ± u =– ±
2 2 2 2
5  3 2  i 11
r= u =
2 2
39. 3w2 + 4w + 3 = 0 41. 12x2 + 7x = 10
4 12x2 + 7x – 10 = 0
w2 + w + 1= 0 (4x + 5)(3x – 2) = 0 Polynomial is factorable.
3 4x + 5 = 0 or 3x – 2 = 0
4 4x = –5 3x = 2
w2 + w = –1
3 5 2
x=– x =
4 4 4 4 3
w2 + w + = –1 +
3 9 9
 2 2 5
w  = –
 3 9
2 5
w+ =± 
3 9
2 i 5
w =– ±
3 9
2 i 5
w =– ±
3 3
2  i 5
w=
3
43. (2y – 3)2 = 5 Format for the square root method.
2y – 3 = ± 5
2y = 3 ± 5
3 5
y=
2
SECTION 1-5 39
45. x2 = 3x + 1 47. 7n2 = –4n

x2 – 3x – 1 = 0 Polynomial is not factorable, 7n2 + 4n = 0
use quadratic formula. n(7n + 4) = 0 Polynomial is
factorable.
b  b 2  4ac
x = n = 0 or 7n + 4 = 0
2a 7n = –4
a = 1, b = –3, c = –1 4
n=–
(3)  (3)  4(1)(1)
2
7
x =
2(1)
3  13
x =
2
8 4 24 24
49. 1+ = 51. +1= Excluded value: m ≠ –10, 10:
x 2
x 10  m 10  m
Excluded value: x ≠ 0 LCD is (10 + m)(10 – m)
x2 + 8 = 4x 24 24
(10 + m)(10 – m) + (10 + m)(10 – m) = (10 + m)(10 – m)
x2 – 4x + 8 = 0 10  m 10  m
Polynomial is not factorable, 24(10 – m) + 100 – m2 = 24(10 + m)
use quadratic formula, or 240 – 24m + 100 – m2 = 240 + 24m
complete the square. 340 – 24m – m2 = 240 + 24m
x2 – 4x = –8 0 = m2 + 48m – 100
2 2
m + 48m – 100 = 0 Polynomial is
x – 4x + 4 = –4
factorable.
(x – 2)2 = –4
(m + 50)(m – 2) = 0
x – 2 = ± 4 m + 50 = 0 or m – 2 = 0
x – 2 = ±i 4 m = –50 m=2
x – 2 = ±2i
x = 2 ± 2i
2 4 1
53. = – Excluded values: x ≠ 2, 3, –1
x  2 x  3 x 1
2 4 1
(x – 2)(x -–3)(x + 1) = (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 1) – (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 1)
x2 x 3 x 1
2(x – 3)(x + 1) = 4(x – 2)(x + 1) – (x – 2)(x – 3)
2(x2 – 2x – 3) = 4(x2 – x – 2) – (x2 – 5x + 6)
2x2 – 4x – 6 = 4x2 – 4x – 8 – x2 + 5x – 6
2x2 – 4x – 6 = 3x2 + x – 14
0 = x2 + 5x – 8
2
x + 5x – 8 = 0 Polynomial is not factorable, use quadratic formula.
b  b 2  4ac
x = a = 1, b = 5, c = –8
2a
5  (5) 2  4(1)(8) 5  57
x= =
2(1) 2
x2 x2 x 1
55. – 2 =1– Excluded values: x ≠ 3, –3
x 3 x 9 3 x
( x  2) x2 x 1
(x – 3)(x + 3) – (x – 3)(x + 3) 2 = (x – 3)(x + 3) – (x – 3)(x + 3)
x3 x 9 3 x
(x – 3)(x + 2) – x2 = x2 – 9 + (x – 1)(x + 3)
x2 – x – 6 – x2 = x2 – 9 + x2 + 2x – 3
–x – 6 = 2x2 + 2x – 12
0 = 2x2 + 3x – 6
2
2x + 3x – 6 = 0 Polynomial is not factorable,
use quadratic formula.
b  b 2  4ac
x= a = 2, b = 3, c = –6
2a
3  (3) 2  4(2)(6)
x=
2(2)
3  57
x=
4
1 2 59. P = EI – RI2
57. s= gt
2 RI2 – EI + P = 0
1 2 b  b 2  4ac
gt = s I= a = R, b = –E, c = P
2 2a
gt2 = 2s
2s ( E )  ( E )2  4( R)( P)
t2 = I=
g 2( R)
2s E  E 2  4 RP
t= I= (positive square root)
g 2R
61. In this problem, a = 1, b = 4, c = c.
Thus, the discriminant 63. x2 + 3ix – 2 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – 4(1)(c) = 16 – 4c. b  b 2  4ac
Hence, x= a = 1, b = 3i, c = –2
if 16 – 4c > 0, thus 16 > 4c or c < 4, there 2a
are two distinct real roots. 3i  (3i ) 2  4(1)(2) 3i  9  8
if 16 – 4c = 0, thus c = 4, there is one real x= =
double root, 2(1) 2
and if 16 – 4c < 0, thus 16 < 4c or c > 4, 3i  1 3i  i
there are two distinct imaginary roots. x= =
2 2
x = –i, –2i
SECTION 1-5 41
65. x2 + 2ix = 3 67. x3 – 1 = 0

x2 + 2ix – 3 = 0 (x – 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0
b  b 2  4ac x – 1 = 0 or x2 + x + 1 = 0
x= a = 1 b = 2i c = –3 b  b 2  4ac
2a x=1 x= a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
2i  (2i ) 2  4(1)(3) 2a
x=
2(1) 1  (1) 2  4(1)(1)
x=
2(1)
2i  4  12
x=
2 1  1  4
x=
2i  8 2
x=
2 1  3
x=
2i  2 2 2
x=
2 1  i 3 1 1
x= or – 2 ± 2 i 3
2(i  2) 2
x=
2
x = –i ± 2
x= 2 – i, – 2 – i
b  b 2  4ac
69. The solutions of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by . If b2 – 4ac is negative, it can be written as
2a
–(4ac – b2), where 4ac – b2 is positive. Then
b  b 2  4ac b    4ac  b 
2

2a 2a
b  i 4ac  b 2

2a
b i 4ac  b 2
 
2a 2a
The last expression clearly represents two imaginary numbers, the two imaginary solutions of the equation.
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
71. If a quadratic equation has two roots, they are and . If a, b, c are rational,
2a 2a
b  b 2  4ac
then so are –b, 2a, and b2 – 4ac. Then, either b 2  4ac is rational, hence and
2a
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
are both rational, or, b 2  4ac is irrational, hence and
2a 2a 2a
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
are both irrational, or, b 2  4ac is imaginary, hence and are both
2a 2a
imaginary. There is no other possibility; hence, one root cannot be rational while the other is irrational.
75. The ± in front still yields the same two numbers

b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac even if a is negative.
73. r1 = r2 =
2a 2a
(b  b 2  4ac ) (b  b 2  4ac )
r1r2 =
2a 2a
(b) 2  ( b 2  4ac ) 2 b 2  (b 2  4ac)
= =
4a 2 4a 2
b 2  b 2  4ac 4ac c
= 2
= 2
=
4a 4a a
77. Let x = one number. Let x = first of the two consecutive even
79.
Since their sum is 21, integers.
21 – x = other number Then x + 2 = second of these integers
Then, since their product is 104,
Since their product is 168,
x(21 – x) = 104
x(x + 2) = 168
21x – x2 = 104
x2 + 2x = 168
0 = x2 – 21x + 104
2 x2 + 2x – 168 = 0
x – 21x + 104 = 0
(x – 12)(x + 14) = 0
(x – 13)(x – 8) = 0
x – 12 = 0 or x + 14 = 0
x – 13 = 0 or x – 8 = 0
x = 12 x = –14
x = 13 x=8
If x = 12, the two consecutive positive even
The numbers are 8 and 13.
integers must be 12 and 14. We discard the other
solution, since the numbers must be positive.
81. The per person consumption in 1960 is found by setting the number of years after 1960 = x = 0. Then y = 122
ounces. To find the year when consumption is again 122, set y = 122 and solve.
122 = –0.0665x2 +3.58x + 122
–0.0665x2 +3.58x = 0
x( –0.0665x +3.58) = 0
x = 0 or –0.0665x +3.58 = 0
3.58
(year 1960) x= ≈ 54
0.0665
The model predicts consumption at 122 ounces per person in 1960+54 or 2014.
83. From the diagram, the dimension of the planting area are 30 – 2x and 20 – 2x. Then
Area = 400 = (30 – 2x)( 20 – 2x)
400 = 600 – 100x + 4x2
0 = 4x2 – 100x + 200
x2 – 25x + 50 = 0
b  b 2  4ac
x= a = 1, b = –25, c = 50
2a
(25)  (25) 2  4(1)(50)

x= ; x = 2.19 or x = 22.81
2(1)
Since x must be less than 20, the second solution is discarded. The walkway should be 2.19 ft wide.
SECTION 1-5 43
85. From the area formula, Area = 1,200 = w . From the 87. If p = 3, the demand is given by
perimeter formula, Perimeter = 150 = 2  2w .Solve for w q = 1,600 – 200p = 1,600 – 200(3) = 1,000
and substitute the result in for w in the first equation. hamburgers.
The revenue is given by
2 w  150  2 R = qp = 1,000 · 3 = $3,000
w  75  
Then
1, 200  (75  )
1, 200  75   2
 2  75  1, 200  0
b  b 2  4ac
 a = 1, b = –75, c = 1,200
2a
(75)  (75) 2  4(1)(1, 200)

  = 23.1 or  = 51.9
2(1)
If  = 23.1, then w = 75 − 23.1 = 51.9, so there is actually only
one solution, 23.1 feet by 51.9 feet.
89. The revenue equation is R = qp = (1,600 – 200p)p.

(B) 3,200 = (1,600 – 200p)p
Solve
200p2 – 1,600p + 3,200 = 0
p2 – 8p + 16 = 0
(A) 2,800 = (1,600 – 200p)p
(p – 4)2 = 0
200p2 – 1,600p + 2,800 = 0
p = $4
p2 – 8p + 14 = 0
(C) 3,400 = (1,600 – 200p)p
200p2 – 1,600p + 3,400 = 0
(8)  (8) 2  4(1)(14) 8  8 p2 – 8p + 17 = 0
p = =
2(1) 2 Since the discriminant b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(1)(17) = –4
p = $2.59 or p = $5.41 is negative, there is no solution.
91. Let r = rate of slow plane. Slow Plane after 1 hour

Then r + 140 = rate of fast plane.
After 1 hour r(1) = r = distance traveled by slow plane. 260 miles
(r + 140)(1) = r + 140 = distance traveled by fast plane.

Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have
r2 + (r + 140)2 = 2602 Airport Fast Plane after 1 hour
r + r2 + 280r + 19,600 = 67,600
2
2r2 + 280r – 48,000 = 0
r2 + 140r – 24,000 = 0
(r + 240)(r – 100) = 0
r + 240 = 0 or r – 100 = 0
r = –240 r = 100
Discarding the negative solution, we have
r = 100 miles per hour = rate of slow plane
r + 140 = 240 miles per hour = rate of fast plane
93. Let t = time to travel 500 miles. 95. Let t = time for smaller pipe to fill tank alone
t – 5 = time for larger pipe to fill tank alone
Then 200t = distance travelled by plane going north 5 = time for both pipes to fill tank together
1
170t = distance travelled by plane going east Then = rate for smaller pipe
t
Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have 1
= rate for larger pipe
t 5
(200t)2 + (170t)2 = 5002  Part of job   Part of job 
   
40,000t2 + 28,900t2 = 250,000  completed by  +  completed by  = 1 whole job
 smaller pipe   larger pipe 
68,900t2 = 250,000    
1 1
250, 000 (5) + (5) = 1
t2  t t 5
68,900 5 5
+ = 1 Excluded values: t ≠ 0, 5
250, 000 t t 5
t 5 5
68,900 t(t – 5) + t(t – 5) = t(t – 5)
t  1.91 hours t t 5
5(t – 5) + 5t = t(t – 5)
Discarding the negative solution, we have 5t – 25 + 5t = t2 – 5t
t = 1.91 hours or 1.91(60) = 114 minutes. 10t – 25 = t2 – 5t
114 minutes after 6:00AM is 7:54AM. 0 = t2 – 15t + 25
2
t – 15t + 25 = 0
b  b 2  4ac
t= a = 1, b = –15, c = 25
2a
(15)  (15) 2  4(1)(25) 15  125
t= =
2(1) 2
t = 13.09, 1.91
t – 5 = 8.09, –3.09
Discarding the answer for t which results in a
negative answer for t – 5, we have 13.09 hours for
smaller pipe alone, 8.09 hours for larger pipe alone.
97. Let v = speed of car. Applying the given formula, we have
165 = 0.044v2 + 1.1v
0 = 0.044v2 + 1.1v – 165
2
0.044v + 1.1v – 165 =0
b  b 2  4ac
v = a = 0.044, b = 1.1, c = –165
2a
1.1  (1.1) 2  4(0.044)(165) 1.1  5.5
v= =
2(0.044) 0.088
v = –75 or 50
Discarding the negative answer, we have v = 50 miles per hour.
SECTION 1-5 45
99. (A) Let  = length of building

w = width of building.
Then, using the hint, in the similar triangles ABC and AFE, we
have
 400
=
200  w 200

=2
200  w
 = 2(200 − w)
 = 400 − 2w
Since the cross-sectional area of the building is given as 15,000 ft2,
we have
 w = 15,000
Substituting, we get,
(400 − 2w)w = 15,000
400w − 2w2 = 15,000
0 = 2w2 − 400w + 15,000
0 = w2 − 200w + 7,500
0 = (w − 50)(w − 150)
w − 50 = 0 or w − 150 = 0
w = 50 w = 150
 = 400 − 2w  = 400 − 2w
= 400 − 2(50) = 400 − 2(150)
= 300 = 100
Thus, there are two solutions: the building is 50 ft wide and 300 ft
long or 150 ft wide and 100 ft long.
(B) Preceding as in (A), but with the cross-sectional area given as 25,000 ft2, we have  w = 25,000.
(400  2 w) w  25, 000
400 w  2 w2  25, 000
0  2 w2  400 w  25, 000
0  w2  200 w  12,500
However, since b 2  4ac  (200) 2  4(1)(12,500)  10, 000 is negative, there are no real
solutions; the builder cannot meet this condition.
101. Let x = distance from the warehouse to Factory A. Since the distance from the warehouse to
Factory B via Factory A is known (it is the difference in odometer readings: 52937 — 52846) to be
91 miles, then
91 − x = distance from Factory A to Factory B.
The distance from Factory B to the warehouse is known (it is the difference in odometer readings:
53002—52937) to be 65 miles. Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have
x2 + (91 − x)2 = 652 Factory A

x2 + 8281 − 182x + x2 = 4225 91 - x
Factory B
2x2 − 182x + 4056 = 0
x2 − 91x + 2028 = 0
x 65
(x − 52)(x − 39) = 0
x − 52 = 0 or x − 39 = 0
x = 52 mi x = 39 mi
Warehouse
Since we are told that the distance from the warehouse to Factory A was
greater than the distance from Factory A to Factory B, we discard the
solution x = 39, which would lead to 91 − x = 52 miles, a contradiction.
52 miles.
Section 1-6
1. If an equation is solved by raising both sides to the same power, the resulting equation may have solutions
that are not solutions of the original equation; these are called extraneous solutions.
3. Since x  x 2 , an absolute value equation can be regarded as a radical equation; these can often be solved
by squaring both sides.
5. This statement is true, since ± 5 are the only two solutions of x2 = 5. T
7. This statement is false. The left side, (x + 5)2, is not equal to x2 + 10x + 25. This only equals x2 + 25 when
x = 0. F
9. This statement is false.

( x  1 + 1)2 is not equal to x − 1 + 1 or x, in general.
In fact
( x  1 + 1)2 = x − 1 + 2 x  1 + 1 = x + 2 x  1 .
This is only equal to x in case x = 1. F
11. This statement is false. If x3 = 2 then x = 3 2 or x is equal to one of two

non-real complex numbers whose cube is 2. If x = 8, x3 must equal 512. F
13. x2 =4 15. 3 y  5 + 10 = 0 17. 3y  2 = y − 2

x + 2 = 16 3y − 2 = y2 − 4y + 4
3 y  5 = −10 0 = y2 − 7y + 6
x = 14
Check: This equation has no solution, y2 − 7y + 6 = 0
? (y − 1)(y − 6) = 0
14  2  4 since the left side can never be y = 1, 6
?
16 4 a negative. ? ?
 Check: 1: 3(1)  2  1 − 2 6: 3(6)  2  6 − 2
4 4 ? ?
Solution: 14 1  −1 16  4

1 ≠ −1 4 4
Not a solution A solution
Solution: 6
SECTION 1-6 47
19. 5w  6 − w = 2 Common Error : 5w  6  w2  4

5w  6 = w + 2
5w + 6 = w2 + 4w + 4
or 5w  6  w2  4
0 = w2 − w − 2 are not equivalent to the
2
w −w−2=0
(w − 2)(w + 1) = 0 original equation.
w = 2, −1
Check:
? ?
2: 5(2)  6 − 2  2 −1: 5(1)  6 −(−1)  2
 
4–2  2 1+1  2
A solution A solution
Solution: 2, −1
21. |2x + 1| = x + 2 Check: x = 1 x = –1
|2x + 1|2 = (x + 2)2 |2x + 1| = x + 2 |2x + 1| = x + 2
4x2 + 4x + 1 = x2 + 4x + 4 ? ?
|2·1 + 1|  1 + 2 |2(–1) + 1|  (–1) + 2
3x2 = 3 ? ?
x2 = 1 |3|  3 |–1|  1
x = 1 or x = –1  
33 11
Solution: 1, –1
23. |x – 5| = 7 – 2x Check: x = 2 x=4
|x – 5|2 = (7 – 2x)2 |x – 5| = 7 – 2x |x – 5| = 7 – 2x
x2 –10x + 25 = 49 – 28x + 4x2 ?
0 = 3x2 – 18x + 24 |2 – 5|  7 – 2·2 |4 – 5| = 7 – 2·4
? ?
3(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0 |–3|  3 |–1|  –1
x – 2 = 0 or x – 4 = 0 
x=2 x=4 3 3 1 ≠ –1
A solution Not a solution
Solution: 2
25. |3x – 4| = 2x – 5 9
|3x – 4|2 = (2x – 5)2 Check: x = x = –1
5
9x – 24x + 16 = 4x2 – 20x + 25
2
|3x – 4| = 2x – 5 |3x – 4| = 2x – 5
5x2 – 4x – 9 = 0
9 ? 9 ?
(5x – 9)(x + 1) = 0 3   4  2   – 5 |3(–1) – 4|  2(–1) – 5
5x – 9 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 5 5
9 7 ? 7
x= x = –1 ?
5 – |–7|  –7
5 5
7 7
≠– 7 ≠ –7
5 5
Not a solution Not a solution
No solution
27. If we set u = x 3 then u2 = x 6 and the equation would become
2u2 – 4u = 0; hence, the equation is of quadratic type.
29. Since x3 ≠ (x)2 this is not an equation of quadratic type.

1 1
31. If we set u = 2
then u2 = 4 and the equation would become
x x
10
+ 4u – 7u2= 0; hence, the equation is of quadratic type.
9
33. 3t  2 = 1 – 2 t
? ?
3t – 2 = 1 – 4 t + 4t Check: 9: 39  2  1 – 2 9 1: 3 1  2  1 – 2 1
– t – 3= – 4 t  ?
25  1 – 6 1  1– 2
t2 + 6t + 9 = 16t 5 ≠–5 1 ≠–1
Not a solution Not a solution
t2 – 10t + 9 = 0
No solution
(t – 9)(t – 1) = 0
t = 9, 1
35. m4 + 2m2 – 15 = 0
Let u = m2, then
u2 + 2u – 15 = 0
(u + 5)(u – 3) = 0
u = –5, 3
m2 = –5 m2 = 3
m = ±i 5 m=± 3
37. 3x = x 2  2
9x2 = x2 – 2 Check: 1
?
i: 3( 12 i)  ( 12 i ) 2  2 – 12 i: 3(– 12 i) 
?
( 12 i ) 2  2
2
8x2 = –2
? ?
1 3
i   14  2 – 32 i   14  2
x2 =– 2
4 ? ?
3
i   94 – 32 i   94
1 2
x =±  3

4 2i  32 i – 32 i ≠ 32 i
1 A solution Not a solution
x =± i 1
2 Solution: 2 i
39. 2y2/3 + 5y1/3 – 12 = 0 41. (m2 – 2m)2 + 2(m2 – 2m) = 15

Let u = y1/3, then Let u = m2 – 2m, then
2u2 + 5u – 12 = 0 u2 + 2u = 15
(2u – 3)(u + 4) = 0 2
u + 2u – 15 = 0
2u – 3 = 0 u+4 =0 (u + 5)(u – 3) = 0
3 u = –5 u =3
u= u = –4 m2 – 2m = –5 m2 – 2m = 3
2
m2 – 2m + 1 = –4 m2 –2m – 3 = 0
3 (m – 1)2 = –4 (m – 3)(m + 1) = 0
y1/3 = y1/3 = –4
2 m – 1 = ±2i m – 3 = 0 m + 1 = 0
27 m = 1 ± 2i m=3 m = –1
y= y = –64
8
SECTION 1-6 49
43. 2t  3 + 2 = t 2 Common Error : 2t  3  4  t  2

is not an equivalent equation
2t + 3 + 4 2t  3 + 4 = t – 2
to the given equation
2t + 7 + 4 2t  3 = t – 2
4 2t  3 = –t – 9 ( 2t  3  2) 2 ? 2t  3  4
16(2t + 3) = t2 + 18t + 81 ?
32t + 48 = t2 + 18t + 81
Check: 11: 2(11)  3 + 2  11  2
0 = t2 – 14t + 33 25 + 2 
?
9
0 = (t – 11)(t – 3)
5+2 ≠3
t = 11 t = 3
Not a solution
?
3: 2(3)  3 + 2  3  2
?
9 +2  1
3+2 ≠1
Not a solution
No solution
?
45. w3 + 2w = 3 Check: –2: (2)  3 + 2  (2)  3
w3 = 3 – 2w 1 +
?
4 3
w+3 = 9 – 6 2w + 2 – w 
1+2  3
w+3 = 11 – w – 6 2  w A solution
= –6 2  w
?
2w – 8 1: 1 3 + 2 1  3
w–4 = –3 2  w 
4 + 1 3
w2 – 8w + 16 = 9(2 – w) A solution
w2 – 8w + 16 = 18 – 9w Solution: –2, 1
w2 + w – 2 =0
(w + 2)(w – 1) =0
w = –2 w =1
8 z = 1 + z 5
?
47. Check: 4: 84  1 + 45
8 – z = 1 + 2 z 5 + z + 5 ?
4 1+ 9
8 – z = z + 6 + 2 z 5 2 ≠1+3
2 – 2z = 2 z  5 Not a solution
?
1–z = z 5 –1: 8  (1)  1 + (1)  5
z2 – 2z + 1 =z+5 ?
z2 – 3z – 4 =0 9 1+ 4

(z – 4)(z + 1) =0 3  1+2
z=4 z = –1 A solution
Solution: –1
b  b 2  4ac
49. 4 x 2  12 x  1 – 6x = 9 x= a=2 b=6 c=5
2a
6  62  4(2)(5)
4 x 2  12 x  1 = 6x + 9 x=
2(2)
6  36  40
4x2 + 12x + 1 = 36x2 + 108x + 81 x=
4
6  4
0 = 32x2 + 96x + 80 x=
4
6  2i
0 = 2x2 + 6x + 5 x=
4
3 1
x=– ± i
2 2
2
3 1  3 1   3 1   3 1  ?
Check: – + i: 4    i   12    i   1 – 6    i   9
2 2  2 2   2 2   2 2 
?
(3  i ) 2  18  6i  1 + 9 – 3i  9
?
9  6i  i 2  18  6i  1 + 9 – 3i  9
?
9  6i  1  18  6i  1 + 9 – 3i  9
?
9 + 9 – 3i  9

3i + 9 – 3i  9 A solution
2
3 1  3 1   3 1   3 1  ?
– – i: 4    i   12    i   1 – 6    i   9
2 2  2 2   2 2   2 2 
?
(3  i ) 2  18  6i  1 + 9 + 3i  9
?
9  6i  i 2  18  6i  1 + 9 + 3i  9
?
9  6i  1  18  6i  1 + 9 + 3i  9
?
9 + 9 + 3i  9
?
3i + 9 + 3i  9
9 + 6i ≠ 9 Not a solution
3 1
Solution: – + i
2 2
SECTION 1-6 51
51. y–2 – 2y–1 + 3 = 0 or alternatively, write

Let u = y–1, then 1 2
u2 – 2u + 3 = 0 2
– +3 =0 y ≠ 0 LCD = y2
u2 – 2u = –3 y y
2
u – 2u + 1 = –2 1 – 2y + 3y2 =0
(u – 1)2 = –2 3y2 – 2y + 1 =0
u – 1 = ±i 2 b  b 2  4ac
y= a = 3, b = – 2, c = 1
u =1±i 2 2a
y–1 = 1 ± i 2 (2)  (2) 2  4(3)(1)
y=
1 2(3)
=1±i 2
y 2  8
y=
1 1 (1  i 2) 6
y = =
1 i 2 (1  i 2) (1  i 2) 2  i 2 2 1 i 2
y= =
1 i 2 1 i 2 6 3
y = =
1  (2) 3
53. 2t–4 – 5t–2 + 2 = 0 55. 3z–1 – 3z–1/2 + 1 = 0
Let u = t–2, then Let u = z–1/2, then
2u2 – 5u + 2 = 0 3u2– 3u + 1 = 0
(2u – 1)(u – 2) = 0
b  b 2  4ac
2u – 1 = 0 or u– 2=0 u= a = 3, b = – 3, c = 1
1 2a
u= u=2
2 (3)  (3) 2  4(3)(1)
u=
1 2(3)
t– 2 = t– 2 = 2
2 3i 3
1 u=
t2 = 2 t2 = 6
2
3i 3
1 z–1/2 =
t=± 2 t =± 6
2 2
 3i 3 
1 z–1 =  
t =±
2  6 
2 9  2(3) i 3  (i 3) 2
t =± =
2 36
9  6i 3  3
z–1 =
36
6  6i 3
z–1 =
36
1 i 3
z–1 =
6
6 6 (1  i 3)
z = =
1  i 3 (1  i 3) (1  i 3)
6(1  i 3) 6(1  i 3) 3  3i 3
z = = or
1  (3) 4 2
57. By squaring: m – 7 m + 12 = 0 By substitution:

m – 7 m + 12 = 0
m + 12 = 7 m
m2+ 24m + 144 = 49m Let u = m , then
m2 – 25m + 144 = 0 u2 – 7u + 12 = 0
(m – 9)(m – 16) = 0 (u – 4)(u – 3) = 0
m – 9 = 0 or m – 16 = 0 u – 4 = 0 or u – 3 = 0
m = 9, 16 u = 3, 4
m=3 m=4
Check: m = 9 m = 16 m=9 m = 16
9 – 7 9 + 12  0
?
16 – 7 16 + 12  0
?
These answers have already been checked.
 
00 0 0
Solution: m = 9, 16
59. t – 11 t + 18 = 0 By substitution: t – 11 t + 18 = 0
By squaring:
Let u = t , then
t – 11 t + 18 = 0
u2 – 11u + 18 =0
t + 18 = 11 t (u – 9)(u – 2) =0
t2 + 36w + 324 = 121t u = 2, 9
t2 – 85w + 324 = 0
u=2 u=9
(t – 4)(t – 81) = 0
t–4=0 t – 81 = 0 t =2 t =9
t = 4, 81 t=4 t = 81
Check: These answers have already been checked.
?
4 – 11 4 + 18  0

00
?
81 – 11 81 + 18  0

00
Solution: t = 4, 81
10
7  2  103  –
?
61. 7  2x – x2 = x5 Check: x = : 10
3 2  10
3 5
3
7 – 2x – 2 7  2x x  2 + x + 2 = x + 5 ?
–2 7  2x x  2 – x + 9 = x + 5
21
3  203 – 10
3  63  10
3  153
?
–2 7  2x x  2 = 2x – 4 1
3 – 16
3  25
3
– 7  2x x  2 = x – 2 1
– 4
≠ 5
3 3 3
(7 – 2x)(x + 2) = x2 – 4x + 4 Not a solution
7x + 14 – 2x2 – 4x = x2 – 4x + 4 ?
0 = 3x2 – 7x – 10 x = –1: 7  2(1) – (1)  2  (1)  5
?
0 = (3x – 10)(x + 1) 9 – 1 4
3x – 10 = 0 x+1=0 
10 3 – 1 2
x= x = –1 A solution
3
Solution: –1
SECTION 1-6 53
63. 3 + x-4 = 5x-2 x ≠ 0, LCD = x4

3x4 + 1 = 5x2
3x4 – 5x2 + 1 = 0
Let u = x2, then
3u2 – 5u + 1 = 0
b  b 2  4ac
u= a = 3, b = –5, c = 1
2a
(5)  (5) 2  4(3)(1)
u =
2(3)
5  13
u =
6
5  13
x2 =
6
5  13
x =± (four roots)
6
65. 2 x5 = 0.01x + 2.04

200 x  5 = x + 204
40,000(x + 5) = (x + 204)2
40,000x + 200,000 = x2 + 408x + 41,616
0 = x2 – 39,592x – 158,384
Although this is factorable in the integers, one is unlikely to notice this or to detect the factors, so the
quadratic formula is used
b  b 2  4ac
x= a=1
2a
b = –39,592
c = –158,384
(39,592)  (39,592) 2  4(1)(158,384)

x=
2(1)
39,592  39, 600
x=
2
x = –4, x = 39,596
Check:
? ?
–4: 2 4  5  0.01(–4) + 2.04 39,596: 2 39,596  5  0.01(39,596) + 2.04
 
2 2 398  398
Solution: –4, 39596
67. 2x-2/5 – 5x-1/5 + 1 =0 69. The “solution” is incorrect because an incorrect

Let u = x-1/5, then attempt at squaring both sides was made. The
2u2 – 5u + 1 = 0
square of x  3  5 is x  3  10 x  3  25 not
b  b 2  4ac x  3  25 .
u= a = 2, b = –5, c = 1
2a
(5)  (5) 2  4(2)(1)
u=
2(2)
5  17
u=
4
5  17 5  17
x-1/5 = x-1/5 =
4 4
4 4
x1/5 = x1/5 =
5  17 5  17
 4 5  4 5
x =  x = 
 5  17   5  17 
x ≈ 0.016203 x ≈ 1974.98
71. Substitute t = 14 into the given formula and solve. 73. Let x = length and y = width, then A = xy = 45. From
x x the Pythagorean theorem, since the diagonal is 10 inches,
14   x 2  y 2  102 . Solve xy = 45 for y in terms of x to
4 1,100
45
Let u  x , then obtain y  , then substitute this for y into
x
u u2
14   x 2  y 2  102 .
4 1,100 2
 45 
15, 400  275u  u 2 x 2     102
 x 
0  u 2  275u  15, 400
2, 025
b  b 2  4ac x 2  2  100
u a = 1, b = 275, c = –15,400 x
2a x  2, 025  100 x 2
4
275  (275) 2  4(1)(15, 400) x 4  100 x 2  2, 025  0

u
2(1) Let u  x 2 , then
u = 47.72 or –322.72
u 2  100u  2, 025  0
The negative “solution” for x is discarded
b  b 2  4ac
x = 47.72 u a = 1, b = –100, c = 2,025
x = (47.72)2 2a
x = 2,277 feet (100)  (100) 2  4(1)(2, 025)
u
2(1)
u = 71.79 or u = –28.21
x2 = 71.79 x2 = –28.21
x = 8.5 in impossible
45
y =5.3 in Dimensions: 5.3 in by 8.5 in
x
SECTION 1-6 55
75. Let x = width of cross-section of the beam

y = depth of cross-section of the beam
From the Pythagorean theorem
x2 + y2 = 162
Thus, y = 256  x 2
Since the area of the rectangle is given by xy, we have

xy = 120
x 256  x 2 = 120
x2(256 – x2) = 14,400
256x2 – x4 = 14,400
–x4 + 256x2 – 14,400 =0
(x2)2 – 256x2 + 14,400 =0
b  b 2  4ac
x2 = a = 1, b = –256, c = 14,400
2a
(256)  (256) 2  4(1)(14, 400)
x2 =
2(1)
256  65,536  57, 600
x2 =
2
256  7,936
x2 =
2
x = 128 ± 1,984
2
x= 128  1,984
If x = 128  1,984 ≈ 13.1 then
y= 256  x 2 = 256  (128  1,984) = 128  1,984 ≈ 9.1
Thus the dimensions of the rectangle are 13.1 inches by 9.1 inches. Notice that if x = 128  1,984 , then
y= 128  1,984 and the dimensions are still 13.1 inches by 9.1 inches.
Let w = width of trough

h = altitude of triangular end
77.
Examining the triangular end of the trough sketched above, we see that
2
1  1
h2 +  w  = 22. The area of this end, A = wh. Since the volume of the trough
2  2
V is given by V = A·6, we have
9 = 6A
1 
9 = 6 wh 
2 
9 = 3wh
3 = wh
2
1 
Since h2 = 22 –  w
2 
1
h2 = 22 – w2
4
1
h = 4  w2
4
Hence we solve
1 2
3 = w 4 w
4
 1 
9 = w2  4  w2 
 4 
1
9 = 4w2 – (w2)2
4
36 = 16w2 – (w2)2
(w2)2 – 16w 2 + 36 = 0
b  b 2  4ac
w2 = a = 1, b = –16, c = 36
2a
(16)  (16) 2  4(1)(36)
w2 =
2(1)
16  256  144
w2 =
2
16  112
w2 =
2
w2 = 8 ± 2 7
w = 8 2 7
w = 1.65 ft or 3.65 ft
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 57
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
y  10 1 y 1 1
1. 8x + 10 = 4x – 30 2. 4 – 3(x + 2) = 5x – 7(4 – x) 3. – = – LCD: 30
15 5 6 10
4x + 10 = –30 4  3x  6  5 x  28  7 x
4x = –40 ( y  10) 1 ( y  1) 1
3x  2  12 x  28 30  – 30  = 30  – 30 
x = –10 15 5 6 10
(1-1) 15 x  2  28 2(y + 10) – 6 = 5(y + 1) – 3
2y + 20 – 6 = 5y + 5 – 3
15 x  26
2y + 14 = 5y + 2
26 –3y + 14 =2
x –3y = –12
15
(1-1) y =4 (1-1)
4. 3(2 – x) – 2 ≤ 2x – 1 5. |y + 9| < 5
6 – 3x – 2 ≤ 2x – 1 –5 < y + 9 < 5
–3x + 4 ≤ 2x – 1 –14 < y < –4
–5x ≤ –5 (–14, –4)
x≥1 [1, ∞)
( ) y
-14 -4 (1-3)
(1-2)
6. |3 – 2x| ≤ 5
–5 ≤ 3 – 2x ≤ 5
–8 ≤ –2x ≤ 2
4 ≥ x ≥ –1
–1 ≤ x ≤ 4
[–1, 4]
[ ] x (1-3)
-1 4
7. (A) 9 – 4i = 9 + (–4)i (B) 5i = 0 + 5i
Real part: 9 Real part = 0
Imaginary part: –4i Imaginary part: 5i
Conjugate: 9 – (–4)i = 9 + 4i Conjugate: 0 + (–5)i = –5i
(C) –10 = –10 + 0i

Real part: –10
Imaginary part: 0
Conjugate: –10 – 0i = –10 (1-4)
8. (A) (4 + 7i) + (–2 – 3i) = 4 + 7i – 2 – 3i = 2 + 4i
(B) (–3 + 5i) – (4 – 8i) = –3 + 5i – 4 + 8i = –7 + 13 i
(C) (1 – 2i)(3 + 4i) = 3 + 4i – 6i – 8i2 = 3 – 2i + 8 = 11 – 2i
21  9i (21  9i ) (5  2i )
(D) =
5  2i (5  2i ) (5  2i )
105  42i  45i  18i 2 105  87i  18 87  87i
= = = = 3 + 3i (1-4)
25  4i 2 25  4 29
9. 2x2 – 7 = 0 10. 5x2 + 20 = 0 11. 2x2 = 4x

2x2 = 7 5x2 = –20 2x2 – 4x = 0
7 x2 = –4 2x(x – 2) = 0
x2 = 2x = 0 x – 2 = 0
2 x = ± 4
x = ±2i (1-5) x=0 x=2
7 14 (1-5)
x=± =±
2 2
(1-5)
12. 2x2 = 7x – 3 13. m2 + m + 1 = 0

2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
(2x – 1)(x – 3) = 0 b  b 2  4ac
m= a=1b=1c=1
2x – 1 = 0 x – 3 = 0 2a
1
x= x=3 1  (1) 2  4(1)(1) 1  3 1  i 3 1 3
2 m= = = =– ± i (1-5)
(1-5) 2(1) 2 2 2 2
3 5x  6 – x = 0
14. y2 = (y + 1) 15.
2
5x  6 = x
2y2 = 3(y + 1)
2y2 = 3y + 3 5x – 6 = x2
2
2y – 3y – 3 = 0 0 = x2 – 5x + 6
2
x – 5x + 6 =0
b  b 2  4ac (x – 3)(x – 2) =0
y= a = 2 b = –3 c = –3
2a x = 2, 3
?
(3)  (3) 2  4(2)(3) Check: 5(2)  6 – 2  0
y=
2(2) 
00
3  33 ?
y= (1-5) 5(3)  6 – 3  0
4 
00
Solution: 2, 3 (1-6)
16. 15  6x represents a real number exactly when 7 10  4 x

15 + 6x is positive or zero. 17. = 2
2  x x  3x  10
We can write this as an inequality statement
and solve for x.
7 10  4 x
= Excluded values: x ≠ 2, –5
15 + 6x ≥ 0 2  x ( x  2)( x  5)
6x ≥ –15 1
7 10  4 x
x ≥ 
5  x – 2 ( x  5) = (x – 2)(x + 5)
2 x ( x  2)( x  5)
2 1
(1-2)
–7(x + 5) = 10 – 4x
–7x – 35 = 10 – 4x
–3x = 45
x = –15 (1-1)
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 59
u 3 1 1 u x3 2 x
18. = – 19. ≤5–
2u  2 6 3u  3 8 3
u 3 1 1 u ( x  3) (2  x)
= – Excluded value: u ≠ 1 24 ≤ 120 – 24
2(u  1) 6 3(u  1) 8 3
3(x + 3) ≤ 120 – 8(2 – x)
(u  3) 1 (1  u ) 3x + 9 ≤ 120 – 16 + 8x
6(u – 1) = 6(u – 1) – 6(u – 1) 3x + 9 ≤ 8x + 104
2(u  1) 6 3(u  1)
–5x ≤ 95
3(u – 3) = u – 1 – 2(1 – u) x ≥ –19
3u – 9 = u –1 – 2 + 2u [–19, ∞)
3u – 9 = 3u – 3
–9 = –3
No solution (1-1) (1-2)
20. |3x – 8| > 2

21. (1  2m) 2 ≤ 3
3x – 8 < –2 or 3x – 8 > 2
3x < 6 3x > 10 |1 – 2m| ≤ 3
10 –3 ≤ 1 – 2m ≤ 3
x < 2 or x > –4 ≤ –2m ≤ 2
3 2 ≥ m ≥ –1
 – , 2   
10  –1 ≤ m ≤ 2
,
 3  [–1, 2] (1-3)
) ( x
10
2 3
(1-3)
22. (A) d(A,B) = |20 – 5| = |15| = 15 23. (A) (3 + i)2 – 2(3 + i) + 3 = 9 + 6i + i2 – 6 – 2i + 3

(B) d(A,C) = |(–8) – 5| = |–13| = 13 = 9 + 6i – 1 – 6 – 2i + 3
(C) d(B,C) = |(–8) – 20| = |–28| = 28 (1-3) = 5 + 4i
(B) i27 = i26i = (i2)13i = (–1)13i = (–1)i = –i (1-4)
24. (A) (2 – 4 ) – (3 – 9 ) = (2 – i 4 ) – (3 – i 9 ) = (2 – 2i) – (3 – 3i) = 2 – 2i – 3 + 3i = –1 + i

2  1 2i 1 2i (2  i ) (3  2i ) 6  7i  2i 2 6  7i  2 4  7i 4 7
(B) = = = = = = = – i
3  i 4 3  2i (3  2i ) (3  2i ) 9  4i 94
2
3  4 13 13 13
4  25 4  i 25 4  5i 4  5i i 4i  5i 2 4i  5 5
(C) = = = = = = – 2i (1-4)
4 i 4 2i 2i i 2i 2
2 2
 11 
2 3 2
25.  y   = 20 26. 1+ 2 = Excluded value: u ≠ 0
 3 u u
u2 + 3 = 2u
11 u2 – 2u = –3
y+ = ± 20
3 2
u – 2u + 1 = –2
11 11 3 4  5 (u – 1)2 = –2
y =– ± 20 =   u–1 = ± 2
3 3 3
11  3  2 5 11  6 5 u =1± 2
y = = (1-5) u =1±i 2 (1-5)
3 3
x 2
27. – =3 b  b 2  4ac
x  x6 x3
2 x= a = 3, b = –2, c = –14
2a
x 2
– = 3 Excluded values: x ≠ 3, –2 (2)  (2) 2  4(3)(14)
( x  3)( x  2) x  3 x=
x 2 2(3)
(x – 3)(x + 2) – (x – 3)(x + 2) = 3(x – 3)(x + 2)
( x  3)( x  2) x 3 2  172
x=
x – 2(x + 2) = 3(x – 3)(x + 2) 6
x – 2x – 4 = 3(x2 – x – 6) 2  2 43 1  43
–x – 4 = 3x2 – 3x – 18 x= = (1-5)
0 = 3x2 – 2x – 14 6 3
3x2 – 2x – 14 = 0
28. 2x2/3 – 5x1/3 – 12 = 0

Let u = x1/3, then 29. m4 + 5m2 – 36 = 0
2u2 – 5u – 12 = 0 Let u = m2, then
(2u + 3)(u – 4) = 0 u2 + 5u – 36 =0
(u + 9)(u – 4) =0
3
u =– ,4 u = –9, 4
2 m2 = –9 m2 =4
3 m = ±3i m = ±2
x1/3 = – x1/3 = 4
2
27
x =– x = 64 (1-6)
8
30. y  2 – 5 y  1 = –3 Common Error:

y  2  5y 1  9
– 5 y  1 = –3 – y2 is not equivalent to the
5y + 1 = 9 + 6 y  2 + y – 2 equation formed by
squaring both members
5y + 1 = y + 7 + 6 y  2 of the given equation.
5  94   1
?
4y – 6 = 6 y2 Check: 9
4 2 –  –3
2y – 3 = 3 y2 1 49
?
4 – 4  –3
4y2 – 12y + 9 = 9(y – 2) 
4y2 – 12y + 9 = 9y – 18 –3  –3
4y2 – 21y + 27 =0 ?
(4y – 9)(y – 3) =0 3 2 – 5(3)  1  –3

y = 94 , 3 –3  –3
9
Solution: 4 ,3 (1-6)
31. 2.15x – 3.73(x – 0.930) = 6.11x 32. –1.52 ≤ 0.770 – 2.04x ≤ 5.33
2.15x – 3.73x + 3.4689 = 6.11x –2.29 ≤ –2.04x ≤ 4.56
–1.58x + 3.4689 = 6.11x 1.12 ≥ x ≥ –2.24
3.4689 = 7.69x –2.24 ≤ x ≤ 1.12 or [–2.24, 1.12]
x = 0.451 (1-1) (1-2)
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 61
8 4 1
34.  t ≤
33. |9.71 – 3.62x| > 5.48 3 5 2
9.71 – 3.62x > 5.48 or 9.71 – 3.62x < –5.48
–3.62x > –4.23 –3.62x < –15.19 1 8 4 1
   t
x < 1.17 x > 4.20 2 3 5 2
(1-3)  1  8 4  1
30     30    30  t   30  
 2 3 5  2
15  80  24t  15 (1-3)
95  24t  65
95 65
t 
24 24
65 95
t 
24 24
35. 6.09x2 + 4.57x – 8.86 = 0 36. P = M – Mdt
M – Mdt = P
b  b 2  4ac
x= a = 6.09, b = 4.57, c = –8.86 M(1 – dt) = P
2a
P
4.57  (4.57) 2  4(6.09)(8.86) M= (1-1)
x= 1  dt
2(6.09)
4.57  236.7145
x=
12.18
4.57  15.3855
x=
12.18
x = –1.64, 0.888 (1-5)
37. P = EI – RI2 4y  5
RI2 – EI + P = 0 38. x =
2 y 1
b  b 2  4ac 4y  5
I= a = R, b = –E, c = P x(2y + 1) = (2y + 1)
2a 2 y 1
( E )  ( E ) 2  4( R)( P) 2xy + x = 4y + 5
I= 2xy + x – 4y =5
2( R)
2xy – 4y =5–x
E  E 2  4 PR y(2x – 4) =5–x
I= (1-5) 5 x
2R y = (1-1)
2x  4
39. The original equation can be rewritten as 40. In this problem, a = 1, b = –8, c = c. Thus, the
4 3 discriminant b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(1)(c) = 64 – 4c.
= Hence,
( x  1)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  2)
if c = –16, the discriminant is 64 – 4(–16)=128 > 0.
Thus, x = 1 cannot be a solution of this equation. Therefore there are two real solutions.
This extraneous solution was introduced when if c = 16, the disciminant is 64 – 4(16) = 0.
both sides were multiplied by x – 1 in the second Therefore, there is one real solution.
line. x = 1 must be discarded and the only correct if c = 32, the discriminant is 64 – 4(32) = –128 < 0.
solution is x = –1. (1-1) Therefore, there are two imaginary solutions.
In general
if 64 – 4c > 0, thus 64 > 4c or c < 16, there are two real
solutions.
if 64 – 4c = 0, thus c = 16, there is one real solution.
if 64 – 4c < 0, thus 64 < 4c or c > 16, there are imaginary
solutions. (1-5)
41. The given inequality a + b < b – a is equivalent to, a b
42. If a > b and b is negative, then < , that is,
successively, b b
a < –a a
2a < 0 < 1, since dividing both sides by b reverses the
a<0 b
Thus its truth is independent of the value of b, and a
order of the inequality. is less than 1. (1-2)
dependent on a being negative. True for all real b b
and all negative a. (1-2)
1 44. 0 < |x – 6| < d means: the distance between x and
43. y = 6 is between 0 and d, that is, less than d but x
1  11x
≠ 6.
1(1  x) –d < x – 6 < d except x ≠ 6
y =
(1  x)1  (1  x) 11x 6 – d < x < 6 + d but x ≠ 6
6 – d < x < 6 or 6 < x < 6 + d
1 x (6 – d, 6)  (6, 6 + d)
y =
1  x 1
1 x
y = (1-3)
x
–xy = 1 – x
x – xy = 1
x(1 – y) = 1
1
x = (1-1)
1 y
1 46. 4 = 8x-2 – x-4
45. 2x2 = 3x– 4x4 = 8x2 – 1 x ≠ 0 LCD = x4
2 4x4 – 8x2 + 1 = 0
4x2 = 2 3 x – 1 Let u = x2, then
4u2 – 8u + 1 = 0
4x2 – 2 3 x + 1 = 0
b  b 2  4ac
b  b  4ac
2 u= a = 4, b = –8, c = 1
x= a = 4, b = –2 3 , c = 1 2a
2a (8)  (8) 2  4(4)(1)
u=
(2 3)  (2 3)  4(4)(1)
2
2(4)
x=
2(4)
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 63
2 3  4 8  48 8  4 3 Common Error: It is incorrect

x= u= =
8 8 8 to "cancel" the 8's at this point
2 3  2i 4(2  3) 2  3
x= u= =
8 8 2
3 i 3 1 2 3
x= or ± i (1-5) x2 =
4 4 4 2
2 3
x=± (four real roots) (1-6)
2
47. 2ix2 + 3ix – 5i = 0  a b 
48. (a + bi)  2  2 2 
i
 a b a b 
2
i (2 x 2  3 x  5)  0
i (2 x  5)( x  1)  0 (a  bi )  a bi 
=  2  2 2 
 a b a b 
2
1
2x  5  0 or x 1  0
a(a  bi ) bi (a  bi )
2 x  5 x 1 = 2 –
a  b2 a 2  b2
5
x a 2  abi  abi  b 2i 2
2 =
a 2  b2
(1-5) a 2  b2
= 2 =1 (1-4)
a  b2
49. Let x = the number 50. (A) H = 0.7(220 – A)

1 (B) We are to find H when A = 20.
= its reciprocal
x H = 0.7(220 – 20)
1 16 Excluded value: H = 140 beats per minute.
Then x – = (C) We are to find A when
x 15 x0 H = 126.
15x2 –15 = 16x 126 = 0.7(220 – A)
15x2 – 16x – 15 = 0 126 = 154 – 0.7A
(5x + 3)(3x – 5) = 0 –28 = –0.7A
5x + 3 = 0 or 3x – 5 = 0 A = 40 years old. (1-1)
3 5
x=– x= (1-5)
5 3
51. Let x = amount of 80% solution 52. Let x = the wind speed
Then 50 – x = amount of 30% solution Then 300 + x = the speed flying with the wind
since 50 = amount of 60% solution 300 – x = the speed flying against the wind
d
Solving d = rt for t, we have t = . We use this formula,
acid in acid in acid in r
80% solution + 30% solution = 60% solution together with
0.8(x) + 0.3(50 – x) = 0.6(50) 3
time down (with the wind) = time back (against the wind) –
0.8x + 15 – 0.3x = 30 2
15 + 0.5x = 30
distance flown 1, 200
0.5x = 15 time flying down = =
15 rate down 300  x
x=
0.5 distance back 1, 200
time flying back = =
rate back 300  x
x = 30 milliliters of 80% solution 1, 200 1, 200 3

So, = – Excluded values: x ≠ –300, 300
50 – x = 20 milliliters of 30% solution (1-2) 300  x 300  x 2
2(300 – x)(1,200) = 2(300 + x)(1,200) – 3(300 – x) (300 + x)
720,000 – 2,400x = 720,000 + 2,400x – 270,000+ 3x2
0 = 3x2 + 4,800x – 270,000
0 = x2 + 1,600x – 90,000
b  b 2  4ac
x= a = 1, b = 1,600, c = –90,000
2a
1, 600  (1, 600) 2  4(1)(90, 000)

x=
2(1)
x = –1,654.4 or x = 54.4
Discarding the negative answer, we have
wind speed = 54.4 miles per hour. (1-5)
53. (A) Let x = distance rowed (B) Now let x = still-water speed
then 15 – 3 = 12 km/hr = the rate rowed upstream x – 3 = the rate rowed upstream
15 + 3 = 18 km/hr = the rate rowed downstream x + 3 = the rate rowed downstream
d 3 3
Using t = as in the previous problem yield time upstream = time downstream =
r x 3 x3
x x 3 3 23
time upstream = time downstream = So + = Excluded values: x = 3, –3
12 18 x  3 x  3 60
x x 25 60(x + 3)3 + 60(x – 3)3 = 23(x + 3)(x – 3)
So + = LCD = 180
12 18 60 180x + 540 + 180x – 540 = 23x2 – 207
180 x 180 x 180 25 0 = 23x2 – 360x – 207
· + · = ·
1 12 1 18 1 60 b  b 2  4ac
x= a = 23, b = –360, c = –207
15x + 10x = 75 2a
25x = 75
x = 3 km (360)  (360) 2  4(23)(207)
x=
2(23)
x = 16.2 or –0.6
Discarding the negative answer, we have x = 16.2 km/hr.
(C) Now 18 – 3 = 15 km/hr = the rate rowed upstream
18 + 3 = 21 km/hr = the rate rowed downstream
3 3
So + = round trip time
15 21
= 0.343 hr
= 0.343  60 min
= 20.6 min (1-1, 1-5)
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 65
54. (A) Apply the given formula with (B) Apply the given formula with
C = 15. C = 6.
15 = x2 – 10x + 31 6 = x2 – 10x + 31
0 = x2 – 10x + 16 0 = x2 – 10x + 25
2
x – 10x + 16 = 0 2
x – 10x + 25 = 0
(x – 8)(x – 2) = 0 (x – 5)2 = 0
x = 2 or 8 x=5
Thus the output could be either 2,000 or 8,000 units. Thus the output must be 5,000 units. (1-5)
55. The break-even points are defined by 56. Let P = the percentage required. Then the distance of
C = R (cost = revenue). Applying the formulas P from 54 is less than or equal to 1.2, thus
in this problem and the previous one, we have P  54  1.2
x2 – 10x + 31 = 3x
x2 – 13x + 31 = 0 Solving, we obtain
1.2  P  54  1.2
b  b 2  4ac (1-3)
x= a = 1, b = –13, c = 31 52.8  P  55.2
2a
(13)  (13) 2  4(1)(31)
x=
2(1)
13  45
x= thousand or approximately
2
3,146 and 9,854 units (1-5)
58. In the isosceles triangle

57. Let x = width of page we note:
y = height of page
8 feet 1 Bh = A = 24
480 h 2
Then xy = 480, thus y = .
x Hence
Since the printed portion is surrounded by 48
margins of 2 cm on each side, we have h=
B
x – 4 = width of printed portion B B
2 2
y – 4 = height of printed portion
Hence Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have
(x – 4)(y – 4) = 320, that is 2
B
 480  h2 +   = 82
(x – 4)   4  = 320 2
 x  2 2
Solving this, we obtain:  48  B 2
  +   =8
 480   480   
B 2
 
x  – 4x – 4   + 16 = 320 2,304 B2
 x   x  + = 64
1,920 B2 4
480 – 4x – + 16 = 320
x  2,304   B2 
4B2   + 4B 2
  = 4B2(64)
1,920 
2
 4
–4x – = –176 LCD: x x ≠ 0 B  
x 9,216 + B4 = 256B2
–4x2 – 1,920 = –176x (B2)2 – 256B2 + 9,216 = 0
0 = 4x2 – 176x + 1,920
0 = x2 – 44x + 480 b  b 2  4ac
B2 = a = 1, b = – 256, c = 9,216
0 = (x – 20)(x – 24) 2a
x – 20 = 0 or x – 24 = 0
x = 20 x = 24 (256)  (256) 2  4(1)(9, 216)
480 480 B2 =
= 24 = 20 2(1)
x x
Thus, the dimensions of the page are 20 cm by 24 cm. 256  65,536  36,864
(1-5) B2 =
2
256  28, 672
B2 =
2
B2 = 128 ± 32 7
B= 128  32 7
B = 14.58 ft or 6.58 ft (1-6)

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SECTION 1-1 17

9. 10x – 7 = 4x – 25 11. 3(x + 2) = 5(x – 6) 13. 5 + 4(t – 2) = 2(t + 7) +1

35. 3.142x – 0.4835(x – 4) = 6.795 3.76

d2f + d1f = d1d2

(d2 + d1)f = d1d2

60. Let w = width of rectangle 63. Let P = price before discount

69. Let x = total population 71. Let x = amount of distilled water

73. Let x = amount of 50% solution

75. Let t = time for both computers to finish the job

77. Let d = distance flown north

79. Let x = the speed of the current.

We can use the formula d = r · t to find an expression for each time:

11. (–2, 6] 13. (–7, 8) 15. (–∞, –2]

29. 7x – 8 < 4x + 7 31. 12 – y ≥ 2(9 – 2y) N

35. –5t < –10 37. 3 – m < 4(m – 3) Common Error:

(,1) (, 1)

(,1)  (2, )  (, ) (, 1)  [3, 7)

67. 0.1(x – 7) < 0.8 – 0.05x 69. 0.3x – 2.04 ≥ 0.04(x + 1)

89. 150 ≤ T ≤ 250

91. Let x = number of calculators sold

7. 5 9. |(–6) – (–2)| = |–4| = 4 11. |5 – 5|=5– 5 since 5 – 5 is positive.

13. | 5 – 5| = – ( 5 – 5) = 5 – 5 since 15. d(B,O) = |0 – (–4)| 17. d(O,B) = |–4 – 0|

37. |u – (–8)| = 3 39. |u – (–8)| ≤ 3 41. |u – (–8)| ≥ 3

61. |2.25 – 1.02x| ≤ 1.64 63. |21.7 – 11.3x| = 15.2

65. 0 < |x – 3| < 0.1 1

73. We consider four cases for |x| + |x + 3| = 3.

55. (9 – 9 ) – (12 – 25 ) 57. (3 – 4 )(–2 + 49 ) = (3 – i 4 )(–2 + i 49 )

71. 3  x represents an imaginary number 73. 2  3x represents an imaginary number when

89. 1. Definition of addition 91. The product of a complex number and

1. A quadratic equation can be written in the standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.

11. 3w2 + 13w = 10

35. 2r2 + 10r + 11 = 0 37. 4u2 + 8u + 15 = 0

45. x2 = 3x + 1 47. 7n2 = –4n

65. x2 + 2ix = 3 67. x3 – 1 = 0

75. The ± in front still yields the same two numbers

(25)  (25) 2  4(1)(50)

(75)  (75) 2  4(1)(1, 200)

89. The revenue equation is R = qp = (1,600 – 200p)p.

91. Let r = rate of slow plane. Slow Plane after 1 hour

After 1 hour r(1) = r = distance traveled by slow plane. 260 miles

(r + 140)(1) = r + 140 = distance traveled by fast plane.

99. (A) Let  = length of building

x2 + (91 − x)2 = 652 Factory A

5. This statement is true, since ± 5 are the only two solutions of x2 = 5. T

9. This statement is false.

11. This statement is false. If x3 = 2 then x = 3 2 or x is equal to one of two

13. x2 =4 15. 3 y  5 + 10 = 0 17. 3y  2 = y − 2

19. 5w  6 − w = 2 Common Error : 5w  6  w2  4

29. Since x3 ≠ (x)2 this is not an equation of quadratic type.

39. 2y2/3 + 5y1/3 – 12 = 0 41. (m2 – 2m)2 + 2(m2 – 2m) = 15

43. 2t  3 + 2 = t 2 Common Error : 2t  3  4  t  2

51. y–2 – 2y–1 + 3 = 0 or alternatively, write

57. By squaring: m – 7 m + 12 = 0 By substitution:

63. 3 + x-4 = 5x-2 x ≠ 0, LCD = x4

65. 2 x5 = 0.01x + 2.04

(39,592)  (39,592) 2  4(1)(158,384)

67. 2x-2/5 – 5x-1/5 + 1 =0 69. The “solution” is incorrect because an incorrect

275  (275) 2  4(1)(15, 400) x 4  100 x 2  2, 025  0

75. Let x = width of cross-section of the beam

Since the area of the rectangle is given by xy, we have

Let w = width of trough

(C) –10 = –10 + 0i

9. 2x2 – 7 = 0 10. 5x2 + 20 = 0 11. 2x2 = 4x