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This project is mainly used to find and rectify the faults of three
phase induction motor using PIC (peripheral interface controller) Microcontroller. Here
we are taken seven types of faults, and they are
1. OVER VOLTAGE
2. UNDER VOLTAGE
3. UNBALANCED VOLTAGE
4. SINGLE PHASING
5. BLOCKED ROTOR
6. OVER LOAD
7. NO FAULT( Initial Condition)
Faults other than blocked rotor can be rectified automatically by
using PIC, i.e., over voltage, under voltage, unbalanced voltage, single phasing, over load
and initial condition can be rectified automatically by using PIC,i.e., PIC giving signal to
the relay driver unit, if there is any fault relay will cut off the supply from the induction
motor, but there is no any possibility in case of blocked rotor faults, if the blocked rotor
fault occurs PIC showing there is a blocked rotor faults in induction motor, then alarm
will be on then we can rectify the faults manually.
INTRODUCTION
Now many techniques are used to find and rectify the faults, here we
are using PIC technique this method is very faster and precise than the other
techniques and also it is easy to implemented. The program of PIC is written by using
fuzzy logic.
FEATURES OF PIC
Combination Of Hardware and Software
Hardware
To establish a Physical Connection between two parts
Software
Issue when and where commands to control the Hardware.
Potentia
3 l Rectifie
Single Filter
Transfor r
Phase mer
Supply
Control
Load
Unit
PIC
TYPES OF FAULTS
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER VOLTAGE
UNBALANCED VOLTAGE
SINGLE PHASING
BLOCKED ROTOR
OVER LOAD
CONTROL UNIT
• If ‘v’&‘I’ is less than the specified value,then the relay will be idle.
• If ‘v’&‘I’ is more than the specified value,then the relay will operate and cut- off
the three phase induction motor from the supply.
Blocked-Rotor Test
blocked-rotor condition since the inertia isinfinite. Because of the infinite inertia, rotor
speed remains at zero during the blocked-rotor simulation. Various test frequencies for
blocked-rotor simulation can be easily achieved by changing the frequencies of the
-connected voltage sources rather than using a synchronous generator coupled with a dc
motor. The measurement data from the blocked rotor test enables one to determine
approximately the blocked-rotor resistance and reactance at the test frequency
where is the blocked-rotor resistance, and is the blocked-rotor reactance at the test
frequency.
If the test frequency is different from the rated frequency, one can compute the total
equivalent reactance at the normal operating frequency as follows since the reactance is
directly proportional to the frequency.
When the three tests are completed, equivalent circuit parameters can easily be computed.
1) The stator resistance is directly computed from the dc test.
2) The no-load test gives the sum of the magnetizing reactance and the stator leakage
reactance .
3) The blocked-rotor test gives that of the stator and rotor leakage reactance. One needs
to refer to test codes to find out the empirical proportions for stator and leakage reactance
given for three-phase induction motors by class.When the classification of the motor is
not known, one assumes that. The magnetization reactance can now be evaluated using,
as follows:
As for the rotor resistance , a better approximation is required since it has a more
significant effect on the motor performance when compared with the other circuit
parameters.
For each induction motor tested the Simulink/PSB models of the dc, no-load, and
blocked-rotor tests were run. The simulation data of no-load and blocked-rotor tests for
motor 1 is shown in Table II, where various quantities, such as voltage, current, and
power required to compute equivalent circuit parameters, are presented. The dc test
simulation data for motor 1 is as follows: 12.66 V and 15.74 A. The simulation data for
the other three motors is similar to that of Motor 1 and, thus, is not given here. Table III
gives the equivalent circuit parameters computed, using the simulation data and the
corresponding errors relative to those obtained experimentally. The error computations
assume that equivalent circuit parameters determined experimentally are accurate. The
results indicate that relative errors are negligible, and the proposed simulation models
accurately predict equivalent circuit parameters. The largest error occurs in the stator and
rotor leakage reactances, since one assumes that two reactances have equal contributions
to the blocked-rotor reactance, which might not be the real case.
INITIAL CONDITION
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR INTIAL CONDITION
SINGLE PHASE FAULT
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE PHASE
UNDER
VOLTAGE FAULT
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR UNDER VOLTAGE
UNBALNCED FAULT
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR UNBALANCED
Unbalanced Fault Van
+
v
-
Vab1
Vbn
signal rms
RMS3
1 2
signal rms
g m
Vcn Normal Demux RMS signal rms
Ideal Switch1
signal rms RMS1 Scope1
1 2
RMS2
Vcn Ubnormal g m
ia
Ideal Switch2
2
Signal To
Pulse
Constant Workspace
ib
Generator1
Pulse
Generator2 Signal To
Workspace1
ic
Signal To
Workspace2
OVER LOAD
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR OVER LOAD
OVER VOLTAGE
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR OVER VOLTAGE
+
v Van
-
Vab1
Vbn
signal rms
RMS3 Vcn
+ signal rms
v
- Scope2
RMS4
Vab2
+
v signal rms
- 0
Vab3 RMS5
+
Demux -
v
Display
Vab Scope 0
is_abc
A
Pase A
m wm
B
AC Voltage Source m
C Display1
Te
Tm
Asynchronous Machine
AC Voltage Source1 SI Units
1 2
signal rms
g m
Demux RMS signal rms
Ideal Switch1
RMS1 Scope1
signal rms
1 2
RMS2
AC Voltage Source3 g m
Ideal Switch2 ia
2
Signal To
Constant
Workspace
Pulse
Generator1
ib
Pulse Signal To
Generator2 Workspace1
ic
Signal To
Workspace2
BLOCKED ROTOR FAULT
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR BLOCKED ROTOR
PIC MICRO CONTROLLER
PIC16F87X
Microcontroller Core Features
DESCRIPTION
PIC16F874
AND
PIC16F877
PINOUT
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and
peripheral modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are
implemented as static RAM. A list of these registers is given in Table
The Special Function Registers can be classified into two sets; core
(CPU) and peripheral. Those registers associated with the core functions are described in
detail in this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are
described in detail in the peripheral feature section.
STATUS REGISTER
Note 1: The C and DC bits operate as a borrow and digit borrow bit, respectively, in
subtraction. See the SUBLW and SUBWF instructions for examples.
STATUS REGISTER (ADDRESS 03H, 83H, 103H, 183H)
OPTION_REG REGISTER
The PIE1 register contains the individual enable bits for the peripheral interrupts.
PIE2 REGISTER
The PIE2 register contains the individual enable bits for the CCP2
peripheral interrupt, the SSP bus collision interrupt, and the EEPROM write operation
interrupt
PIE2 REGISTER (ADDRESS 8DH)
PIR2 REGISTER
The PIR2 register contains the flag bits for the CCP2 interrupt, the
SSP bus collision interrupt and the EEPROM write operation interrupt.
PCON REGISTER
The program counter (PC) is 13-bits wide. The low byte comes
from the PCL register, which is a readable and writable register. The upper bits
(PC<12:8>) are not readable, but are indirectly writable through the PCLATH register.
On any reset, the upper bits of the PC will be cleared. Figure 2-5 shows the two uationsor
the loading of the PC. The upper example in the figure shows how the PC is loaded on a
write to PCL (PCLATH<4:0> P CH). The lower example in the figure shows how the
PC is loaded during a CALL or GOTO instruction (PCLATH<4:3> PCH).
COMPUTED GOTO
A computed GOTO is accomplished by adding an offset to the
program counter ADDWF PCL). When doing a table read using a computed GOTO
method, care should be exercised if the table location crosses a PCL memory boundary
(each 256 byte block). Refer to the application note, “Implementing a Table Read"
(AN556).
STACK
The PIC16CXX family has an 8-level deep x 13-bit wide hardware
stack. The stack space is not part of either program or data space and the stack pointer is
not readable or writable. The PC is PUSHed onto the stackwhen a CALL instruction is
executed or an interrupt causes a branch. The stack is POPed in the event of a
RETURN,RETLW or a RETFIE instruction execution.PCLATH is not affected by a
PUSH or POP operation. The stack operates as a circular buffer. This means that after the
stack has been PUSHed eight times, the ninth push overwrites the value that was stored
from the first push. The tenth push overwrites the second push (and so on).
Time-out Sequence
INTRODUCTION
FL offers several unique features that make it a particularly good choice for many control
problems.
1) It is inherently robust since it does not require precise, noise-free inputs and can be
programmed to fail safely if a feedback sensor quits or is destroyed. The output control is
a smooth control function despite a wide range of input variations.
2) Since the FL controller processes user-defined rules governing the target control
system, it can be modified and tweaked easily to improve or drastically alter system
performance. New sensors can easily be incorporated into the system simply by
generating appropriate governing rules.
3) FL is not limited to a few feedback inputs and one or two control outputs, nor is it
necessary to measure or compute rate-of-change parameters in order for it to be
implemented. Any sensor data that provides some indication of a system's actions and
reactions is sufficient. This allows the sensors to be inexpensive and imprecise thus
keeping the overall system cost and complexity low.
4) Because of the rule-based operation, any reasonable number of inputs can be processed
(1-8 or more) and numerous outputs (1-4 or more) generated, although defining the rule
base quickly becomes complex if too many inputs and outputs are chosen for a single
implementation since rules defining their interrelations must also be defined. It would be
better to break the control system into smaller chunks and use several smaller FL
controllers distributed on the system, each with more limited responsibilities.
5) FL can control nonlinear systems that would be difficult or impossible to model
mathematically. This opens doors for control systems that would normally be deemed
unfeasible for automation.
HOW IS FL USED?
1) Define the control objectives and criteria: What am I trying to control? What do I have
to do to control the system? What kind of response do I need? What are the possible
(probable) system failure modes?
2) Determine the input and output relationships and choose a minimum number of
variables for input to the FL engine (typically error and rate-of-change-of-error).
3) Using the rule-based structure of FL, break the control problem down into a series of
IF X AND Y THEN Z rules that define the desired system output response for given
system input conditions. The number and complexity of rules depends on the number of
input parameters that are to be processed and the number fuzzy variables associated with
each parameter. If possible, use at least one variable and its time derivative. Although it is
possible to use a single, instantaneous error parameter without knowing its rate of
change, this cripples the system's ability to minimize overshoot for a step inputs.
6) Test the system, evaluate the results, tune the rules and membership functions, and
retest until satisfactory results are obtained.
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES
MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS
In the last article, the rule matrix was introduced and used. The
next logical question is how to apply the rules. This leads into the next concept, the
membership function. The membership function is a graphical representation of the
magnitude of participation of each input. It associates a weighting with each of the inputs
that are processed, define functional overlap between inputs, and ultimately determines
an output response. The rules use the input membership values as weighting factors to
determine their influence on the fuzzy output sets of the final output conclusion. Once the
functions are inferred, scaled, and combined, they are de fuzzified into a crisp output
which drives the system.
"error" = -1.0: "negative" = 0.5 and "zero" = 0.5 "error-dot" = +2.5: "zero" = 0.5
and "positive" = 0.5 ANTECEDENT & CONSEQUENT BLOCKS (e = error, er
= error-dot or error-rate) Now referring back to the rules, plug in the membership
function weights from above. "Error" selects rules 1,2,4, 5,7,8 while "error-dot"
selects rules 4 through 9. "Error" and "error-dot" for all rules are combined to a
logical product (LP or AND, that is the minimum of either term). Of the nine
rules selected, only four (rules 4,5,7,8) fire or have non-zero results. This leaves
fuzzy output response magnitudes for only "Cooling" and "No_Change" which
must be inferred, combined, and defuzzified to return the actual crisp output. In
the rule list below, the following ddefinitions apply: (e)=error, (er)=error-dot.
1. If (e < 0) AND (er < 0) then Cool 0.5 & 0.0 = 0.0
2. If (e = 0) AND (er < 0) then Heat 0.5 & 0.0 = 0.0
3. If (e > 0) AND (er < 0) then Heat 0.0 & 0.0 = 0.0
4. If (e < 0) AND (er = 0) then Cool 0.5 & 0.5 = 0.5
5. If (e = 0) AND (er = 0) then No_Chng 0.5 & 0.5 = 0.5
6. If (e > 0) AND (er = 0) then Heat 0.0 & 0.5 = 0.0
7. If (e < 0) AND (er > 0) then Cool 0.5 & 0.5 = 0.5
8. If (e = 0) AND (er > 0) then Cool 0.5 & 0.5 = 0.5
9. If (e > 0) AND (er > 0) then Heat 0.0 & 0.5 = 0.0
SINGLE PHASE FAULT
UNBALANCED FAULT
• Input voltage>230V.
• Input current is high.
• Both the stator & rotor losses is high.
• Torque is plenty, due to high starting torque ,there is an advantage in starting,but
there is always high amount of losses.
• Output power is so much reduced.
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
5v Power Supply
S W 1 L M 7 8 0 5 C /T O 2 2 0
J11 1 1 3
IN OU T V C C
2 U1
2 3
1 R1
GND
S W S P DT
C ON2 C 1 330E
C3
2
4 7 0 u F /2 5 V C 2 0 .1 u F
100uF/16V
D 1
LE D
GN D
2. Filter
3. Voltage regulator
RECTIFIER
A rectifier is a device which offers a low resistance to the
current in one direction and a high resistance in the opposite direction. Such a device is
capable of converting A.C. voltage into a pulsating D.C. voltage. The rectifier employs
one or more diodes. It may be either a vacuum diode or a semiconductor diode.
There are two types
1. Half wave rectifier
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1. The circuit requires a four diodes and hence additional voltage drop that reduce
the output voltage through the transformer secondary.
2. It’s rarely used with thermionic diode value because of heater supply problem.
FILTER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
+5V
R4
10K
R2
4 .7 K A D C _C H 0
R3 1K 1
2 Q1
3B C 5 4 7
R T1
10K
+12V
D1 NO
AC LOAD
1N4007 NC
1K
M C P o rt P i n Q1
2N 2222