SUBSTANTIVUL

NUMARUL SUBSTANTIVULUI

Regula: Majoritatea substantivelor primesc -s la plural:

Book-books; house-houses, month-months

Primesc –es la plural substantivele:

1. terminate in –o: hero-heroes; tomato-tomatoes.

NB! Primesc doar –s subst. din domeniile muzicii si tehnicii (piano-pianos; radio-
radios; dynamo-dynamos), abrevierile (photo-photos, kilo-kilos) si subst. terminate in –o
precedat de vocala (cuckoo-cuckoos, kangaroo-kangaroos)

2. terminate in –f sau –fe cu transformarea lui f in v:

E.g knife-knives; leaf-leaves.

EXCEPTII: cliff-cliffs, roof-roofs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs, dwarf-dwarfs, safe-safes,

belief-beliefs. Still-lifes (still-life-natura moarta)

3. terminate in –y precedat de consoana cu transformarea lui –y in i:

E.g fly-flies, family-families DAR! Play-plays, boy-boys

4. terminate in consoane suieratoare (ss, z, x, ch, tch, sh):

E.g. dresses, boxes, churches
NB! Dupa consoanele suieratoare, -es se pronunta /iz/

Pluralul neregulat:
Man-men, woman-women; child-children, tooth-teeth, foot-feet; ox-oxen; goose-geese,
mouse-mice, louse (paduche)-lice, die-dice (zaruri), brother-brothers/ brethren (confrati)

Pluralul subst. compuse:

Pluralul subst. de origine straina:
eye lash=eye lashes;
passer-by=passers-by; Datum-data (date ca informatii)
forget-me-not=forget-me-nots, Stratum-strata (strat social)
merry-go-round=merry-go- Sanatorium- sanatoria/sanatoriums
rounds; Nucleus-nuclei
man servant=men servants, Stimulus-stimuli
woman servant=women servants Formula-formulae/formulas
Criterion-criteria
Phenomenon-phenomena
Crisis-crises (/kraisis/-/kraisiz/
Substantivele singularia tantum:

information
intelligence (informatii)
knowledge
advice
furniture
luggage/baggage
news
evidence (dovezi)
money
AU NUMAI FORMA DE SINGULAR, NU SE NUMARA; AU INTELES DE PLURAL DAR SE
ACORDA CU VB LA SINGULAR. PENTRU A LE NUMARA FOLOSIM A PIECE OF, AN
ITEM OF, AN ARTICLE OF
E.g. The information is correct (Informatiile sunt corecte)
You gave me a precious piece of information.(Mi-ai dat o informatie pretioasa)

Substantivele pluralia tantum

trousers
pyjamas
scissors
spectacles
eye-glasses
binoculars
tongs, pliers
scales
compasses (busole/compass)
AU NUMAI FORMA DE PLURAL, NU SE NUMARA; SE ACORDA CU VERBUL LA
PLURAL, PENTRU A LE NUMARA FOLOSIM “A PAIR OF”, “2 PAIRS OF “

NB!!!! Au aceeasi forma pentru singular si plural substantivele: species, means, series, sheep,
deer, trout, carp

Substantivele colective

1. colective propriu-zise- sunt subst, care se numara, au form de singular si plural si acordul se
face in numar. Forma de singular poate avea sens plural (cand se refera la toti memebrii
colectivitatii) si in acest caz acordul se face cu verbul la plural.
Family, class, government, crew, committee, team, group, jury
E.g My family is made up of 4 members.
My family are very happy about my success.
2. colective ale pluralitatii (of multitude):sunt substantive care nu se numara, au numai forma
de singular,dar intelesul este de plural si se acorda cu verbul la plural.
People, cattle (vite), police, vermin (daunatori), clergy (cler)
E.g The clergy are invited by the bishop to a meeting.
GENUL SUBSTANTIVULUI: masculin, feminin, neutru, comun (cousin, friend, patient,
president, doctor, engineer, student)

Marcarea genului se face:

-prin cuvinte diferite: husband-wife; boy-girl, king-queen, gander (gascan)-goose; boar(vier)-
sow(scroafa), stag (cerb)-hind (caprioara)
-prin derivare cu sufixe: prince-princess; lion-lioness; waiter-waitress; bride-bridegroom;
widow-widower; hero-heroine;
-prin cuvinte compuse cu boy/girl; man/woman; male/female; he/she etc:

Eg. boy friend-girl friend

man teacher-woman teacher
tomcat-tabby cat
he goat-she goat
cock sparrow-hen sparrow
male elephant-female elephant

DECLINAREA SUBSTANTIVULUI

Cazul genitiv
1) Genitivul prepozitional-se formeaza cu prepozitia “OF” si se foloseste cu orice fel de
substantiv:
Ex: The books of the boy are new.
The window of the room is broken.

2) Genitivul sintetic-se formeaza cu “’s” la singular si numai cu apostrof la plural:

Ex: Mary’s house is near.

The students’ hostel is very crowded.
Numele proprii terminate in “s_ au la genitive sintetic “’s” sau numai apostrof dar se
pronunta ca si cum ar avea “es” (es-/iz/)
Ex: Dickens’(s) novels are difficult to read.

Genitivul sintetic se foloseste:

-cu nume de finite in general:nume de oameni, animale domestice si animale salbatice mari.
Ex: The cat’s eyes are green.

-cu nume de tari si orase.

Ex: Romania’s climate is temperate.

-cu substantive nume de corpuri ceresti

Ex: The sun’s heat withered the grass.

-cu substantive abstracte, personificate

Ex:duty’s call; liberty’s voice, victory’s truth
 -cu substantivul “ship”
Ex: The ship’s mast was broken by the wind.
-pentru exprimarea notiunilor de timp, masura si valoare
EX: In yesterday’s meeting took part hundreds of people.
We had a two hours’ talk.
My house is at a 500 metres’ distance from the school.
I bought one hundred lei’s worth of salt.(worth of-in valoare de_
REGULA: Cand intr-o propozitie sunt mai multe genitive se recomanda combinarea
celor doua forme.
Ex: The child of the friend of my brother is naughty.
My brother’s friend’s child is naughty.
The child of my brother’s friend is naughty.

NB! Cand un obiect are 2 posesori, Genitivul sintetic se pune la ultimul.

Ex: John and Mary’s parents are teachers.

Unele substantive sunt de regula omise dupa Genitivul sintetic: house, office, church,
cathedral, hospital, shop.
Ex: Londoners go to St. Paul’s (Cathedral) every Sunday.
Let’s meet at Mary’s (house).

Cazul dativ

1) Dativul prepozitional-se formeaza cu prepozitiile “TO” si “FOR”:

Ex: He told a story to his child.
She bought a doll for her daughter.

2)Dativul neprepozitional-cand dativul este asezat imediat dupa verb, nu are prepozitie.

Ex: He told his child a story.

She bought her daughter a doll.
NB! Unele verbe cer dativul prepozitional chiar daca acesta le urmeaza: speak TO, talk TO, say
TO, explain TO, belong TO, describe TO:
Ex: The teacher explains to the students the lesson.
That car belongs to my father.