The purpose of this annotated bibliography is to evaluate two books and three academic

journal articles relevant to my next assignment. The main aim is to evaluate the relevance
and usefulness of these references for my next assignment by giving a brief critical
review and summary of them.

Cooper, C. Fletcher, J. Gilbert. D, Shepherd, R. & Wanhill, S., 1998, Tourism: Principles
and Practice, 2nd Edn, England Edinburgh Gate, Financial Times Prentice Hall, pp. 270-
288

In chapter 13 of the textbook, the main objective is to demonstrate the importance of

transportation in tourism. A brief write up on the background and the role of transport in
tourism is provided in order to provide a basic understanding on the transport as a
component of the tourist product. The authors also revealed that the use of visitor
expenditure figures is able to illustrate the importance of transport as an element of the
product. However it would be useful if literature examples are provided to support this
concept. The four main modes of transportation which are discussed are road, railways,
water and most importantly air transport. The different modes of transportation and the
four main basic elements in each of them are further discussed in this chapter. The
evolution of transportation in tourism from the early 1930’s to 1990’s is also summarized
into a table format. Perhaps more research can be provided in order to give a more in
depth understanding. A competitive analysis between the different modes of
transportations is also analysed in this chapter. This book provides a comprehensive
evaluation of the relationship between transport and tourism. The contents in this chapter
will be quite useful and is relevant to the objective of my assignment.

Henderson, J., 2009, ‘Transport and Tourism Destination Development: An Indonesian

Perspective’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol.9, no.3, pp. 199-208

This article examines the importance of transportation in tourism and how it affects the
development of a destination by analyzing the case study on tourism and transport of
Indonesia. Literatures have shown that tourism and transport forge a close relationship.
Likewise, (Connell and Page, 2008, p.561) states that the advances of transport in a
destination plays a part in the development of tourism. In addition, recent studies have
also shown that the evolution of civil aviation especially the rise of budget airlines has
opened up new tourism opportunities for less visited countries that are served by smaller
airports. Previous studies also showed that visitors’ destination choices are affected by
their perception of the destinations’ availability and quality of transport. Similarly,
transportation safety of a destination is one of the factors that affect a visitor’s overall
satisfaction (Wilks et al, 2006). A figure diagram showing the different factors affecting
destination development was also presented in this article. Though the figure gives a very
brief overview of how destination development is affected by numerous factors, it would
probably be useful if there is an explanation for each of those factors.
Another questionable aspect of this article is that the studies focus only on Indonesia;
many negative feedback on the transportation system of Indonesia. It would seem that a
case study on a country with world class transportation is needed in order to make
comparisons before any firm conclusions can be drawn. Despite these limitations, the
article appears to be well structured and the literature is relevant for the objective of my
assignment.

Litvin, S.W., & Mouri, N., 2009, ‘A Comparative Study of the Use of “Iconic” versus
“Generic” Advertising Images for Destination Marketing’, Journal of Travel Research,
vol.48, no.2, pp. 152-161

In this article, the authors discuss on the use of “iconic” and “generic” advertising images
used by marketers followed by examining whichever method is more effective in
promoting a destination. A good advertisement will attempt to capture an image of a
destination which is most likely to attract and persuade a tourist to visit it. As stated by
(Echtner and Ritchie 1993), a destination image plays a very important role when it
comes to affecting customers’ decision to visit it. According to (Bowie and Buttle 2004;
Judd and Fainstein 1999; Voase 1999), an “icon” is a distinct and dominant tourism
feature of a destination. In order to promote a destination to customers, marketing
organizations will employ an “iconic” advertisement approach to influence their target
audience (Voase 1999).Whereas a “generic” advertisement is basically promoting a
destination to a customer by portraying an overall positive image and enhancing the
customer’s view of a destination. Literatures also suggest that “iconic” advertisement is
more like to achieve the intended objective of inducing visitors’ purchase (Kim, Allen
and Kardes 1996). A survey was also conducted in order to find out if “iconic”
advertisement or a “generic” advertisement was being favored. Results from it showed
that an “iconic” advertisement generated a higher rating than that of a “generic”
advertisement.
While the article is clear in explaining the effectiveness of “iconic” and “generic”
advertising respectively, the survey presented did not touch on whether the targeted
audiences of the advertisements were first-time visitor or repeated-visitor to a particular
destination which is a critically important factor. Another limitation is that the survey
conducted was focus only on university students and destinations in the United States.
Results would have been different if a wider range of targeted participants were being
recruited and destinations outside the States were being used. However, despite these
limitations, the article is highly relevant as it contributes to the objective of my
assignment.

Page, S.J., 2003, Tourism Management: Managing for Change, 1st Edn, Oxford,
Butterworth Heinemann, pp. 307-343

Chapter 12 of this textbook discusses on the impact of tourism. Similarly, the tools and
approaches used to manage these impacts are also looked into. Whenever the topic on
tourism impacts is being discussed, there are always three main areas of concerns that are
raised, the economic, environmental and the social/cultural impacts. Early work by
Potter’s (1978) provides a general framework for impact analysis and it is shown that
tourism impacts are a combination of economic, environmental and social issues. The
three impacts are then further elaborated with the reinforcement of literatures examples
and different case studies to provide a deeper understanding. Another main focus in this
chapter is the use of visitor management tools in tourism. It is further discussed by
relating to the work of Hall and McArthur (1998: 123). A case study on managing tourist
impact in Venice is shown to summarize the objectives covered in this chapter. This book
provides a base understanding on the impact of tourism by covering the fundamentals.
This chapter will provide a useful reference to my essay as it covers the one of the
objectives of my assignment.

Smolcic, D., 2009, ‘Specific Knowledge for Managing Ecotourism Destinations’,

Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol.15, no.2, pp. 267-278

In this article, the author focuses on the different types of knowledge required by
destination manager in order to be successful in ecotourism.
In recent years, the demand for ecotourism has risen and the natural environment is now
being recognized as one of the key factors in tourism. It is emphasized that environmental
policy is one of the most important issues to be considered when elaborating the concept
of sustainable tourism development. Referring to the Brundtland report, a few factors of
sustainable development are being pointed out. Based on these fundamentals, the author
concludes that sustainable development is a process of changes where it meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. According to other researches, the author also suggests that eco-tourists are
heterogeneous. The article also examines the various strategies and measures that can be
implemented based on the principles of sustainable development in order for the
ecotourism of a destination to be successful. One of the key instruments for successful
management of ecotourism destinations are indicators. A common list of indicators based
on (WTO, 2004) is also provided. However, while the article appears to be well structured
with important points being presented in point forms for reading ease, there are
insufficient examples to support the author’s findings. In this case, specific education
requirements for ecotourism management are being identified and presented in a table but
this only gives a brief overview on what is to be studied. Secondly, more literatures on
how an environmental campaign works need to be examined before we can gain a full
understanding of it. Hence, this article is mildly relevant to the objective of my
assignment.
In conclusion, these five references are useful for answering the objectives of the
assignment question. Not only are the contents in them useful for writing my essay but
the relevant references within the various types of literature are also useful. They also
provide a deeper understanding on how tourism of a destination is affected by the many
factors.