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Fluid flows is a natural science of fluid which is in term of liquid and gases that
is in motion. Basically, there are 3 main types of fluid flows which are laminar,
turbulent and transitional flows.
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Laminar flow is a fluid flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular
paths. This type of flow is a streamline type of viscous fluid motion characteristic of
flow at low-to-moderate deformation rates. The velocity, pressure, and other flow
properties at each point in the fluid remain constant. Laminar flow over a horizontal
surface may be thought of as consisting of thin layers, all parallel to each other, that
slide over each other. It is common only where the flow channel is relatively small,
the fluid is moving slowly, and its viscosity is relatively high. Examples include the
flow of oil through a thin tube and blood flow through capill aries..
The chief criterion for laminar flow is a relatively small value for the Reynolds
number, Re = ȡ^ u , where ȡ is fluid density, ^ is flow velocity, is body size, and
is fluid viscosity. Laminar flow may be achieved in many ways: low -density flows as in
rarefied gases; low-velocity or ³creeping´ motions; small -size bodies such
as microorganisms swimming in the ocean; or high-viscosity fluids such as lubricating
oils. At higher values of the Reynolds number, the flow becomes disorderly or
turbulent, with many small eddies, random fluctuations, and stre amlines intertwining.
Nearly all of the many known exact solutions of the equations of motion of
a viscous fluid are for the case of laminar flow. These mathematically accurate
descriptions can be used to give insight into the more complex turbulent and
transitional flow patterns for which no exact analyses are known. p Navier-
Stokes equation.
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Turbulent flow is a type of fluid ( gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid undergoes
irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow, in which the fluid moves in
smooth paths or layers. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is
continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction. The flow of wind
and rivers is generally turbulent in this sense, even if the currents are g entle. The air
or water swirls and eddies while its overall bulk moves along a specific direction.
Most kinds of fluid flow are turbulent, except for laminar flow at the leading
edge of solids moving relative to fluids or extremely close to solid surfaces, such as
the inside wall of a pipe, or in cases of fluids of high viscosity (relatively great
sluggishness) flowing slowly through small channels. Common examples of turbulent
flow are blood flow in arteries, oil transport in pipelines, lava flow, atmosphe re and
ocean currents, the flow through pumps and turbines, and the flow in boat wakes and
around aircraft-wing tips.
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ð = ȡ^u
where ȡ = density of the fluid, ^ = velocity, = pipe diameter, and = fluid viscosity.
Laminar flow
Re < 2000
'low' velocity
Dye does not mix with water
Fluid particles move in straight lines
Simple mathematical analysis possible
Rare in practice in water systems.
Transitional flow
Turbulent flow
Re > 4000
'high' velocity
Dye mixes rapidly and completely
Particle paths completely irregular
Average motion is in the direction of the flow
Cannot be seen by the naked eye
Changesufluctuations are very difficult to detect. Must use laser.
Mathematical analysis very difficult - so experimental measures are used
Most common type of flow.
hen a fluid flows past a point or through a path different parameters associated
with the flow of the fluid, certain parameters vary and others may remain constant.
The two basic parameters of any fluid flow are velocity of the fluid particle or element
and the pressure of the fluid at the point under consideration. The flow of fluids can
be classified in different patterns based on the variation of the flow parameters with
time and distance. The benefit of characterizing the fluid flow as certain patterns
helps in analyzing it under the appropriate solution paradigm.
A steady flow can be uniform or non-uniform and similarly an unsteady flow can
also be uniform or non-uniform. For a steady flow discharge is constant with time and
for a uniform flow the area of cross section of the fluid flow is constant through the
flow path. They are as listed below:
22 : Fixed discharge flow through a tapering pipe.
ater flow through a river with a constant discharge is also a good example of such
flow as the span of river generally varies with distance and amount of water flow in
river is constant.
2 2 : A flow through pipeline of constant cross
section with sudden changes in fluid disc harge or pressure.
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The key di 6erence between compressible and incompressible Àow is the way
that forces are transmitted through the Àuid. Consider the Àow of water in a straw.
hen a thirsty child applies suction to one end of a straw submerged in water, the
water moves which is both the water close to her mouth moves and the water at the
far end moves towards the lowerpressure area created in the mouth. Likewise, in a
long, completely ¿lled piping system, if a pump is turned on at one end, the water will
immediately begin to Àow out of the other end of the pipe.
Let a wire be suspended from a rigid support. At the free end, a ight hanger is
provided on which weights could be added to study the behavior of the wire is
suitably measured and a stress - strain graph is plotted as shown in figure. This
graph gives the relationship between strain and strain.
(i) In the figure the region OP is linear. ithin a normal stress, strain is proportional to
the applied stress. This is ooke's law. Upto P, when the load is removed the wire
regains its original length along PO.The point P represents the elastic limit, PO
represents the elastic range of the material and OB is the elastic strength.
(ii) Beyond P, the graph is not linear. In the region PQ the material is partly elastic
and partly plastic.From Q, if we start decreasing the load, the graph does not come to
O via P, but traces a straight line QA.Thus a permanent strain OA is caused in the
wire this is called permanent set.\
(iii) Beyond Q addition of even a small load causes enormous strain. This point Q is
called the yield point. This region QR is the plastic range.
(iv) Beyond R, the wire loses its shape and becomes thinner and thinner in daimeter
and ultimately breaks sat at S. Therefore Sis called the breaking point. The stress
corresponding to S is called breaking stress.
Law about Stress Strain Relationship
According to ooke's law , within the elastic limit,strain produced in a body is directly
proportional to the stress produced.
stress strain