work done on the carriage by the

LESSON 2.10 horse.

Understanding work,
Solution
energy, power and
efficiency.
Work(W), Energy (E) and Power
(P) and Efficiency
Example 2
(a) The Definition and S.I. unit of
Work Figure shows an ice cube is pulled by
a force 20N
Work is defined as the product of the At an angle of 60o to the surface of the
applied force ,F on the object and its smooth surface.
displacement, s in the direction of the
net force.

W = Fs where W = Work, F=
force
and s = Calculate the done on the ice cube?
displacement
Solution
The S.I. unit for Work is Joule(J)
IJ = 1Nm
Work is a scalar quantity.
Example 3

Figure shows a graph force-

displacement of spring which is
compressed by a force increases from
0 N to 100 N for 0.15 m.

Work done also can get from the

graph
force-displacement. Calculate the work done on the spring.

Solution

(b) The Definition and S.I. unit of

Energy(E)
Energy is the capacity or ability of a
Example 1 system to do work.
Without energy the work cannot
A horse pulls a carriage with a total done.
force 40 N for 50m . Calculate the

68
When work is done , energy is 160 k J. What is the velocity of the
transferred to the object or change lorry.
into a different form.
Energy can exist in various form ; Solution
potential energy(Gravitational
Potential Energy, Elastic Potential
Energy, Electrical Potential Energy ,
Gravitational Potential Energy
Atomic Potential Energy ) kinetic
( Eg)
energy, mechanical energy, heat
energy, sound energy, electrical
energy and nuclear energy. The Gravitational potential energy of
any object is the energy stored in the
The S.I. of energy is Joule (J). object because of its height above the
Energy is scalar quantity. earth’s surface
Example 4 Eg = m g h
m = mass
A student lifts a brick of mass 0.8 kg g= acceleration due
from the floor to the table top of to gravity
height 1.2 m. Determine
h = height
(a) work done on the brick
Example 7
(b) energy is used to lift the brick.
A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown to a
Solution
height 15 m. How much gravitational
potential energy does the ball gain?
Solution
Kinetic Energy ( Ek )
Kinetic energy is the energy
Example 8
possessed by a moving object.

m = mass , A boy of mass 50 kg sitting on the top

Ek = ½ mv2
end of an inclined sliding board has an
v=
energy of 2 kJ. What is the height the
velocity
inclined sliding board from the
Example 5 ground?

A bullet of mass 0.02 kg moves at a Solution

velocity 150 ms-1
What is the kinetic energy of the
bullet ?

Solution Principle of Conservation of

Energy
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed.
Example 6 Energy can be transformed from one
kind to another,
A moving lorry of mass 800 kg has an but the total energy in a system stays
the same or is conserved .
energy of

69
Example 9

A stone is thrown with a velocity 20

ms-1.
What is the maximum height can be
reached by the stone?

Solution

What is the velocity of the trolley at

point Y.

Solution
Example 10

Figure shows a ball of mass 0.5 kg

slides from rest at point A through a
frictionless rail height 0.8 m down .

Example 12

Figure shows a ball moves on a

frictionless curve track with a velocity
6 ms-1 at point A.
What is the velocity of the ball at the
bottom of the rail.

Solution

Example 11

Figure shows a trolley is released

from a rest at What is the velocity of the ball when it
point X through a frictionless reaches at point B?
inclined plane.
Solution

(c) The Definition and S.I. unit of

Power (P)

70
Power is the rate at which work is
done or
Power is the rate at which energy is
changed or transferred.

@ P= W or P = Fs = F v
t t Example 15
@ P=E
t A crane lifts a load of 400 kg to a
height of 100 m in 20 s. If the power
P = Power , W = Work, E input is 25 000 W, calculate
= Energy , t = time v = (a) the useful energy output
velocity (b) the energy input
The S.I. unit of power is Watt(W) (c) the efficiency of the crane.
1 W = 1 Js-1
Solution
Example 13

A monkey of mass 20 kg climbs a

coconut tree of height 15 m in
2.5 s. What is the power of the
monkey?
(e) Appreciating the importance of
Solution maximising the
efficiency of devices.

Energy conservation demands that

the total energy output of a
(d) The Definition of Efficiency machine or device must equal its
energy input.
Efficiency = useful energy transferred However , when we measure the
x 100% energy output as work done on the
total energy supplied load by a machine or device, we find
it is less than the energy input.
= useful energy output
It is because the machine or device
x 100%
energy input also does work against frictional
forces and sometimes does work in
Example 14 moving itself.
The work done against friction
A man pulls a box of mass 8 kg with a converts input energy into wasted
total force heat energy and a little noise
100 N. After pulled for 5 m ,the box is energy.
moving at a speed of 6 ms-1. Calculate So the energy equation now looks
the efficiency with which the man is like this:
using his energy to pull the box.
Energy = useful energy +
Solution
wasted energy

71
 Input output
output
Maximising the efficiency of
machine or device makes the best
use of the input energy and reduces
wasted energy output.
Maximising the efficiency of
machine and device
can helps
(a) to conserve resources since
fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas are
non-renewable resources
(b) to protect the environment
from
deforestation ,oil spills and
radioactive
wastes
(c) to reduce the emission of air
pollutants and
greenhouse gases from power
stations
(d) to reduce the energy bills
The following are several ways of
increasing the efficiency of
machines and devices:
Machines:
Moving surfaces are made as
smooth as
Possible.
Lubricants such as oil and silicone
are used to separate surfaces.
Rollers and ball bearings are used
to separate rotating axles from
their mountings.
Cushions of air are used as elastic
lubricant.
Machines which move through
fluids are made streamlined in
shape to reduce the frictional
drag.
Heat engines:
72
Heat engine must be designed
with capability to do a greater
amount of mechanical work while
discharging waste heat at a lower
temperature.
Electrical devices:
(i) Lamp:
A fluorescent lamp is more
efficient than a
filament light bulb.
Use a lamp with a reflector so
that the
illumination can directed to
specific area.
A lighting of a room should
depend on the
size of the room.
(ii) Water heater
When having a shower during
a hot weather,
a lower temperature is needed
(iii) Refrigerator
The doors of the refrigerator
must always
be shut tight.
Thermostat should be used in
refrigerator
to control the temperature
The power of refrigerator
needed depend
on the size of the family.
Another ways:
Recycling also conserves energy
resources. Recycling saves
energy because we do not have
to make new bottles, papers
e.t.c.
TUTORIAL
1 Which of the following is true ?

A Work is a vector quantity

B Work and energy has the same
unit
C Work is the product of force
and distance

2 1 J is equivalent to What is the work done to lift the

object to the top of the rough rail.
A 1 kg m B 1Ns
C 1 kg s D 1Nm A 40 J B 240 J
3 Choose the figure which shows the C 320 J D 400 J
student doing the maximum work. E 560 m

6 An object of mass 4 kg moves at a

velocity
2.5 ms-1. What is the kinetic
energy of the object.

A 5.0 J B 10.0 J
C 12.5 J D 25.0 J
E 30.0 J

7 A moving car of mass 800 kg has

an energy of
250 k J. What is the velocity of the
car.

A 2 ms-1 B 10 ms-1
C 20 ms-1 D 25 ms-1
E 30 ms-1

8 The figure shows a student

4 An object of mass 0.4 kg is pulled running up a staircase at a
by a force of 20 N over a distance constant speed.
of 1.5 m on horizontal surface. The
angle between the force to the
horizontal surface is 60o to the
horizontal . What is the work done
on the object.

A 26 J B 20 J Which physical quantity increases

C 15 J D 10 J while the student is running up
E 5J the staircase?
5 Figure shows an object of mass A Inertia of the student
1.5 kg lifted to the top of a rough B Momentum of the student
rail with a force of 80 N. C Kinetic energy of the student

73
 D Gravitational potential energy
of the student

9 A boy of weight of 500 N walking

up a staircase consisting of 20
steps. Each step is 40 cm height. Which one of the following graphs
How much gravitational potential is true regarding the oscillation of
does he gain? the pendulum?

A 40 J B 400 J
C 4000 J D 40000 J
E 400000 J

10 Which of the following is true

regarding the
Principle of Conservation of Energy

A Energy can be created or

destroyed
B Total energy in a system stays
13 A moving lorry has kinetic energy.
the same
When the lorry stops ,its kinetic
C Energy cannot be transformed
energy is zero. This is because
from one
the kinetic energy
kind to another
A is destroyed
11 Figure shows a pendulum
B is used to stop the lorry
oscillating between positions P and
C converted to gravitational
S.
potential energy
D converted to heat energy as
result of
friction

14 The figure shows the path of a ball

rolling down a smooth slope.
What is the position of the bob
possess both of kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy?

A P B Q
C R D S

12 Figure shows a pendulum

oscillating between positions X The ball has the greatest change
and Z. in gravitational potential energy
between

A P and Q B Q and R

74
 C P and S D R and T

15 Figure shows a ball is released

from a rest at point A of a
frictionless track.

Determine the velocity of the bob

at the lowest point B.

A √2 ms-1 B √3 ms-
1
C 2 ms-1 D 3 ms-1
Which of the following is true?
E 4 ms-1
A The total of energy at all the
points is same
18 A tennis ball of mass 20.0 g is
B The velocity of the ball at point
thrown vertically with a velocity of
A is same as the velocity of
20 ms-1. What is the maximum
the ball at point
height reaches by the ball?
C The kinetic energy of the ball
at point B is same as the
A 5.0 m B 10.0 m
kinetic energy of the ball at
C 20.0 m D 40.0 m
point C
E 60.0 m
D The gravitational potential
energy of the ball at point A is
19 Figure shows of a ball of mass
same as the gravitational
0.05 kg moves on a rough track
potential energy of the ball at
with a velocity 6 ms-1. At height of
point E
h the velocity of the ball is 2 ms-1.
16 Figure shows a trolley is released
from a rest at
the top end of a frictionless
curve track.

What is the value of h?

A 0.9 m B 1.0 m
C 1.2 m D 1.4 m
What is the velocity of the trolley E 1.6 m
when it reaches the bottom of the
track? 20 Figure shows a trolley moves on a
curve track with a velocity 8 ms-1
A 5 ms-1 B 7 ms-1 at point A . It reaches of a height
C 8 ms-1 D 9 ms -1
of 1.95 m.
E 10 ms-1

17 Figure shows a simple pendulum

has a 150-g bob at the end of a
string is released from a state of
rest at point A.

75
 24 Figure shows a worker pulling a
borrow up a ramp.

What is the velocity of the trolley

at point B?

A 5.0 ms-1 B 5.6 ms-1

C 6.4 ms-1 D 8.0 ms-1 What is the efficiency of the ramp?
E 9.2 ms-1
A 25 % B 40 %
21 A lift in a hotel can raise 8 people C 50 % D 75 %
through a height of 20 m in 5 E 80 %
seconds. The lift plus passengers
has a mass of 800 kg. What is the 25 A pump lifts 200 kg water per
power of the lift motor? minute through a vertical height of
15 m. Calculate the power input
A 40 W B 8 000 W rating of the pump if it is 65%
C 40 000 W D 32 000 efficient?
W
E 160 000 W A 480 W B 500 W
C 640 W D 770 W
22 The figure shows a motor lifting a E 890 W
load of mass 8.0 kg. The motor
takes 4.0 s to lift the load to a 26 Figure shows an electric motor on
height 0.5 m. a building site lifts a load of mass
2 kg top of a house. The house is
15 m high and it takes 7.5 s to lift
the load.

What is the power of the motor?

A 4W B 10 W
C 16 W D 40W
E 160 W

23 A motor can raise a mass of 10 (a) Determine the weight of the

kg with a uniform velocity 20 ms- load.
1
. What is the power of the motor?

A 2W B 200 W (b) What is the work to lift the

C 2 000 W D 4 000 load by the motor?
W
E 8 000 W

76
 (c) How much gravitational
energy does the load gain?

28 Figure shows an athlete of mass

(d) Compare your answer in (b) 60 kg in a pole vaulting event. J,
and give the reason.(c) K,L,M,N,O,P and Q are the
positions taken by the athlete. The
................................................. height of the bar from ground is 5
................... m. The highest height reaches by
the athlete from the bar is 0.2 m.
.................................................
...................

(e) What is the power of the

motor.

27 Figure shows two boys Ali and Abu

of masses 42 kg and 60 kg
respectively running up a staircase
in a competition. They start
running at the same time. Abu is
announced as the winner of the
competition. (a) Explain why at the position K , the
athlete accelerates at a specific
(a) Determine the work done by speed before he starts to jump.
Abu.
……………………………………………
…..

……………………………………………
(b) What is the difference in
…..
gravitational potential energy
of Ali and Abu?
……………………………………………
…..

(b) Why is the pole is bent at the

(c) Although Abu is the winner,
position L?.
the power of Ali is bigger than
the power of Abu. Give the
……………………………………………
reason for your answer.
…..
.................................................
……………………………………………
...................
…..
.................................................
……………………………………………
...................
…..
(c) Calculate the maximum
gravitational potential energy of
the athlete.

77
 (ii) Calculate the
energy in (a) (i).
(d) What is the acceleration of the
athlete at the position P?

……………………………………………
…… (b) State the type of motion of
(e) Why is the thick mattress with a the bag of cement along the
soft surface is used in this event. track PQ.

……………………………………………
……
……………………………………
…………………………………………… …
……

……………………………………………
…… ……………………………………
…
29 The figure shows smooth (c) The bag of cement
inclined track, PQ, and a rough experiences an average
surface QR is used to transfer a frictional force of 100 N
bag of cement into a lorry . along QR and stops at R.
The bag of cement of 50 kg mass (i) Calculate the velocity
is released from P at a height of 5 of the bag of cement at
m and slides to Q and Q.
stops at R.

(ii) Calculate the distance

QR.

(iii) State the changes of

energy when the bag
of cement moves from
Q to R.

…………………………………….

(a) (i) Name the type of

energy the bag of
cement has at P. …………………………………….

……………………………… 30 Figure shows a crane lifts a load of

800 kg to a height of 150 m in 20
s. The power input of the crane is
75 kW.
………………………………

78
 (a) State one suitable inference
that can be made.
(b) State one appropriate
hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such
as trolley, ticker timer and
other apparatus , describe an
(a) Determine experimental framework to
(i) the useful energy test your hypothesis.
output In your description , state
clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(iii) the energy input (ii) Variables in the
experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and
(iii) the efficiency of the materials
crane (iv) Arrangement of the
apparatus
(b) Compare your answer in (a)(i) (v) The procedure of the
and (a)(ii) and give your experiment
reason for your answer. which include the method
of controlling the
manipulated variable and
……………………………………… the method of measuring
……… the responding variable.
(vi) Way you would
……………………………………… tabulate the data
……… (vii)Way you would analysis
the data
………………………………………
………

31 Each figure below shows two

positions of a student on a swing.
The initial position in each figure is
different.

Observe the positions of each of

the swing in each diagram and
the appearance of the student
when she swings.
Based on the observations:

79