ROAD SAFETY ENHANCEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM ON THE LEVEL OF

KNOWLEDGE ON PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS PREVENTION OF ROAD-

RELATED ACCIDENT AMONG SELECTED BUS DRIVERS IN CERES BUS
LINER INC., MANDAUE CITY

Authors: Fontanilla, C.N.D., Gonzalo, A.M.T., Hubahib, M.F.L., Julve, R.M.A.,

Jumao-as, M.G., Maluenda, J.S.H., Manubag, J.W.C., Mirhan, C.R.C., Ong,
C.M.Y., Pabonita, J.A., Pascual, P.T.

Adviser: Mrs. Anna Esther A. Hwang, R.N., M.A.N

Date Finished: April 2011

Introduction

Road related accidents accident, it is important that

have gone increasingly common
since January of 2010. There have
been noted reports of accidents
every month. Most commonly
buses that travel from Cebu City to
the outer cities and municipalities
of the province. These buses’
destinations are on route to travel
to the North and to the South of
the province. There have been a
total of 57 bus accidents that have
occurred in the province of Cebu
from January to August of 2010.
Most commonly, these accidents
occurred on buses that have
destined routes towards the South
of Cebu. 49 of which, occurred at
the Southern parts of Cebu
province, which is 85.96% of the
total percentile of bus accidents
that occurred from January to
August of 2010 as given by the
Land Transportation Office (LTO) of
Region 7.
This study focuses on the
need to refresh the driver’s
knowledge on road safety and
learn about basic first aid
measures in order to prevent
accidents or be prepared if an
accident ever occurs. In case of an
drivers should acquire first aid
training so that they could remedy
emergency cases to prevent
further injury or damage and
prolong life.
In order to gather data and a
tool for the study, the researchers
went to the Land Transportation
Office and set an interview with the
Chief of Operations. During the
interview, he disclosed that Ceres
Bus Liner had the most number of
road-related accidents. He
verbalized that after the series of
accidents that occurred in the past
months, the Land Transportation
Office conducted weekly road
worthiness seminars that started
on the 1st Saturday of July. He
further stated that he was in favor
of the current study since the road
worthiness seminar only tackles
the driver's technical skills and
does not prepare the drivers during
emergency situations, thus he
encouraged first aid trainings. He
felt there was a need for the
drivers to be knowledgeable on
first aid measures in order for them
to know what to do in case an
accident ever occurs. It was in the
same interview, where he
discussed and pointed out the
important aspects of the
"Questionnaire for Professional
Drivers' License" to take into
consideration when selecting the
most suitable questions to retain in
the research instrument. But
before the Chief of Operations
could provide us with the tool, he
instructed the researchers to read
about Republic Act 4136. After
which, he allowed the researchers
to answer the test in order to have
an idea of what the program is all
about and be aware of what they
are letting the drivers answer.
After the interview at the
Land Transportation Office, the
researchers went to the Ceres
administration department, located
at the second floor of the main
building. The purpose of the visit
was to obtain information and
request permission to conduct the
study from the Cebu branch
manager and the Administration
Officer of Ceres. In the interview
with the branch manager, he
stated that the Ceres Bus Liner
management frequently subjects
their drivers to road worthiness
seminars and road etiquette
trainings but unfortunately their
driver has no first aid trainings. He
further stated that the
management never lacks
reminding their drivers to follow
the speed limit but the drivers'
unwillingness to listen is out of
their control and that behaviors like
this will be dealt with accordingly.
In a separate interview with
the Administration Officer, he
mentioned that in cases of bus
accidents, the standard operating
procedure of Ceres bus drivers is to
call immediately to the
administration through what they
call "referral system" and ask for
legal advice. The Ceres bus drivers
will not initiate any intervention
because of their lack of training.
The management gives
incentives to Ceres bus drivers with
a "no accident rating" for the whole
year. He verbalized that it
motivates the drivers to be less
reckless and follow traffic rules.
After the interview with the
management, the researchers went
to the clinic of Ceres Bus Liner
located at the second floor of the
maintenance building. From an
interview with the company nurse,
he verbalized that hypertension,
muscle strains, fever, cough, colds
and fatigue are the usual
complaints of the staff and drivers
of Ceres. He further stated that the
bus drivers in Ceres had never
undergone any sort of training
regarding first aid. He added that
fire extinguishers are present
inside the buses but there are no
available first aid kits and that the
management has no visible plans
of putting first aid kits in their
buses.
Objectives
General:
The study aimed to
determine the effect of Road Safety
Enhancement Training Program on
the Level of Knowledge on
Preparedness Towards Prevention
of Road-Related Accidents Among and evaluation in where it seeks to
Selected Bus Drivers in Ceres Bus know the characteristics of the
Liner Inc., Mandaue City: event and to categorize it into
some descriptive variables. The
Specific: second is comparative because the
study involved establishing
This study determined the
hypothesis and testing the effect of
following:
an intervention.
1) profile of the participants as to
Research Locale
their:
The research locale of the
1.1 educational attainment
study is the Ceres Bus Liner Station
1.2 years of driving located at Ouano Avenue, Mandaue
experience City. It is strategically located
within the access of the
2) assessment ratings and researchers. This is the research
evaluation ratings on the level of environment as to the chosen
knowledge on preparedness participants which constituted the
towards prevention of road-related bus drivers of Ceres Bus Liner.
accidents.
Research Participants
3) whether there is a significant
difference on the assessment The participants of the study
ratings and evaluation ratings on were the selected bus drivers of
the level of knowledge on Ceres Bus Liner. There will be fifty-
preparedness towards prevention five (55) bus drivers taken as
of road-related accidents before participants of the study, having at
and after the implementation. least one year of driving
experience. These participants
4) intellectual success were acquired through the use of
indicators after the implementation non -probability sampling
of the road safety enhancement particularly purposive sampling in
training program towards the gathering of important data
prevention of road-related relevant to the study.
accidents.
Inclusion criteria

This research study included

Materials and Methods
Research Design
This study was a Descriptive
Prospective Cross Sectional Design
into the nature of an occurrence of
an event. It utilizes 2 research
methods. The first is assessment
participants who are licensed
professional bus drivers currently
employed at Ceres Bus Liner, has
reached high school level
Exclusion criteria
This research study excluded
participants who are not
professional bus drivers, not
currently employed at Ceres Bus
Liner, has not reached high school
level and has less than a year of
driving experience.
Research Instrument
This research study utilized
Modified Level of Knowledge on
Preparedness Towards Prevention
of Road-Related Accidents
Questionnaire adapted from the
Manual of the Land Transportation
Office entitled Questionnaire for
Professional Drivers' License. The
researcher's made questionnaire is
composed of 30-item True or False
test designed to measure the level
of knowledge on preparedness
towards prevention of road-related
accidents. The items focused on
traffic signs, road surface marking,
right-of-way rules, parking, and
distance between vehicles, speed
limit and traffic lights. The scoring
of the answers is as follows: True is
interpreted as 2 points and False as
1 point. The total score is divided
by the number of items which is 30
and then interpreted.
Actual Data Gathering
In the preliminary
preparation, the researchers
gathered enough literature &
studies needed to support the
content of the present undertaking.
A transmittal letter was addressed
to Dr. Ofelia F. Sisno, Dean of the
Cebu Doctors’ University College Of
Nursing to request for permission
to conduct the research study.
Then researchers' sought for the
affirmation of Dr. Leticia C.
Cabrera, the Research Director of
Cebu Doctors' University. After the
approval was obtained, researchers
acquired an incidence rate of bus
accidents from January to August
2010 from LTO Clerk, Mr. Manuel
Tagaan. The corresponding
transmittal letter was addressed to
Engineer Anselmo L. Ambos Jr.,
Cebu branch manager of Ceres Bus
Liner for his approval to allow the
bus drivers to be our research
participants. Then a pre-survey was
conducted at the Ceres Bus Liner
Main Office in Mandaue City in
where the researchers found out
the condition of their clinic, the
schedules of the bus driver, the
total bus drivers employed in Ceres
Bus Liner etc. A meeting took place
with Mr. Aden Belza in the Land
Transportation Office, where the
researchers got an insight of the
background of traffic and road
issues felt by the LTO. A copy of
their standardized questionnaire
for Professional Drivers' License
was given with the condition that
researchers take the same exam
for them to understand the content
of the program. A face validity and
reliability test was then initiated on
random bus drivers at Cebu North
Bus Terminal.
During the actual data
gathering, informed consents were
signed by the participants after
which the researchers gave the
Modified Level of Knowledge on
Preparedness towards Prevention
of Road-Related Accidents
Questionnaires to the selected
Ceres bus drivers in Ceres Bus
Liner, Mandaue City, Cebu. They
were given 15 minutes to answer
the questionnaires. It was
personally administered to avoid with a Land Transportation Officer
confusion and to ensure that bus (LTO) member, Miss Janice
drivers understood the questions. Macasero, observed one participant
Results were tabulated and by accompanying him on his given
computed. route to Naga departing from Cebu
South Bus Terminal to note
From the results of the pre- whether or not he followed road
test, the overall mean showed that safety rules and regulations and
most of the participants had a measure the effectiveness of the
“high level of knowledge on program. The researchers also
preparedness.” Despite high interviewed participants at Ceres
results, the researchers conducted Bus Liner Inc. regarding about
interventions such as change in their values in driving
reinforcement lecture about road safely and their insight of saving
safety enhancement training their passengers’ lives in case of
program incorporating lecture and accidents after the Road Safety
demonstrations about first aid. Enhancement Training Program
Lectures were under the and passengers at Cebu South Bus
supervision of Atty. Vicente Gador, Terminal of their experiences on
Jr., Legal Officer of OIC City the bus.
Licensing Center and Desiree Ann
C. Reyes, R.N./First aid trainer. Results
After the program, the participants
were given a group activity Table 2 presented the profile of the
simulation exercise in which they participants as to their educational
applied the skills and knowledge attainment.
they attained. Then afterwards the
researchers administered a post-
test intervention questionnaire,
“Modified Level of Knowledge on
Preparedness Towards Prevention
of Road-Related Accidents
Questionnaire.” This was to
determine the effectiveness of the
interventions given by the
researchers. After which, the Table 2
results were tabulated and
Driving
computed and a conclusion was Experien Frequen Percenta
done based on the results. ce cy ge
(Years)

The participants were given 1 - 3 years 41 75%

two weeks to apply what they have
4 Years
learned from the Road Safety and above
14 25%
Enhancement Training Program
TOTAL 55 100%
incorporating first aid in their day-
to-day job. The researchers along PROFILE OF THE PARTICIPANTS AS TO
THEIR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
 Pre-Test Post-Test Mea
n = 55 n
Diffe
EducationalMe Frequen Percentage renc
Items Interp Me Interp
Attainment an cy e
retatio an retatio
n n
High school
13 24%
5. Ignoring level
traffic
lights during late
hours ofHigh
the school 1.7 High
33 1.9 60%High 0.18
night makes graduate
you 8 6
a good driver.
College level 8 14%

6. You should
College 0.33
1 2%
turn the wheels
Graduate
towards the curb 1.5 Moder 1.9 High
when parking
TOTAL 8 ate
55 1 100%
downhill.

Out of 55 participants, 33(60%)

were high school graduates,
followed by high school level which
accounts for 13 (24%), college 8. You should
keep as close as
1.6
7
High 1.9
8
High 0.31

level with 8 (14%) and lastly, 1 possible to the

(2%) belong under college car ahead when
approaching an
graduate. intersection
when the
roadway beyond
Table 3 presented the profile of the is blocked with
participants as to their number of traffic.
years of driving experience. 9. You should
have at least one
Table 3 car length space 1.9 High 1.9 High 0.06
per 10 miles 9 5
PROFILE OF THE PARTICIPANTS AS TO THEIR speed.
NUMBER OF YEARS OF DRIVING EXPERIENCE

n = 55 10. You should

begin signaling
for a right or left 1.9 High 1.9 High 0.00
turn 30 meters 5 5
before reaching
the intersection.

11. Under the

basic speed law,
the choice of the 1.7 Moder 1.9 High 0.15
speed depends 6 ate 1
on the speed of
the car being
driven.

12. When a
motor vehicle
wants to 1.8 High 1.9 High 0.14
overtake you, 4 8
Out of 55 participants, 41 (75 the most
effective way is
%) had 1-3 years of driving to increase your
experience and 14 (25%) had 4 speed and let
him pass.
years and above of driving
experience. Majority of the
13. You can load 1.7 High 1.9 High 0.17
or unload 6 3
passengers at an
intersection
selected bus drivers in Ceres Bus
Liner Inc had 1-3 years of driving
experience.

Table 4 presented the assessment

ratings and evaluation ratings on
the level of knowledge on
preparedness towards prevention
of road-related accidents.

Table 4
ASSESSMENT RATINGS AND EVALUATION
RATINGS ON THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON
PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS PREVENTION OF
ROAD-RELATED ACCIDENTS
 Pre-Test Post-Test Pre-Test Post-Test
Mea
n Mea
Diff n
Items Me Interp Me Interp eren Diffe
an retati an retati Items Me Interpr Me Interp
ce r renc
on on e
an etation an
etatio
14. It is
n
necessary to
carry along a 1.9 High 1.9 High 0.03
driver's license, 5 8 22. A driver 0.22
registration can 1.7 High 1.98 High
certificate and overtake at 6
current official the foot of
receipt of the bridge.
payment of
motor vehicle
being driven 23. The
when you are speed limit 1.2 Low 1.89 High 0.60
driving. signs, along 9
the
15. When you roadways,
intend to drive are the
slower than 1.6 Moder 1.9 High 0.34 recommend
other motor 4 ate 8 ed speed
vehicles, you under the
should use the worst
center of the condition.
lane.
24. Upon
16. It takes 15 approaching
days for a driver an 1.9 High 1.95 High 0.00
with an 1.8 High 1.9 High 0.11 intersection 5
apprehended 4 5 with a stop
license to settle sign, the
his case with thePre-Test law requires
Post-Test Mea you to stop
Land Pre-Test Post-Test Me
n
Transportation an and proceed
Items Me Interpr Me Interpr Diffe when it is
Office. an etatio an etatio Diff
renc
ere safe to do
Items per Me nInter Me n
Inter e so.
17. Stopping nce
an preta an preta
iodically
1. The for rest
exercise is a 1.9 tion tion 25. When
and
double High 1.9 High 0.03
way of dealing 3 6 approaching
yellow 1.8 High 1.8 High 0.07 a sharp 1.9 High 1.95 High 0.00
with
solid fatigue
line on a
2 9 curve at the 5
long trip.
means it 1. High 1. High 0.16 highway,
29.
should not 82 96 you should
18.
This When
sign you
be crossed decrease
approach
means
anytime. a
school speed
flashing red
zone. 1.9 High 1.9 High 0.00 before
traffic
2. The light,
road you 3 1.9 3 0.02 entering a
should
and slow 1 curve.
down
weather and 1.8 High High
proceed
condition
30. with 9 1. Mode 1. High 0.47 26.
caution.
affect
This signthe 40 rate 87
speed of
means narrow 1.9 High 1.96 High 0.00
19.
how
bridgeBefore
you ahead. 6
making
drive your a long This sign
trip,
motor you should 1.9 High 1.9 High 0.05 means
plan a route and
vehicle. 1 6 hump ahead
check if the and slow
Overall 1. High 1. High 0.17
motor
3. An vehicle is 1.8 77 High 1.994 High 0.12 down to
well.
intersectio 4 6 keep
n is a safe control.
20.
placeBefore
to
changing
overtake. lanes
in traffic, you 2.0 High 2.0 High 0.00
should
4. It is always 0 0 27. 1.4 Moderat 1.80 High 0.40
give
morea signal, This sign 0 e
and check your
dangerous 1.8 High 1.9 High 0.16 means
side andat
to drive rear 0 6 divided
view
the mirrors. highway
maximum
21.
speedAt night,
limit
when
at night you meet
another
than motor 1.4 Moder 1.9 High 0.47 28. 1.6 Moderat 1.93 High 0.29
vehicle
during the with 4 ate 1 This sign 4 e
blinding
daytime.bright means there
lights, looking at is a winding
the headlight of road.
the approaching
motor vehicle is
the safest way
 Table 4 presented the
assessment ratings and evaluation
ratings on the level of knowledge
on preparedness towards
prevention of road-related
accidents. Table 4 showed that (1.)
The double yellow solid line means
it should not be crossed anytime
from 1.82 or “high” to 1.89 or
“high” with a mean difference of
0.07; (2.) The road and weather
condition affect the speed of how
you drive your motor vehicle from
1.89 or “high” to 1.91 or “high”
with a mean difference of 0.02; (3.)
An intersection is a safe place to
overtake from 1.84 or “high” to
1.96 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.12; (4.) It is more
dangerous to drive at the
maximum speed limit at night than
during the daytime from 1.80 or
“high” to 1.96 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.16; (5.) Traffic
lights during late hours of the night
makes you a good driver from 1.78
or “high” to 1.96 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.18; (6.) You
should turn the wheels towards the
curb when parking downhill from
1.58 or “moderate” to 1.91 or
“high” with a mean difference of
0.33; (7.) In an accident, the first
duty of the driver is to pick up the
injured victim and take him to the
nearest hospital from 1.85 or
“high” to 1.95 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.10; (8.) You
should keep as close as possible to
the car ahead when approaching
an intersection when the roadway
beyond is blocked with traffic from
1.85 or “high” to 1.95 or “high”
with a mean difference of 0.31; (9.)
You should have at least one car
length space per 10 miles speed
from 1.89 or “high” to 1.95 or
“high” with a mean difference of
0.06; (10.) You should begin
signaling for a right or left turn 30
meters before reaching the
intersection from 1.95 or “high” to
1.95 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.00; (11.) Under the
basic speed law, the choice of the
speed depends on the speed of the
car being driven from 1.76 or
“high” to 1.91 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.15; (12.)
When a motor vehicle wants to
overtake you, the most effective
way is to increase your speed and
let him pass from 1.84 or “high”
to 1.98 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.14; (13.) You can
load or unload passengers at an
intersection from 1.76 or “high” to
1.93 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.17; (14.) It is
necessary to carry along a driver's
license, registration certificate and
current official receipt of payment
of motor vehicle being driven when
you are driving from 1.95 or
“high” to 1.98 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.03; (15.)
When you intend to drive slower
than other motor vehicles, you
should use the center of the lane
from 1.64 or “moderate” to 1.98
or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.34; (16.) It takes 15 days for a
driver with an apprehended license
to settle his case with the Land
Transportation Office from 1.84 or
“high” to 1.95 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.11; (17.)
Stopping periodically for rest and
exercise is a way of dealing with
fatigue on a long trip from 1.93 or
“high” to 1.96 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.03; (18.)
When you approach a flashing red
traffic light, you should slow down
and proceed with caution from 1.93
or “high” to 1.93 or “” with a
mean difference of 0.00; (19.)
Before making a long trip, you
should plan a route and check if
the motor vehicle is well from 1.91
or “high” to 1.96 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.05; (20.)
Before changing lanes in traffic,
you should always give a signal,
and check your side and rear view
mirrors from 2.00 or “high” to
2.00 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.00; (21.) At night,
when you meet another motor
vehicle with blinding bright lights,
looking at the headlight of the
approaching motor vehicle is the
safest way from 1.44 or
“moderate” to 1.91 or “high”
with a mean difference of 0.47;
(22.) A driver can overtake at the
foot of the bridge from 1.76 or
“high” to 1.98 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.22; (23.) The
speed limit signs, along the
roadways, are the recommended
speed under the worst condition
from 1.29 or “low” to 1.89 or
“high” with a mean difference of
0.60; (24.) Upon approaching an
intersection with a stop sign, the
law requires you to stop and
proceed when it is safe to do so
from 1.95 or “high” to 1.95 or
“high” with a mean difference of
0.00; (25.) When approaching a
sharp curve at the highway, you
should decrease speed before
entering a curve from 1.95 or
“high” to 1.95 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.00; (26.)
This sign means hump ahead and
slow down to keep control from
1.96 or “high” to 1.96 or “high”
with a mean difference of 0.00;
(27.) sign means divided
highway from 1.40 or “moderate”
to 1.80 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.40; (28.) This
sign means there is a winding road
from 1.64 or “moderate” to 1.93
or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.29; (29.) This sign means
school zone from 1.82 or “high” to
1.98 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.16; (30.) This
sign means narrow bridge ahead
from 1.40 or “moderate” to 1.87
or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.47.
For the overall results that
was tabulated and analyzed
statistically, it showed a mean
score of 1.77 in the pre-test which
was interpreted as “high level of
knowledge” and a mean score of
1.94 in the post test interpreted as
“high level of knowledge” with a
mean difference of 0.17.
Table 5 presented the significant
difference on the assessment
ratings and evaluation ratings on
level of knowledge on
preparedness towards prevention
of road-related accidents before
and after the implementation.
Table 5
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE ON THE
ASSESSMENT RATINGS AND EVALUATION
RATINGS ON THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON
 PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS PREVENTION OF
ROAD-RELATED ACCIDENTS BEFORE AND
AFTER IMPLEMENTATION
Standar
Interventio Mea d
P-
Decisio
Valu
n Phase n Deviatio n of Ho
e
n education in the elementary level and
Pre-test 1.77 ±0.08
p<
0.05α,
0.00
reject
Post-test 1.94 ±0.05 Ho
The mean score for the pre-
test was 1.77 ±0.08. The mean
score for the post-test mean score
was 1.94 ±0.05. There’s is
significant differences in the
changes before and after the
intervention. Therefore, there was
a significant improvement brought
about by the introduction of the
said intervention (p=0.00).
Discussion
A road safety measure was a
program that had an improving road
safety as the objective. Road safety
measures may be directed at any
element of the road safety as the:
patterns of land use, the road itself,
road furniture, traffic control devices,
motor vehicles, police enforcement
and road users and their behavior.
(Elvik et al. 2009)
Based on table 2, majority of
the bus drivers belonged to high
school graduates consisting of 33
(60%) out of 55, followed by high
school level which accounts for 13
(24%), college level with 8 (14%) and
lastly, 1 (2%) belong under college
graduate. One of the hiring standards
that the Ceres Bus Liner Inc. has for a
bus driver was to have an educational
attainment of at least a high school
level. In Repulic Act. 9155 of Section
2, it was declared that the policy of
the State to protect and promote the
right of all citizens to quality basic
education and to make such education
Interpret
accessible to all by providing all
Filipino children a free and compulsory
ation
There is a
free education in the high school level.
significant With free and compulsory education
difference for primary and secondary schools,
between
the pre- more Filipinos would have higher
test and chances of having an education up to
post-test high school levels.
mean.
In K.P. Cross’ adult learning
theory, transfer of learning for adults
were not automatic and must be
facilitated. Coaching and other kinds
of follow-up support were needed to
help adult learners transfer learning
into daily practice so that it is
sustained. (Rothwell 19) In order for us
to reach the professional
development, "being educated" was
more than getting college degrees
or memorizing the facts of literature,
history, and geography. Having real
education allow individuals to use their
inquisitive and literature, history, and
geography. Having real education,
allowed individuals to use their
inquisitive and abundant use of the
human intellect. It means having
taken responsibility for living and
acting reasonably in their personal
and professional needs.
In the book, Reponsible Driving
by Mc Graw Hill Glencoe, driving is
challenging because you need to do
many tasks at once. You have to
control the vehicle, watch the roadway
and off-road areas, read signs and be
alert for the sudden actions of other
drivers. Because the driver has so
much to keep track of when they're
driving, it is helpful to be
knowledgeable and prepared at all
times for whatever situations happen.
(9) The researchers believed that
education was one key to a good job.
In Philippines, what you know
determines what you earn. The more
you know the more you make,
especially if what you know is
important to some segment of the
business world such as the public
transportation system.
On table 3, out of 55
participants, 41 (75 %) had 1-3 years
of driving experience and 14 (25%)
had 4 years and above of driving
experience. Majority of the selected
bus drivers in Ceres Bus Liner Inc. had
1-3 years of driving experience.
Individuals needed direct, concrete
experiences in which they applied the
learning in real work. The years of
experience was also one of the criteria
that the Ceres Bus Liner requires for a
driver. The company required at least
1 year of driving experience. Bus
companies considered the years of
experience when hiring a personnel
for it entailed certain standards which
is applying his knowledge in all
aspects of safety driving. The
researchers agreed to the notion of
Herlock that “the length of
years has a profound impact in the
learning of the individual and
experience is the best teacher”.
(Herlock 52) In Experiential Learning
Theory by Carl Rogers it emphasizes
the role that true experiences play in
the learning process. The key to the
distinction is that experiential learning
addresses the needs and wants of the
learner. The qualities of experiential
learning are personal involvement,
self-initiated, evaluated by learner,
and pervasive effects on learner.
(Rogers & Freiberg 94) It implies the
faith of the inherent goodness of
human nature a belief that if the
innate potential of an individual is
allowed to unfold and blossom,
optimal personal development and
effectiveness will result.
On Table 4, it showed the
assessment ratings and evaluation
ratings on the level of knowledge on
preparedness towards prevention of
road-related accidents.
(1.) The double yellow solid line
means it should not be crossed
anytime from 1.82 or “high” to 1.89
or “high” with a mean difference of
0.07 shows that the participants are
familiarized with the double yellow
solid line in their day-to-day routes;
(2.) The road and weather condition
affect the speed of how you drive your
motor vehicle from 1.89 or “high” to
1.91 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.02 shows that the participants
understand that they are the one who
maneuvers the vehicle in various
weather conditions. When the
environment is raining, the
participants know that roads are
slippery and need to drive cautiously
to there destine route; (3.) An
intersection is a safe place to overtake
from 1.84 or “high” to 1.96 or
“high” with a mean difference of 0.12
shows that the participants know in
advance that intersection areas are
extremely busy surrounded by
crossing vehicles and pedestrians; (4.)
It is more dangerous to drive at the
maximum speed limit at night than
during the daytime from 1.80 or
“high” to 1.96 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.16 shows that
the participants and everyone in
general know that vision is limited at
night due to the darkness; (5.) Traffic
lights during late hours of the night
makes you a good driver from 1.78 or
“high” to 1.96 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.18 shows that
the participants are aware that they
need to be cautious at night because
they need to be obedient in following
the traffic signs to avoid accidents.
(6.) You should turn the wheels
towards the curb when parking
downhill from 1.58 or “moderate” to
1.91 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.33 shows that in the pre-test, the
participants are not used to parking
downhill because they usually park at
the terminal where the ground is flat.
But in the post-test, after the LTO
representative gave a lecture they
acquired knowledge on how to
properly park the bus downhill; (7.) In
an accident, the first duty of the driver
is to pick up the injured victim and
take him to the nearest hospital from
1.85 or “high” to 1.95 or “high” with
a mean difference of 0.10 shows the
participants are aware that it is human
instinct to help a severely injured
individual immediately especially if the
participant isn’t knowledgeable in
rendering medical interventions; (8.)
You should keep as close as possible
to the car ahead when approaching an
intersection when the roadway beyond
is blocked with traffic from 1.85 or
“high” to 1.95 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.31 shows that
the participants know that the driver
in front of them would suddenly stop
and it would be too late for them to
step on the brakes; (9.) You should
have at least one car length space per
10 miles speed from 1.89 or “high” to
1.95 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.06 shows that the participants are
aware that if they get any closer to a
vehicle, and the car in front of them
would suddenly stop, a collision would
happen; (10.) You should begin
signaling for a right or left turn 30
meters before reaching the
intersection from 1.95 or “high” to
1.95 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.00 shows that the participants
know the drivers behind will be aware
of their actions in advance and
anticipate the situation at hand.
(11.) Under the basic speed law,
the choice of the speed depends on
the speed of the car being driven from
1.76 or “high” to 1.91 or “high” with
a mean difference of 0.15 shows that
the participants are knowledgeable in
the fact that cars have different
speeds according to their
manufacturer and built; (12.) When a
motor vehicle wants to overtake you,
the most effective way is to increase
your speed and let him pass from 1.84
or “high” to 1.98 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.14 shows that
the participants know that this allows
the driver behind to pass safely; (13.)
You can load or unload passengers at
an intersection from 1.76 or “high” to
1.93 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.17 shows that the participants
know that an intersection is not a
proper place to drop off passengers
since it is a place where vehicles and
pedestrians cross; (14.) It is necessary
to carry along a driver's license,
registration certificate and current
official receipt of payment of motor
vehicle being driven when you are
driving from 1.95 or “high” to 1.98 or
“high” with a mean difference of 0.03
shows that the participants know that
you cannot drive a vehicle without
these driving documents since it is
against the law; (15.) When you intend
to drive slower than other motor
vehicles, you should use the center of
the lane from 1.64 or “moderate” to
1.98 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.34 shows that in the pre-test, the
participants had a moderate level of
knowledge on preparedness because
they tend to break the rules in driving
in order to avoid traffic and catch up
with their busy schedules. In the post-
test, after the LTO representative
reinforced road safety rules and
regulations, it came clearer to the
participants the do’s and dont’s of the
road.
(16.) It takes 15 days for a
driver with an apprehended license to
settle his case with the Land
Transportation Office from 1.84 or
“high” to 1.95 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.11 shows that
the participants are aware of the
driver’s violations; (17.) Stopping
periodically for rest and exercise is a
way of dealing with fatigue on a long
trip from 1.93 or “high” to 1.96 or
“high with a mean difference of 0.03
shows that the participants practice
these routine stops to rest so that they
will be able to compensate fatigue and
exhaustion; (18.) When you approach
a flashing red traffic light, you should
slow down and proceed with caution
from 1.93 or “high” to 1.93 or
“high” with a mean difference of 0.00
shows that the participants know
when the traffic light is blinking it
means to slow down since they
observe it in their daily routes and
abide to it; (19.) Before making a long
trip, you should plan a route and
check if the motor vehicle is well from
1.91 or “high” to 1.96 or “high” with
a mean difference of 0.05 shows that
the participants are aware that this
would help in the promotion of safety
to all passengers; (20.) Before
changing lanes in traffic, you should
always give a signal, and check your
side and rear view mirrors from 2.00
or “high” to 2.00 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.00 shows that
the participants are aware that this
would help prevent collision.
(21.) At night, when you meet
another motor vehicle with blinding
bright lights, looking at the headlight
of the approaching motor vehicle is
the safest way from 1.44 or
“moderate” to 1.91 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.47 shows that in
the pre-test the participants thought
that they have to be alert of the other
vehicle to prevent calamity and keep
an eye on them especially during the
night. But in the post-test, the item
had an interpretation of high level of
knowledge on preparedness because
during the seminar this was
emphasized by the LTO representative
to never look at the head light of an
approaching vehicle because the light
would affect the driver’s vision; (22.) A
driver can overtake at the foot of the
bridge from 1.76 or “high” to 1.98 or
“high” with a mean difference of 0.22
shows that the participants
understand that at a bridge they could
not see an approaching vehicle
considering the unfavorable slope of
the bridge; (23.) The speed limit signs,
along the roadways, are the
recommended speed under the worst
condition from 1.29 or “low” to 1.89
or “high” with a mean difference of
0.60 shows that in the pre-test, the
participants had a tendency to forget
that speed limits are based on the
standard driving conditions. But in the
post-test, the item was interpreted to
high level of knowledge on
preparedness because during the
seminar this was emphasized by the
LTO representative that under the law
there are different speed limits for
certain areas and that as bus drivers
they should know the specific limits for
these areas; (24.) Upon approaching
an intersection with a stop sign, the
law requires you to stop and proceed
when it is safe to do so from 1.95 or
“high” to 1.95 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.00 shows that
the participants understand that at
intersections there are vehicles and
pedestrians crossing and stopping
until it is safe to do so will prevent
causalities; (25.) When approaching a
sharp curve at the highway, you
should decrease speed before
entering a curve from 1.95 or “high”
to 1.95 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.00 shows that the
participants know that this can
prevent the bus from colliding from
other vehicles or structures and falling
over.

(26.) This sign means hump
ahead and slow down to keep control
from 1.96 or “high” to 1.96 or
“high” with a mean difference of 0.00
shows that the participants are
familiar with the sign; (27.) sign
means divided highway from 1.40 or
“moderate” to 1.80 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.40 shows that in
the pre-test, the participants were not
familiar with the road signs since they
are not common in the provinces and
most of the routes of the bus drivers
are in the provinces. This item has an
interpretation of high level of
knowledge on preparedness in the
post-test because the road signs were
presented in the slideshow and the
LTO representative explained
thoroughly the meaning of each sign;
(28.) This sign means there is a
winding road from 1.64 or
“moderate” to 1.93 or “high with a
mean difference of 0.29 shows that in
the pre-test, the participants were not
familiar with the road signs since they
are not common in the provinces. This
item has an interpretation of high level
of knowledge on preparedness in the
post-test because the road signs were
presented in the slideshow and the
LTO representative explained
thoroughly the meaning of each sign;
(29.) This sign means school zone
from 1.82 or “high” to 1.98 or
“high” with a mean difference of 0.16
shows that the participants know this
road sign mean hospital zone and is
commonly seen in the province of
Cebu; and lastly (30.) This sign
means narrow bridge ahead from 1.40
or “moderate” to 1.87 or “high”
with a mean difference of 0.47 shows
that in the pre-test, the participants
were not familiar with the road signs
since they are not common in the
provinces. This item has an
interpretation of high level of
knowledge on preparedness in the
post-test because the road signs were
presented in the slideshow and the
Land Transportation Office (LTO)
representative explained thoroughly
the meaning of each sign.
Item number 23’s result showed
that the participants had a low level of
knowledge during the pre-test and
improved to a high level of knowledge
in the post-test. (23.) The speed limit
signs, along the roadways, are the
recommended speed under the worst
condition from 1.29 or “low” to 1.89
or “high” with a mean difference of
0.60. This result implies that the
intervention, Road Safety
Enhancement Training Program
incorporating basic first aid was
effective for it increased the level of
knowledge among the participants
through the lecture of the Land
Transportation Office (LTO)
representative. It was mentioned that
road speed limits are used to regulate
the speed of road vehicles and speed
limits may define maximum (which
may be variable), minimum or no
speed limit during driving. This proves
Roberta L. Klatzky's information
processing theory in which it states
that this theory focuses on how the
human memory system acquires,
transforms, compacts, elaborates,
encodes, retrieves and uses
information.
The theory divides the memory
system into three main storage
structures: sensory memory, short-
term memory and long-term memory.
(Klatzky 17) As observed, the
participants were able to follow the
traffic laws and administrative laws,
rules of the road, signs and signals.
They were able to understand the
meaning of the road signs and the
speed limitations a driver should go.
Through interviews with the
participants' passengers, it was
confirmed that the participants were
keener enough to project the
interventions that has been
implemented. They participants’
voiced that through the slideshow
shown by Atty. Vicente Gador, Jr., they
did not want to be part of the victims
involved in such accidents due to
stubbornness in not following the
speed limit signs.
In items 6, 21, 27, 28 and 30,
the participants had a moderate level
of knowledge on preparedness during
the pre-test and improved to a high
level of knowledge on preparedness in
the post-test. The questions focused
on these following situations; (6.) You
should turn the wheels towards the
curb when parking downhill from 1.58
or “moderate” to 1.91 or “high” with
a mean difference of 0.33, (21.) At
night, when you meet another motor
vehicle with blinding bright lights,
looking at the headlight of the
approaching motor vehicle is the
safest way from 1.44 or “moderate”
to 1.91 or “high” with a mean
difference of 0.47, (27.) sign
means divided highway from 1.40 or
“moderate” to 1.80 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.40, 28.)
This sign means there is a winding
road from 1.64 or “moderate” to
1.93 or “high” with a mean difference
of 0.29 and (30.) This sign means
narrow bridge ahead from 1.40 or
“moderate” to 1.87 or “high” with a
mean difference of 0.47.
The results imply that after the
Road Safety Enhancement Training
Program incorporating basic first aid,
the participants were able to increase
their knowledge on preparedness
towards prevention of road-related
accidents. The results show an
affective change, for the level of
knowledge of the participants was
from moderate level of knowledge on
preparedness than increased to high
level of knowledge on preparedness.
In Kirkpatrick's evaluation model
theory, it explains the usefulness of
performing training evaluations at
each level. The four-level model of
evaluation that consist of: (1) Reaction
- how the learners react to the
learning process, informs the
researchers how relevant the training
is to the work the learners perform; (2)
Learning - the extent to which the
learners gain knowledge and skills, it
informs the researchers the degree of
relevance that the enhancement
training program worked to transfer
knowledge, attitude and skills from the
training material to the learners; (3)
Behavior - capability to perform the
learned skills while on the job, it
informs you of the degree that the
learning can actually be applied to the
learner's job; and lastly (4) Results -
includes such items as monetary,
efficiency, moral, etc and it informs
you of the degree that the learning
can actually be applied to the learner's
job. (Kirkpatrick 108).
Through Kirkpatrick’s theory, it
showed that the participants improved
their knowledge and skills in road
safety towards prevention of road-
related accidents by attending the
seminar and participating in the
activities. As for the researchers’
observation, the participants were
able to reach the level of reaction in
Kirkpatrick’s model. They interacted
and provided feedbacks through
asking questions during the seminar.
They were also able to reach the level
of learning through the results of their
pre-test and pos-test scores which was
interpreted as high level of knowledge
on preparedness. The participants
reached level of behavior, in which it
projected their passing performance
towards the application on their
gained knowledge from the Road
Safety Enhancement Training Program
such as following the traffic laws and
administrative laws, rules of the road,
signs and signals. It was evaluated
based on the researchers’ observation
and interviews from the participants’
passengers. The researchers’ were
also able to conduct interviews, gather
feedback from the participants’
passengers which all were satisfied
with their driving performance.
The remaining items had a high
level of knowledge on preparedness
both in pre-test and post-test. As
verbalized by the Land Transportation
Office, Chief of Operations, due to the
series of accidents arising few months
ago they decided to conduct road
worthiness test seminars weekly that
began on the first Saturday of July
2010. It may have been one factor of
the drivers updated knowledge
projecting a high level of knowledge
on preparedness during the pre-test.
Amidst the high level of knowledge on
preparedness towards prevention of
road-related accidents during the
pretest, the researchers’ still
conducted a reinforcement program to
improve those with low and moderate
level of knowledge on preparedness
and maintain those with high level of
knowledge on preparedness.
According to Werner Severin, cue
summation theory states that learning
is increased as the numbers of
available stimuli are increased. He
continues to state that the stimuli
provided on different modes have to
be relevant to each other or the
distraction would cause a decrease
rather than an increase in learning
and retention. He has also found that
the combination of auditory signals
with a visual presentation, providing a
different but related cue to the
stimulus object, was more effective in
enabling an individual to remember
that particular topic than a
combination with a visual presentation
of the same mode. (Severin 33)
Different stimuli were used
during the programs. Aside from
lecture, the speakers showed images
to the participants to further explain
their ideas and grasp their attention.
The speaker focused on the weakest
point of the participants basing on the
analyzed results. They were also given
situations, encouraged performing
return demonstrations and were
observed for desirable differences
after the intervention.
On Table 5, it showed the
comparison of the assessment
ratings and evaluation ratings on
the level of knowledge on
preparedness towards prevention
of road-related accidents before
and after the implementation.
Utilizing the paired t-test, there is a
significant difference before and
after implementing the said
intervention (p=0.00).
Intellectual success indicators
There was significant
improvement in the problems, which
were identified in the data analysis.
The items where the participants had
a low and moderate level of
knowledge on preparedness was
focused and emphasized during the
Road Safety Enhancement Training
Program and resulted into a high
level of knowledge on preparedness
towards prevention of road-related
accidents. The participants had
projected a passing performance
during the group activity simulation
exercise and on their daily route of
travel upon the researchers’
observation. The researchers
interviewed several passengers, which
are the following:
With an interview with a
passenger who rode from Naga, the
driver stopped at the side of the road
where most people would try to ride
on a bus. The bus was not crowded
and there were some empty seats
here and there but it was not
completely empty to say the least. The
trip was short and quick. He was not
able to observe very well the activities
occurring at the front of the bus since
he was sitting at the back. The
passenger was able to feel the bus
going on moderate pace, safe enough
to maneuver through the roads. There
were no accidents during the trip or
any sudden breaking.
The researcher also had an
interview with another passenger. The
trip was from Carcar to Cebu. She rode
on one of the front seats near the
driver. She noticed that the driver was
constantly keeping an eye on the
road.
One passenger coming from
Moalboal to visit her aunt in the city
rode in the middle seat of the bus
between the two doors where
passengers would go in and out of the
bus. The trip was a bit bumpy but it
was tolerable. She even managed to
sleep for a bit but woke up a while
later. On the times she was awake,
she noticed that the bus was going
fast but not too fast. It was just
enough to get some travel distance.
There were a few cars on the road on
that day as well. There were no
accidents during her trip and she
arrived in Cebu South Bus Terminal
safely and content.
Another passenger came from
Argao shared her experience upon
riding a Ceres Bus Liner. She rode on a
Ceres bus since it was the only one
that passed her way. The bus was full
at that time. All the seats were
occupied. She managed to sit in the
front where she was about two seats
away from the driver. She was happy
to say that it was a safe trip. She saw
the meter on the driver’s seat
decrease as the bus would approach a
turn and no stop lights were violated.
Not to mention, they did not
encounter any near misses at that
time. The trip was good and she was
glad to say she arrived in her
destination in one piece.
The researchers interviewed a
passenger from Ceres Bus Liner who
rode the bus, driven by one of the
participants from Alegria, Cebu to
Cebu City proper. The passenger
expressed that the trip was okay and
it was a safe and pleasant journey
going to the city. The researchers
further asked about the speed of the
bus when it was on the road and he
replied that it was driven well and that
because he, himself is a company
driver he was able to observe that the
driver drove cautiously and with
safety. The passenger further told
details that the driver would slow
down before turning, and that the
driver did not overtake during blind
curves. As a fellow bus driver, he was
glad that the bus driver did not speed
and used his headlights especially
since the weather has been
continuously pouring with heavy rain
and the environment has been a tad
dim.
The second bus arrived and the
researchers went to ask for some
comments from passengers,
fortunately the researchers got the
cooperation of another passenger and
were able to get some information.
The driver of the bus was one of the researchers’ from different
study’s participants; the route was passengers. Upon researchers’
from Alcantara, Cebu to Cebu City observation and interviews, there
proper. The researchers asked how were no accidents encountered by the
the trip was and the passenger said it participants therefore considered as
was a pleasant trip but the hard rain an indicator as one of the main results
started a traffic jam in Talisay, Cebu of the said intervention.
City. The researchers asked the
passenger for an evaluation of the CONCLUSION
driver’s performance in driving, and
the passenger said he was an Based on the results of the
excellent driver. The passenger also study conducted, there was a
emphasized that he didn’t experience significant difference on the
the typical abrupt break that would assessment ratings and evaluation
send passengers bumping their heads ratings on the level of knowledge
to the seat in front of them. He also on preparedness towards
mentioned that the bus driver was prevention of road-related
patient especially since there were so accidents before and after the
many surrounding vehicles that
implementation among selected
continuously beeped at the bus to
overtake the lane. bus drivers in Ceres Bus Liner Inc.,
Mandaue City. The researchers
The researchers were able to concluded that the said
interview a passenger of Ceres Bus intervention of a road safety
Liner who came from Malabuyoc, Cebu enhancement training program
to Cebu City proper. The driver of the offered to the bus drivers of Ceres
bus was Mr. Jimuel Jimenez. The Bus Liner Inc. presented a very
researchers asked some comments
favorable result and that the study
from the passenger regarding the trip
and fortunately the passenger gave us
was successful.
his cooperation. The passenger said WORK CITED
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