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Abstract— We construct a ternary zero correlation zone (ZCZ) the length of the sequence, M is the family size (namely, the
sequence set with both periodic and aperiodic ZCZ based on mu- number of sequences in the set) and Lzcz is the length of the
tually orthogonal complementary sets. A multicode UWB system periodic ZCZ. Corresponding constructed sequences allow for
based on ternary ZCZ sequence sets can adapt its data rate by
changing the size of the code set to satisfy different data rate re- an improved system performance relative to Fan’s sets due to
quirements without compromising its BER performance. Multi- the fact that the ZCZ is both in the periodic and aperiodic sense.
code systems based on constructed ZCZ sequences can have a no- Multicode approach [10] suggests splitting high data rate
tably improved performance over a single code system employing streams into several low rate data substreams. Each data sub-
m-sequences and over multicode systems based on comparable bi- stream is spread by a sequence and all the substreams are trans-
nary and ternary ZCZ sequences. We argue that the improvement
over comparable binary and ternary ZCZ sequences is due to the mitted in parallel using synchronous multicode channels. Since
unique periodic and aperiodic ZCZ property of the proposed se- a higher data rate is achieved by increasing the number of par-
quence sets. allel code channels, the processing gain can be kept sufficiently
Index Terms— Ternary sequence, zero correlation zone (ZCZ), large to alleviate the ISI for any particular sequence. Differ-
ultra-wideband (UWB) , complementary sets ent data rates can be supported by changing the size of the se-
quence set assigned to a user. Instead of being limited by single
I. I NTRODUCTION sequence ISI, the data rate is limited by the sequence set corre-
lation properties.
In this paper, we focus on signal designs based on ternary di-
We study the BER performance of a multicode TS-UWB sys-
rect sequence UWB (TS-UWB) which includes epochs of zero
tem employing the proposed ternary ZCZ set and experiencing
signal amplitude as a natural extension of binary antipodal sig-
a dense multipath [11]. A comparison is given with the perfor-
naling [1, 2]. Ternary signaling is suitable for impulse based
mance of a single spreading sequence (with a reduced process-
systems and, as further demonstrated here, enables significant
ing gain per sequence), and with comparable examples employ-
improvement in the signal correlation properties.
ing Fan’s [6] and Cha’s [8] ZCZ sets.
A zero correlation zone (ZCZ) sequence set has the periodic
The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we describe
and/or aperiodic correlation values equal to zero for a contigu-
the recursive approach to construction of ternary ZCZ sequence
ous set of delays starting with a single delay. Thus, it can signif-
sets with periodic and aperiodic ZCZ. In Section III, the single
icantly alleviate the multipath interference and multiple access
user multicode UWB system and the UWB channel models are
interference. Recently, there has been a considerable interest in
introduced. Simulation results are presented in Section IV. In
applying the ZCZ sequences in the quasi-synchronous CDMA
Section V, we draw the concluding remarks.
type systems.
ZCZ sequence set design was first studied by Suehiro in [3].
Fan et al. proposed binary, quadriphase and polyphase se- II. T ERNARY ZCZ S EQUENCE S ET D ESIGN
quence sets derived from complementary sets [4–6], Torii and A. Basic Concepts and Notations
Nakamura proposed ZCZ set construction based on perfect se-
quences and unitary matrices [7]. Cha et al. proposed a ternary Before describing the ternary ZCZ set construction, we
ZCZ sequence set constructed by cyclically shifting preferred briefly describe a few basic concepts and notations.
ternary pairs [8]. Let θai ,ai denote the aperiodic autocorrelation function of
Here, we propose ternary ZCZ sequence set construction the sequence ai with length N . A set of M sequences {ai }M i=1
based on mutually orthogonal (MO) complementary sets [9]. is said to be a complementary set, if the sum of their aperiodic
Compared with earlier work on ZCZ sets, constructed sets have autocorrelation functions vanishes, i.e.,
both periodic and aperiodic zero correlation zone. For exam- M M NX
−1−l
X X
ple, a binary periodic ZCZ sequence set with (N, M, Lzcz ) = θai ,ai (l) = ai,n ai,n+l = 0, ∀l 6= 0.
(32, 4, 4) can be generated by Fan’s method [6], where N is i=1 i=1 n=0
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where ai,n denotes the nth element in the sequence ai . Example 2: Based on the seed matrix ∆(0)
A set of complementary sequences {bi }M i=1 is a mate · ¸
of the set {ai }M ++ −+
PM i=1 if their sequence length is equal, and ∆(0) =
+− −−
i=1 θai ,bi (l) = 0 for any l. Complementary sets of se-
quences are mutually orthogonal if all pairs are mates. we use the recursive procedure (2) to construct larger MO com-
We denote the ternary ZCZ sequence set as plementary set matrix ∆(1) .
Tzcz (N, M, Lzcz ), where N is the sequence length and · ¸
M is the family size and Lzcz is the minimum auto and cross ++⊗++ −+⊗−+
∆(0) ⊗ ∆(0) =
zero correlation zone over the set Tzcz in both periodic and +−⊗+− −−⊗−−
aperiodic sense. The new ternary ZCZ sequences sets are con- · ¸
+ + ++ − − ++
structed based on either binary or ternary MO complementary = (3)
+ + −− − − −−
sequence sets.
and
· ¸
B. Ternary ZCZ Set Construction Algorithm −−⊗++ +−⊗−+
−∆(0) ⊗ ∆(0) =
Step 1: Construct the seed matrix ∆(0) . −+⊗+− ++⊗−−
· ¸
Starting with either a binary or ternary complementary pair − + −+ + − −+
(TCP) {c1 , c2 } [12], the seed matrix ∆(0) is constructed as fol- = (4)
− + +− + − +−
lows, · ¸
c1 ← c−
2 From (2), we obtain the mutually orthogonal complementary
∆(0) = (1)
c2 −← c−
1 sets
where ←c− denotes the reverse of the sequence c and −←
2 2 c− de-1 + + ++ − − ++ − + −+ + − −+
notes the sequence whose ith element is the negation of ith el- + + −− − − −− − + +− + − +−
∆(1) =
ement in sequence ← c−
1 . Note that ∆
(0)
can be partitioned into − + −+ + − −+ + + ++ − − ++
two MO complementary sets {c1 , c2 } and {← c− ←−
2 , − c1 }. − + +− + − +− + + −− − − −−
Example 1: Let {c1 , c2 } = {++, +−}. Based on (1), the (1) (1) (1) (1)
∆1,1 ∆1,2 ∆1,3 ∆1,4
seed matrix is given by ∆(1) ∆(1) ∆(1) ∆(1)
2,4
· ¸ = 2,1 2,2 2,3
(1) (5)
(0) ++ −+ ∆(1)
3,1 ∆
(1)
3,2 ∆
(1)
3,3 ∆ 3,4
4 =
+− −− (1)
∆4,1
(1)
∆4,2
(1)
∆4,3
(1)
∆4,4
where 0 +0 denotes 1 and 0 −0 denotes −1. Therefore,
Note that 4(0) is comprised of two mutually orthogonal
4
X
++ −+
complementary sequence sets ( ) and ( ). θ∆(1) ,∆(1) (l) = 0 ∀l 6= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, 4. (6)
+− −− i,k i,k
i=1
Step 2: Recursively construct larger MO complementary sets
based on the seed matrix ∆(0) [9]. and
Let 4(p) be a matrix of sequences with M (p) rows, each row
4
X
contains M (p) sequences with equal length N (p) . The recursive
θ∆(1) ,∆(1) (l) = 0 ∀l, k, j = 1, 2, 3, 4. (7)
procedure constructs a larger matrix of sequences 4(p+1) with i,k i,j
i=1,k6=j
2M (p) rows, each row containing 2M (p) sequences with length
2N (p) . That is, Step 3: Construct a ternary ZCZ sequence set by reorganiz-
· ¸ ing the MO complementary set matrix ∆(p) as
4(p) ⊗ 4(p) −4(p) ⊗ 4(p) · ¸
4(p+1) = (2)
−4(p) ⊗ 4(p) 4(p) ⊗ 4(p) ∆(p−1) ⊗ ∆(p−1) −∆(p−1) ⊗ ∆(p−1)
∆(p) =
−∆(p−1) ⊗ ∆(p−1) ∆(p−1) ⊗ ∆(p−1)
where −4(p) denotes the matrix whose ijth entry is the nega-
(p) (p) (p)
tion of the ijth entry of 4(p) and 0 ⊗0 denotes interleaving. Two ∆1,1 ∆1,2 · · · ∆1,M
sequences a = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ...} and b = {b1 , b2 , b3 , ...} are in- (p) (p) (p)
∆2,1 ∆2,2 · · · ∆2,M
terleaved as a ⊗ b = {a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 , ...}. The two matrices of = .. .. .. ..
(8)
sequences are interleaved by interleaving their corresponding . . . .
(p) (p) (p)
sequences as described in Example 2. ∆M,1 ∆M,2 · · · ∆M,M
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where M = 2p+1 is the number of complementary sets in the TABLE I
(p) N AND Lzcz OF CONSTRUCTED TERNARY ZCZ SEQUENCE SETS WITH
MO complementary set matrix ∆(p) and ∆i,j , i = 1, 2, ...M ,
FAMILY SIZE M=2,4,8
j = 1, 2, ...M are the complementary sequences with equal
sequence length. M =2
By reorganizing the MO complementary set matrix ∆(p) , Lzcz 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ···
(p)
we construct the ternary ZCZ sequence set Tzcz containing N 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 ···
p+1
M =2 ternary ZCZ sequences and with the following ma-
trix form: M =4
Lzcz 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ···
(p) (p) (p)
∆1,1 ◦ ZM ◦ ∆2,1 ◦ ZM · · · ◦ ∆M,1 ◦ ZM N 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 ···
(p) (p) (p)
∆1,2 ◦ ZM ◦ ∆2,2 ◦ ZM · · · ◦ ∆M,2 ◦ ZM
(p)
Tzcz = M =8
..
. Lzcz 8 12 16 20 24 48 32 ···
(p) (p) (p)
∆1,M ◦ ZM ◦ ∆2,M ◦ ZM · · · ◦ ∆M,M ◦ ZM N 128 192 256 320 384 448 512 ···
L(p)
zcz =2 N p (0)
(10)
−5 −5
5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30
(1) Periodic auto−correlation of sequence 1 Aperiodic auto−correlation of sequence 1
Example 3: For p = 1, the ternary ZCZ set = 20Tzcz 20
10 10
T4 4×32
(2) (2) (2) (2) 0 0
where, e.g., T1 = (+ + + + 0 0 0 0 + + − − 0 0 0 0 − + −
+ 0 0 0 0 − + + −0 0 0 0) is of length N (1) = 4p+1 N (0) = III. M ULTICODE UWB S IGNAL M ODEL
42 · 2 = 32. A set of spreading sequences C = {cm }M m=1 of M sequences
Figure 1 depicts ZCZ sequences T1 , T3 in Example 3 and with length N is assigned to a single user. For simplicity
their periodic and aperiodic auto and cross correlation proper- we assume uncoded transmission. In this case, M consecu-
ties. From (6) and (7), we can derive Lzcz , the length of ZCZ in tive information symbols {b1 , b2 , ...bM } are transmitted over
(1)
both periodic and aperiodic sense. For Tzcz we have Lzcz = 4. M parallel code channels simultaneously. Thus, the symbol
Table 1 lists the sequence lengths N and ZCZ lengths Lzcz rate Rs = M/Ts , where Ts is the symbol period containing N
for constructed ternary sequence sets with family sizes M=2,4, chips of duration Tc . By increasing the number of code chan-
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nels from 1 to M , we can adapt the system data rate from 1/Ts homes. In [14], it is observed that the line of sight compo-
to M/Ts . nent and the first 10 multipath bins account for 33% and 75%
The transmitted baseband signal is given by of the total power, respectively. The sign of the reflected path
coefficient is modeled as a uniformly distributed random vari-
M
XX N
X −1
able [15]. The path power is quantized into 0.4 nanosecond bins
S(t) = bm,r cm,n ψ(t − nTc − rTs ) (12) corresponding to a chip duration Tc . We assume that each bin
r m=1 n=0
contains exactly one multipath component (emulating a dense
where bm,r is the r-th binary antipodal symbol transmitted us- multipath environment) and that the delay spread is restricted to
ing the m-th multicode sequence; ψ(t) is the unit energy chip be 4 nanoseconds. The effect of interchip interference has been
pulse with duration Tc and assumed known to the receiver. The assumed negligible.
spreading sequence set {cm }M In Figure 2, the average BER is plotted against the SNR
m=1 is suggested to be the ternary
ZCZ sequence set introduced in the preceding section. per bit. For a multicode system, we employ the ternary
The UWB channel with L resolvable paths is modeled as ZCZ sequence set constructed in the Section II with parameter
(N, M, Lzcz ) = (128, 8, 8) and (N, M, Lzcz ) = (32, 4, 4) for
L−1
X Rate A and B respectively. For single code scheme, we employ
h(t) = αl δ(t − τl ) (13) m-sequence with ending zero {−−−+−−++−+−++++0}
l=0 and {+++−+−−0} for Rate A and Rate B respectively. BER
performance improvement can be observed for both Rate A and
where αl and τl denote the channel gain and the propagation Rate B. E.g., larger than 2dB and 1dB gain can be achieved by
delay of the l-th path, respectively. using ternary ZCZ set based multicode scheme over single code
When sufficient multipath resolution is available, small scheme when the target BER is 10−3 .
changes in the propagation time only affect the path delay and Figure 3 demonstrates that when employing ternary ZCZ set,
path component distortion can be neglected. Under these as- the BER performance does not change when we the data rate is
sumptions, path coefficients αl can be modelled as independent varied by increasing the number of code channels. The ternary
real valued random variables whose sign is a function of the ma- ZCZ sequence set parameters are (N, M, Lzcz ) = (128, 8, 8),
terial properties and, generally, depends on the wave polariza- the number of code channels varies from 1 to 8. The three al-
tion, angle of incidence, and the frequency of the propagating most flat BER performance curves lie at BER = 10−2 , 10−3
wave [13]. and 10−4 for SN R = 8, 10 and 12dB respectively.
For simplicity, we quantize the multipath delay into bins, i.e. In Figure 4, we compare the BER performance of the
τl = lTc . In this case, for a single user multicode UWB system, multicode UWB system employing Cha’s ternary ZCZ set
the corresponding received signal model is: (N, M, Lzcz ) = (32, 4, 5) [8], Fan’s binary ZCZ set
(N, M, Lzcz ) = (32, 4, 4) [6] and the ternary ZCZ set with
L−1
X parameter (N, M, Lzcz ) = (32, 4, 4) constructed in this paper.
r(t) = αl S(t − lTc ) + n(t) (14)
At BER = 10−4 , the system employing constructed ternary
l=0
ZCZ set can achieve 2dB and 4dB gains over the system using
where n(t) is a white Gaussian noise process with power spec- Fan’s binary ZCZ set and Cha’s ternary ZCZ set, respectively.
tral density N0 /2. This is due to the fact that the proposed ternary sets have a ZCZ
in both periodic and aperiodic sense. Note that, the sequences
from the constructed ternary set have the same peak to average
IV. N UMERICAL R ESULTS power ratio (PAR) as that ones proposed by Cha.
We first compare the single user correlator receiver BER per-
formance for multiple and single code systems employing a V. C ONCLUSION
ternary ZCZ set and an m-sequence, respectively. Two data Based on either binary or ternary mutually orthogonal com-
rates, i.e., Rate A and Rate B are assumed. For Rate A, N = 16 plementary sets, the ternary ZCZ sequence set with both pe-
for single code scheme employing an m-sequence of length 15 riodic and aperiodic zero correlation duration is constructed.
padded with a zero and N = 128 for the multicode scheme Multicode systems employing the constructed ZCZ sequence
with M = 8. For Rate B, N = 8 for a single code scheme em- set can have a notably improved performance over a single
ploying an m-sequence of length 7 padded with one zero and code system using m-sequences and over multicode systems
N = 32 for the multicode scheme with M = 4. based on comparable earlier binary and ternary periodic ZCZ
The mean power of the multipath component is selected sequences. We argue that the improvement over comparable
equal to the average value given in [14], which is based on binary and ternary ZCZ sequences is due to the unique periodic
the indoor line of sight (LOS) measurements performed in 23 and aperiodic ZCZ property of the proposed sequence set.
942
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0
10
−1
10
−2
10
BER
−3
10
−4
10 Cha’s Ternary ZCZ set (32,4,5)
Fan’s Binary ZCZ set: (32,4,4)
Proposed Ternary ZCZ set (32,4,4)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
SNR : Eb/N0 (dB)
Fig. 4. BER performance comparison for multicode UWB system for different
ZCZ sets
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