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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
1.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction
• Figure (a) is when at the equilibrium position the • Amplitude of the motion, A, is the maximum
spring exerts zero force. magnitude of displacement, which is, the
• When the body is displaced from equilibrium, the maximum value of x .
spring exerts a restoring force back toward the • The SI unit of A is meters.
equilibrium position. • A cycle is one complete round trip.
• Figure (b) is the free body diagrams for the 3 • The period T is the time for one cycle. The
positions. SI unit is seconds.
• The frequency, f, is the number of cycles in
a unit of time. The SI unit is hertz.
1 hertz = 1 Hz = 1 cycles/s = 1 s -1
• The angular frequency, ω, is 2π times the frequency: An ultrasonic transducer used for medical
ω = 2π f diagnosis oscillates at a frequency 6.7 MHz = 6.7 x
• The relationships between frequency and period is 106 Hz. How much time does each oscillation take,
and what is the angular frequency?
1 1
f = T= (13.1)
T f
• From the definition of ω,
2π
w = 2π f = (13.2)
T
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion
• Figure shows the ball at point Q rotates
counterclockwise in uniform circular motion. Its
shadow at point P moves in a simple harmonic
motion, exactly like a body oscillating on an ideal
spring.
• Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform
circular motion onto a diameter.
• The circle in which the ball moves so that its
projection matches the motion of the oscillating body
is called the circle of reference.
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion
• Its acceleration a Q is always constant and given by • The acceleration of a harmonic oscillator is related to
the angular velocity squared times the radius of the the force constant k and mass m of the oscillating
circle body by
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
Example 1.2 Angular frequency, frequency and period in SHM Example 1.2 Angular frequency, frequency and period in SHM
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM
• At any later time, the angle in Eq. (13.5) is θ = wt + φ • In simple harmonic motion the position is a periodic,
and the displacement in SHM is sinusoidal function of time.
• The figures below show the variation of simple
harmonic motion. All cases shown have φ = 0 .
• The figure shows the graph x versus t.
• Figure (a) shows amplitude A increases from curve 1
to 2 to 3. Changing A alone has no effect on the
period.
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 1.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
Example 1.3 Describing SHM 1.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
Let’s return to the system of mass and horizontal • The total mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved
spring we considered in Eg. 13.2 with k = 200N/m
and m = 0.5 kg. this time we give the body an initial
displacement of +0.1015 m and an initial velocity of
• As E is constant, this quantity equals E at any point.
+0.40 m/s. a) Find the period, amplitude and phase
angle of the motion. B) Write equations for the
displacement, velocity, and acceleration as
functions of time.
• We can verify this equation by substituting x and vx • We can use Eq. (13.21) to solve for the velocity of the
from Eq. (13.13) and (13.15) and using w2 = k / m from body at a given displacement:
Eq. (13.9):
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
1.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 1.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
Problem Solving Strategy: Simple Harmonic Motion II In the oscillation described in Example 13.2, k =
• The energy equation Eq. (13.21) is a useful relation 200 N/m, m = 0.5 kg, and the oscillating mass is
between velocity and position, especially when energy released from rest at x = 0.02 m. a) Find the
quantities are also required. maximum and minimum velocities attained by the
oscillating body. b) Compute the maximum
acceleration. c) Determine the velocity and
acceleration when the body has moved halfway to
the center from its original position. d) Find the total
energy, potential energy, and kinetic energy at this
position.
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CHAPTER 1: PERIODIC MOTION
Example 1.4 (SOLN)
Set Up
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