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• Re > 4000
• Random movements of eddies which mixes up the layers
of fluid
• Particle path is irregular
• Most common type of flow
• Difficult mathematical analysis to describe the flow
τ = τlam + τturb
Laminar shear stress is dominant near the pipe wall and the
turbulent shear stress dominates the flow at center of pipe.
τ w = ΔPD 4l and τ = 2τ wr D
u yu *
= ...(1)
u* ν
This equation is called the Law of Wall which is valid only near
yu*
a smooth wall for 0< <5
ν
u ⎛ yu* ⎞
= 2.5 ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 5.0 ...(2 )
u* ⎝ ν ⎠
For the outer layer, the Power Law is used from the following
expression.
1
*The power law profile cannot
u ⎛ r⎞
...(3 )
n
= ⎜1 − ⎟ be valid near the wall because
VC ⎝ R⎠ the value becomes infinite if
we differentiate u with r
(du/dr).
since Q = AV = ππ 2V
πR 2V n2
=
2πR 2VC (n + 1)(2n + 1)
V 2n 2
=
VC (n + 1)(2n + 1)
VC =
(n + 1)(2n + 1)V ...(5 )
2n 2
Example 2.1
Moody Chart
∆p = F (V, D, l, ε, μ, ρ)
Δp ⎛ ρVD l ε ⎞ ρVD
= φ ⎜⎜ , , ⎟
μ D D ⎟⎠
1 ρV 2 - Reynolds Number
2 ⎝ μ
ε
- relative roughness
D
Now let’s look at the effect of surface roughness...
We know that the viscous layer is very thin (δs/D << 1 where δs
is the thickness of the layer). If the wall is rough, the elements
on the surface of the wall protrudes far into this layer/ or
through the layer thus destroying the structure of the sub-layer.
On the other hand, for turbulent flow the viscous sub-layer has
significant importance especially at high Re.
l ρV 2
Δp = f ...(6 ) - Darcy Friction Factor
D 2
⎛ ε ⎞
f = φ ⎜ Re, ⎟
⎝ D⎠
∆p = p1 – p2 = γhL
l V2
γhL = f
D 2g
l ρV 2
hL = f
D 2γ
l V2
hL = f ...(7 )
D 2g
This equation is called the Darcy-Weisbach Equation.
For inclined pipes,
p1 − p 2 = γ ( z 2 − z 1 ) + γh L
l ρV 2
Δp = γ (z 2 − z 1 ) + f ...(8 )
D 2
Elevation Friction
Effects Effects
For smooth pipes (ε = 0), we notice that friction factor (f) is not
zero because there is still head loss. These pipes are called
“hydraulically smooth”.
The moody chart offers the relationships between ε/D, f and Re
for a very wide range of pipe flows including that for laminar
flows as long as the flow is steady, fully developed and
incompressible.
Moody Chart
0.316
f = 1
...(9)
Re 4
Example 2.2
• Friction loss
• Minor loss
In equation form
V2
h = KL ...(10)
2g
where, KL - loss coefficient
Here,
hL Δp
KL = =
⎛⎜V 2 ⎞⎟ 1 ρV 2
2
⎝ 2g ⎠
Entrance loss
- head loss when liquid enters pipe from a large
tank/reservoir
A1 A2 A1 A2
1.0 0.5
KL KL
1.0 1.0
A1/A2 A2/A1
This causes the velocity of fluid passing through this small area
to increase
(Losses occur )
Pumps
Flow enters the machine nearly axial at some radius through the
eye of the impeller and leaves radially outward
In short we can say that pump draws kinetic energy and delivers
it to the fluid
P = γhpQ ...(12)
Efficiency of Pump
Not all the input power is delivered to the fluid. This is because
of the losses that occur due to:
• mechanical friction in the pump components
• fluid friction
• excessive fluid turbulence in the pump
Mechanical efficiency,
Power delivered to fluid P
ηM = = < 100%
Power given to pump Pi
Efficiency of Motor
• Nature of fluid
• Required capacity
• Conditions on the suction (inlet)
• Conditions at discharge (outlet)
• The total head on the pump
• The type of system to which the pump is delivering the
fluid
• The type of power source (electric motor, diesel engine,
steam turbine etc)
• Space, weight and position limitations
• Environmental conditions
• Cost of pump and installation
• Cost of pump operation
• Governing codes and standards
Cavitation
This will increase wear and tear of the pump components such
as the blades of the pump.
12
0 T OC 100
Temperature ↑, pressure ↑
Example 2.4
The volume flow rate through the pump shown in figure below
is 0.014 m3/s. The fluid being pumped is oil with a specific
gravity of 0.86. Calculate the energy delivered by the pump to
the oil per unit weight of oil flowing in the system. Energy losses
in the system are caused by the check valve and friction losses as
the fluid flows through the piping. The magnitude of such losses
has been determined as 1.86m. Power delivered to pump is
5.68kW. (γwater = 9.81 x 103)
Example 2.5