Appendix I

Summary of
stability formulae*
Form coefficients
Area of waterplane
L  B  Cw
Area of amidships
B  d  Cm
Volume of displacement
L  B  d  Cb
Cb
Cm  C p

Drafts
When displacement is constant (for box shapes):

New draft Old density

Old draft New density
When draft is constant:

New displacement New density

Old displacement Old density
WPA
TPCSW

97.56
W
FWA

4  TPCSW
FWA (1025   DW )
Change of draft or dock water allowance

25
Homogeneous log:

Draft Relative density of log

Depth Relative density of water

* See Note at end of the Appendix

486 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

Variable immersion hydrometer:

My
Density

 M y  M x 
M y  x  
 L 

Trim
W  GM L
MCTC

100  L
Trimming moment
Change of trim
or
MCTC
W  (LCB foap  LCG foap )
MCTC
l
Change of draft aft
 Change of trim
L
Change of draft forward
Change of trim  Change of draft aft

Effect of trim on tank soundings:

Head when full Trim

Length of tank Length of ship

True mean draft:

Correction Trim


FY Length

To keep the draft aft constant:

MCTC  L
d

TPC  l

To find GML:

GM L L


GG1 t

Simpson’s rules
1st rule:

Area ⫽ h/3 (a ⫹ 4b ⫹ 2c ⫹ 4d ⫹ e) or 1
3
 CI  兺1
 Summary of stability formulae 487

2nd rule:

Area ⫽ 3h/8 (a ⫹ 3b ⫹ 3c ⫹ 2d ⫹ 3e ⫹ 3f ⫹ g) or 3
8
 CI  兺2

3rd rule:

Area ⫽ h/12 (5a ⫹ 8b  c) or 1

12
 CI  兺3

KB and BM

Transverse stability
For rectangular waterplanes:

LB 3
I⫽
12
BM ⫽ I/V

For box shapes:

BM ⫽ B 2/12d
KB ⫽ d/2
KM min ⫽ B/ 6

For triangular prisms:

BM
B 2/6d
KB
2d/3
Depth of centre of buoyancy 1 d V

 ⫹ 
⫽
below the waterline 32 A 

Longitudinal stability
For rectangular waterplanes:

BL3
IL

12
I
BM L
L
V

For box shapes:

L2
BM L

12d
488 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

For triangular prisms:

L2
BM L

6d

Transverse statical stability

Moment of statical stability
W  GZ
At small angles of heel:
GZ
GM  sin 

By wall-sided formula:
1
GZ
(GM  2
BM tan 2 ) sin 

By Attwood’s formula:

v  hh1
GZ
 BG sin 
V
Stability curves:

New GZ
Old GZ  GG1 sin heel or

New GZ
KN  KG sin heel
Dynamical stability
W  Area under stability curve
 v(gh  g1 h1 ) 

W  BG(1  cos ) 
 V 

Total VHM Total VHM

lo
l40
lo  0.8 Actual HM

SF  W SF
Actual HM
Approx angle of heel
 12°
Maximum permissible HM
Approx angle of  due to grain shift
Reduction in GZ
(GG H  cos )  (GG V  sin )

W
ship displacement in tonnes

GG H
horiz movement of ‘G’
GG V
vert movement of ‘G’
lo
righting arm @ 
0° (if upright ship)
l40
righting arm @ 
40°
HM
heeling moment
SF
stowage factor
VHM
volumetric heeling moment
 Summary of stability formulae 489

List
Final moment
Final KG

Final displacement
wd
GG1

Final W
GG1
tan list

GM

Increase in draft due to list:

New draft
1  b  sin   (d) cos  . . . Rise of floor is zero put ‘r’ in if
2
rise of floor exists. (measured at full Br. Mld)

Inclining experiment:
GM Length of plumbline


GG1 Deflection

Effect of free surface

lb3  1
Virtual loss of GM
  2
12 W n

Drydocking and grounding

Upthrust at stern:
MCTC  t
P⫽
l
or
P ⫽ Old ⫺ New displacement

P  KM
Virtual loss of GM

W
P  KG
or

WP

Pressure of liquids
Pressure (P)
Dwg
Thrust
P  Area
I WL
Depth of centre of pressure

AZ
490 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

Bilging and permeability

S
Permeability
 100 per cent
SF
v
Increase in draft

A  a

Strength of ships
Load
Stress

Area
Change in length y
Strain


Original length R

Young’s modulus:
Stress
E

Strain
Bending moment:

E
M
I
R
I
Section modulus

Y
Shearing stress:

F y
q

It
Stress:

E
f
 y
R

Freeboard marks
1
Distance Summer LL to Winter LL
48
 Summer draft

Distance Summer LL to Tropical LL
418  Summer draft

Ship squat
bT
Blockage factor

BH
C  S 0.81  Vk2.08
max
b
20
 Summary of stability formulae 491

yo ⫽ H ⫺ T
y 2 ⫽ y o ⫺ ␦max
As
b  T
Ac
B  H

In open water:

C b  Vk2
max

100
In confined channel:

C b  Vk2
max

50
Width of influence ⫽ 7.7 ⫹ 20 (1  C b)2

Miscellaneous
Angle of loll:

2  GM
tan loll

BM T
2  initial GM
GM

cos loll

Heel due to turning:

v 2  BG
tan heel

g  r  GM

Rolling period:

k 2k
T
2
approx
g  GM GM

Zero GM:

2wd
tan list ⫽ 3
W  BM

Theorem of parallel axes:

I CG ⫽ I OZ ⫺ Ay 2
492 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

or

I NA
I xx  Ay 2

Permeability (␮)

BS 
Permeability
 100 per cent Increase in draft

SF A  a
Volume available for water
Permeability ()
 100
Volume available for cargo
SF of cargo  solid factor
Permeability ()
 100
SF of cargo
1
Solid factor
Effective length
l  
RD
Volume of bilged compartment  
Sinkage

Intact waterplane area
BB H
Tan 

GM bilged

Drafts and trim considerations

l1
Correction to observed drafts
 Trim
L1

d FP  (6  d m )  d AP
Midships draft corrected for deflection

8

Correction of midships draft

Distance of LCF from midships  Trim
to true mean draft when

LCF is not at amidships LBP

Second trim correction for position of LCF, if trimmed

hydrostatics are not supplied a (form correction)
True trim  (MCTC2  MCTC1 )


2  TPC  LBP

50  (True trim )2  (MCTC2  MCTC1 )

Alternative form correction

LBP
 Summary of stability formulae 493

Note
These formulae and symbols are for guidance only and other formulae
which give equally valid results are acceptable.

Mass


Volume
substance
RD

FW

(L  B  d)  Cb


DWT
  light
AW
(L  B)  CW
AW
TPC

100

W
Sinkage/rise

TPC
Summer
FWA

4  TPCSW
(1025  dock )
DWA
 FWA
25
MSS
  GZ
GZ
GM  sin 
GZ
[GM  1–2 BM tan2 ]sin 
GZ
KN  (KG  sin )
Dynamic stability
Area under GZ curve  
1
Area under curve (SR1)
 h  (y1  4y 2  y 3 )
3
3
Area under curve (SR2)
 h  (y1  3y 2  3y 3  y 4 )
8
Total VHM
lo

SF  
l40
lo  0.8

Total VHM
Actual HM

SF
494 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

Actual HM
Approx angle of heel
 12°
Max permissible HM

Reduction in GZ
(GGH  cos )  (GGv  sin )

2K K2
Rolling period T (sec)
or 2
g  GM gGM T
K2
or 2 seconds
GM T

ws
GG H/V



i
FSC
 T


l  b3
FSC
 T
12  

FSM
FSC



GG H
tan 

GM

兺 Moments
KG

兺 Weights

兺 Moments
GG H

兺 Weights

w  s  length
GM

  deflection

2  GM
tan angle of loll

BM T

2  initial GM
GM at angle of loll

cos 

2ws
tan 
3
  BM T
 Summary of stability formulae 495

Draft when heeled
(Upright draft  cos )  ( 12  beam  sin )

Position of the metacentre KM T
KB  BM T
lT
BM T

∇
L  B3
BM T ( box)

12  ∇

1
Distance Summer LL to Winter LL
 Summer draft
48
1
Distance Summer LL to Tropical LL
 Summer draft
488

KM L ⫽ KB ⫹ BM L
IL
BM L ⫽
∇
L3  B
BM L ( box) ⫽
12  ∇

  GM L
MCTC

100  LBP

兺 Trimming moment
CoT

MCTC

LCF
Change of trim aft
Change of trim 
LBP
LBP  LCF
Change of trim fwd
Change of trim 
LBP
 LCF 
Turn mean draft ⫽ Draft aft ⫾  trim  
 LBP 

  (LCG ⬃ LCB)
Trim

MCTC

Trim  MCTC
P

LCF
P
Reduction in TMD  TPC

P  KM T P  KG
Loss of GM
or
 P
496 Ship Stability for Masters and Mates

v 2  BG
tan 

g  R  GM

Volume available for water

Permeability ()
 100
Volume available for cargo

1
Solid factor

RD
SF of cargo  solid factor
Permeability ()
 100
SF of cargo

Effective length
l  

Volume of bilged compartment  permea bility ()

Sinkage

Intact water plane area

I parallel axis
I centroidal axis  As 2

BB H
Tan 

GM bilged

l1
Correction to observed drafts
 Trim
L1

d FP  (6  d M )  d AP
Midships draft corrected for deflection

8

Correction of midships draft to true

mean drraft when CF not midships
Distance of CF from midships  trim (true trim at perp’s)


LBP
Second trim correction for position of CF iff trimmed
hydrostatics are not supplied (form correction)
True trim  (MCTC2  MCTC1 )


2  TPC  LBP

50  true trim 2  (M
MCTC2  MCTC1 )
Alternative form correction

LBP

Summary
Always write your formula first in letters. If you then make a mathematical
error you will at least obtain some marks for a correct formula.