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CHAPTER 1 Testing - Page 1 Every profession has its own vocabulary.To learn a p
rofession, the first and crucial step is
to master its vocabulary.The entire knowledge of a profession is compressed and
kept it in
its vocabulary.
Take our own software testing profession, while communicating with our collegues
, we
frequently use terms like 'regression testing', 'System testing', now imagine co
mmunicating
the same to a person who is not in our profession or who doesn't understand our
testing
vocabulary, we need to explain in detail each and every term .Communication beco
mes so
difficult and painful.To speak the language of testing, you need to learn its vo
cabulary.
Find below a huge collection of testing vocabulary Affinity Diagram: A group pro
cess that takes large amounts of language data, such as developing by brainstorm
ing, and divides it into categories Audit: This is an inspection/assessment acti
vity that verifies compliance with plans, policies and procedures and ensures th
at resources are conserved. Baseline:A quantitative measure of the current level
of performance. Benchmarking: Comparing your company's products, services or pr
ocesses against best practices or competitive practices, to help define superior
performance of a product,service or support processes. Black-box Testing: A tes
t technique that focuses on testing the functionality of the program component o
r application against its specifications without knowlegde of how the system con
structed. Boundary value analysis: A data selection technique in which test data
is chosen from the "boundaries" of the input or output domain classes, data str
uctures and procedure
parameters. Choices often include the actual minimum and maximum boundary values
, the
maximum value plus or minus one and the minimum value plus or minus one.
Branch Testing: A test method that requires that each possible branch on each de
cision be executed on at least once. Brainstorming: A group process for generati
ng creative and diverse ideas. Bug: A catchall term for all software defects or
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Certification testing:Acceptance of software by an authorized agent after the s

oftware has been validated by the agent or after its validity has been demonstra
ted to the agent. Checkpoint(or verification point): Expected behaviour of the a
pplication which must be validated with the actual behaviour after certain actio
n has been performed on the application. Client:The customer that pays for the p
roduct received and receives the benefit from the use of the product. Condition
Coverage:A white-box testing technique that measures the number of or percentage
of decision outcomes covered by the test cases designed.100% condition
coverage would indicate that every possible outcome of each decision had been ex
ecuted at
least once during testing.
Configuration Management Tools Tools that are used to keep track of changes made
to systems and all related artifacts. These are also known as version control t
ools. Configuration testing:Testing of an application on all supported hardware
and software platforms.This may include various combinations of hardware types,
configuration settings and software versions. Completeness: A product is said to
be complete if it has met all requirements.
Consistency:Adherence to a given set of rules.
Correctness: The extent to which software is free from design and coding defects
. It is
also the extent to which software meets the specified requirements and user obje
ctives. Cost of Quality: Money spent above and beyond expected production costs
to ensure that the product the customer receives is a quality product. The cost
of quality includes prevention, appraisal, and correction or repair costs. Conve
rsion Testing: Validates the effectiveness of data conversion processes, includi
ng field-field mapping and data translation. Customer: The individual or organiz
ation, internal or external to the producing organization that receives the prod
uct. Cyclomatic complexity: The number of decision statements plus one. Testing
- Page 2 2 Debugging: The process of analysing and correcting syntactic, logic
and other errors identified during testing. Decision Coverage: A white-box testi
ng technique that measures the number of - or percentage - of decision direction
s executed by the test case designed. 100% Decision
coverage would indicate that all decision directions had been executed at least
once during
testing. Alternatively each logical path through the program can be tested.
Decision Table A tool for documenting the unique combinations of conditions and
associated results in order to derive unique test cases for validation testing.
Defect Tracking Tools Tools for documenting defects as they are found during tes
ting and for tracking their status through to resolution. Desk Check: A verifica
tion technique conducted by the author of the artifcat to verify the completenes
s of their own work. This technique does not involve anyone else. Dynamic Analys
is:Analysis performed by executing the program code.Dynamic analysis executes or
simulates a development phase product and it detects errors by analyzing the re
sponse of the product to sets of input data. Entrance Criteria: Required conditi
ons and standards for work product quality that must be present or met for entry
into the next stage of the software development process. Equivalence Partitioni
ng: A test technique that utilizes a subset of data that is representative of a
larger class. This is done in place of undertaking exhaustive testing of each va
lue of the larger class of data. Error or defect:1.A discrepancy between a compu
ted, observed or measured value or condition and the true, specified or theortic
ally correct value or conditon 2.Human action
that results in software containing a fault (e.g., omission or misinterpretation
of user
requirements in a software specification, incorrect translation or omission of a
requirement
in the design specification)
Error Guessing: Test data selection techniques for picking values that seem like
ly to cause defects. This technique is based upon the theory that test cases and
test data can be developed based on intuition and experience of the tester. Exh
austive Testing: Executing the program through all possible combination of value
s for program variables. Exit criteria:Standards for work product quality which
block the promotion of incomplete or defective work products to subsequent stage
s of the software development process. 3 Flowchart Pictorial representations of
data flow and computer logic. It is frequently
easier to understand and assess the structure and logic of an application system
by
developing a flow chart than to attempt to understand narrative descriptions or
verbal
explanations. The flowcharts for systems are normally developed manually, while
flowcharts
of programs can be produced.
Force Field Analysis A group technique used to identify both driving and restrai
ning forces that influence a current situation. Formal Analysis Technique that u
ses rigorous mathematical techniques to analyze the algorithms of a solution for
numerical properties, efficiency, and correctness. Functional Testing Testing t
hat ensures all functional requirements are met without regard to the final prog
ram structure. Testing - Page 3 4
Histogram A graphical description of individually measured values in a data set
that is organized
according to the frequency or relative frequency of occurrence. A histogram illu
strates the
shape of the distribution of individual values in a data set along with informat
ion regarding
the average and variation.
Inspection A formal assessment of a work product conducted by one or more qualif
ied independent
reviewers to detect defects, violations of development standards, and other prob
lems.
Inspections involve authors only when specific questions concerning deliverables
exist. An
inspection identifies defects, but does not attempt to correct them. Authors tak
e
corrective actions and arrange follow-up reviews as needed.
Integration Testing This test begins after two or more programs or application c
omponents have been
successfully unit tested. It is conducted by the development team to validate th
e
interaction or communication/flow of information between the individual componen
ts which
will be integrated.
Life Cycle Testing The process of verifying the consistency, completeness, and c
orrectness of software at each stage of the development life cycle. Pass/Fail Cr
iteria Decision rules used to determine whether a software item or feature passe
s or fails a test. Path Testing A test method satisfying the coverage criteria t
hat each logical path through the program be tested. Often, paths through the pr
ogram are grouped into a finite set of classes and one path from each class is t
ested.
Performance Test Validates that both the online response time and batch run time
s meet the defined performance requirements. Policy Managerial desires and inten
ts concerning either process (intended objectives) or products (desired attribut
es). Population Analysis Analyzes production data to identify, independent from
the specifications, the types and
frequency of data that the system will have to process/produce. This verifies th
at the
specs can handle types and frequency of actual data and can be used to create va
lidation
tests.
5
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