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⎧ ε cu ⎫
0.85f′ c bβ 1 d f ⎨ ------------------- ⎬ – As fy Mu = Af ff ⎛ df – a
---⎞ + A s fy ⎛ d s – a
---⎞ (4c)
⎩ ε cu + ε fu ⎭ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
A fb = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)
f fu The preceding analysis is offered as an alternative to the trial
and error procedure set forth by ACI Committee 440 (2002)
Using Eq. (1) as a theoretical FRP reinforcement limit, failure and yields identical results as would be obtained using the
will be tensile rupture of the FRP when Af > Afb , or compression ACI 440.2R procedure. Table 1 summarizes relevant design
failure of the concrete, when Af < Afb. It is noted that Afb can be and strength parameters. Moment strength Mn was calculated
either positive or negative, depending on the existing amount of using the measured material strengths for the steel, CFRP,
steel reinforcement present (As). For a negative result from and concrete. It is evident from Table 1 that, for a given area
Eq. (1), Af provided will always be greater than Afb, indicating a of FRP Af , the relative increase in strength Pn/PnC is
compression failure of the concrete. Strain distributions for FRP inversely proportional to the amount of steel reinforcement.
failure, balanced-strengthened, and compression failure are
shown in Fig. 5(b). For sections controlled by FRP failure, the TEST RESULTS
compression block depth a and nominal moment strength at Load-deflection and load-strain results are shown in Fig. 6 and
ultimate Mn are calculated from equilibrium as follows summarized in Table 2. Typical photos at failure are shown in
Fig. 7. The applied cylinder loads plotted in Fig. 6 and recorded
Af f fu + As f y in Table 2 have been corrected to include the self-weight
a = -------------------------- for A f < A fb (2a) bending effects of the beam. Moment equivalence at center span
0.85f c ′b
was used to calculate an equivalent concentrated force Peq that a significant increase in ultimate strength when compared
was added to all laboratory measured load data. Moment with the companion control specimens. To a lesser degree,
equivalence at center span is expressed as {1/8wbeamL2} = strengthening with CFRP increased stiffness and yield load.
{Peqav}. From Fig. 3, Peq for the 152, 230, and 305 mm (6, Detailed discussions of the test results for control and
9, and 12 in.) wide specimens is calculated to be 0.50, 0.77, strengthened specimens are presented in the following sections.
and 1.0 kN (0.115, 0.172, and 0.230 kips), respectively.
From Fig. 6, the physical effects of supplemental strengthening Control specimens: 6-C, 9-C, and 12-C
with CFRP are clearly evident when strengthened specimens Referring to the load-deflection behavior of control
are compared with companion control (unstrengthened) Specimens 6-C, 9-C, and 12-C, the ductile behavior charac-
specimens. All specimens strengthened with CFRP showed teristic of under-reinforced steel flexural (ρs < ρsb) members
∫ P dΔ .
*
E =
†
Ratio = {strengthened sample}/{control sample}.
38% over the yield loads. This is expected and represents the energy ductility ratios to 0.64 and 0.60, respectively,
increased available capacity in the concrete at steel yield. This resulting in a decrease in both ductility indexes.
behavior is reflective of the relative amounts of both steel and The experimental ductility analysis presented previously
CFRP reinforcement and how these reinforcement areas is subjective for two reasons. First, for some specimens, the
compare with that required for a balanced-strengthened design. yield limit state is not an instantaneous condition that occurs
Predicted flexural strength of all specimens with two at a clearly defined load, deflection, or strain. Secondly, the
CFRP strips was less than measured values, indicating the ultimate limit state is also subject to interpretation. Thus,
analytical model is conservative. Referring to Table 2, the depending on the selection for the yield and ultimate limit
measured loads were between 3 and 28% greater than states, a range of ductility results can be expected that may
predicted strengths. Thus, the model is an acceptable analytical be slightly different from those reported in Table 3. The
tool for strength prediction in design. general conclusion, however, must be that ductility is
decreased relative to the unstrengthened condition. Further
Ductility and energy parametric investigation of ductility using theoretical
The reported effect of flexural strengthening with external modeling to calculate deflection and strain is recommended.
FRP reinforcement is a reduction in flexural ductility relative
to the unstrengthened condition (ACI Committee 440 2002, CONCLUSIONS
Bencardino et al. 2002). Typically, ductility is calculated in terms The research presented in this study evaluated strength and
of dimensionless deflection or energy ratios. Using these param- ductility of steel reinforced concrete beams strengthened with
eters ductility μ relative to the yield condition is defined as near surface mounted CFRP strips. Experimental variables
were the amount of steel and CFRP reinforcements. Steel
Deflection ductility: μd = Δu /Δy (5a) reinforcement ratios ρs and concrete strength were selected
as typical for existing concrete flexural members that would
be found in nonprestressed bridge and building flexural
Energy ductility: μE = Eu /Ey (5b) members. The conclusions reported are restricted to the
material properties (for concrete and CFRP), reinforcement
In Eq. (5) Δu and Δy are the ultimate and yield center-span ratios (ρs and ρf), type of CFRP (thin rectangular strips), and
deflections, respectively, and Eu and Ey are the areas under testing procedures that were used in this study. From the data
the load-deflection diagrams at ultimate and yield, respectively. presented, the following conclusions are made.
Numerical integration of the measured load-deflection 1. The strengthened beams failed in flexure as predicted
diagrams was used to determine Eu and Ey. Ductility results according to the amounts of steel and CFRP reinforcement.
are summarized in Table 3 where it is observed that most All 152 and 230 mm (6 and 9 in.) wide specimens, and 305 mm
specimens experience a decrease in both deflection ductility and (12 in.) wide specimens with two CFRP strips failed by steel
energy ductility relative to the control beams. The exceptions yield followed by concrete crushing. The CFRP remained
are Specimens 6-1Fa and 12-2Fb, which experienced an intact at concrete failure and no debonding was detected.
increase in both deflection and energy ductilities, and These beams were predicted to fail in compression. The
Specimen 9-2Fb, which experienced a slight increase in 305 mm (12 in.) wide specimens strengthened with one
energy ductility. Under closer scrutiny, Specimen 12-2Fb, CFRP strip failed by steel yield followed by CFRP rupture.
experienced a major crack at approximately 35 kN (7.84 kips). These beams were predicted to fail by CFRP rupture. In all
It could be argued that in a load controlled test this would have cases, no debonding of the CFRP was detected;
been the ultimate limit state for which Δu, Eu, μd , and μE are 2. All beams strengthened with CFRP failed at loads
32.3 mm (1.27 in.), 724.2 kN-mm (6.41 k-in.), 1.62, and greater than their respective control beams. Relative to
2.17, respectively. This reduces the deflection ductility and control specimen capacity, CFRP strengthened specimens