SIX UNITS OF M.P.E.B.

1. MTRU unit, Indore

2. LTMT meter lab,Indore

3. HT meter lab, Indore

4. 33/11KV s/s, Indore

5. 132KV chambal grid s/s, Indore

6. 220KV south zone grid s/s, Indore

Definition of single phase transformer
A Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying
current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
"voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the

secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary
circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced
voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP),
and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the
number of turns in the primary (NP) as follows:

Basic principles
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current
can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, secondly that a changing
magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the
magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in
the secondary coil.

An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through

the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are
wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that
most of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils.
 The repairing transformer in the M.P.E.B.

1. Instrument transformer

2. Poly phase transformer

3. Leakage transformer

4. Auto transformer

5. Audio transformer

6. Resonant transformer

Types of transformer

1. Instrument transformer:
Instrument transformers are used for measuring voltage and current in
electrical power systems, and for power system protection and control. Where a
voltage or current is too large to be conveniently used by an instrument, it can be
scaled down to a standardized, low value. Instrument transformers isolate
measurement, protection and control circuitry from the high currents or voltages
present on the circuits being measured or controlled.

Fig: Instrument transformer

2. Poly phase transformer:
It supplies, a bank of three individual single-phase transformers can be used,
or all three phases can be incorporated as a single three-phase transformer. In this
case, the magnetic circuits are connected together, the core thus containing a
three-phase flow of flux.[46] A number of winding configurations are possible,
giving rise to different attributes and phase shifts.[47] One particular poly phase
configuration is the zigzag transformer, used for grounding and in the suppression
of harmonic currents

Fig: Poly phase transformer

3. Auto transformer:

An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one
or more terminals at intermediate tap points. The primary voltage is applied across
two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost
always having one terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and
secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common.[43]
Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in
proportion to its number of turns.

Fig: Auto transformer

4. Leakage transformer:
A leakage transformer, also called a stray-field transformer, has a higher
leakage inductance than other transformers, sometimes increased by a magnetic
bypass or shunt in its core between primary and secondary, which is sometimes
adjustable with a set screw. This provides a transformer with an inherent current
limitation due to the loose coupling between its primary and the secondary
windings. The output and input currents are low enough to prevent thermal
overload under all load conditions—even if the secondary is shorted. Leakage
transformers are used for arc welding and high voltage discharge lamps (neon and
cold cathode fluorescent lamps, which are series-connected up to 7.5 kV AC).

Fig: Leakage transformer

5. Resonant transformer:
A resonant transformer is a kind of leakage transformer. It uses the
leakage inductance of its secondary windings in combination with external
capacitors, to create one or more resonant circuits. Resonant transformers such as
the Tesla coil can generate very high voltages, and are able to provide much
higher current than electrostatic high-voltage generation machines such as the
Van de Graaff generator.[49] One of the applications of the resonant transformer is
for the CCFL inverter. Another application of the resonant transformer is to couple
between stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the selectivity of the
receiver is provided by tuned transformers in the intermediate-frequency
amplifiers.[50]
7. Audio transformer:
Audio transformers are those specifically designed for use in audio
circuits. They can be used to block radio frequency interference or the DC
component of an audio signal, to split or combine audio signals, or to provide
impedance matching between high and low impedance circuits, such as between
a high impedance tube (valve) amplifier output and a low impedance loudspeaker,
or between a high impedance instrument output and the low impedance input of a
mixing console.Such transformers were originally designed to connect different
telephone systems to one another while keeping their respective power supplies
isolated, and are still commonly used to interconnect professional audio systems
or system components.

8. 3 Phase Electrical Power Transformer:

Three phase transformers are used throughout industry to change
values of three phase voltage and current. A 3 phase transformer, there is a three-
legged iron core as shown below. Each leg has a respective primary and secondary
winding. Most power is distributed in the form of three-phase AC.. Basically, the power
company generators produce electricity by rotating (3) coils or windings through a
magnetic field within the generator. These coils or windings are spaced 120 degrees
apart. As they rotate through the magnetic field they generate power which is then sent
out on three (3) lines as in three-phase power. 3 phase transformers must have (3) coils
or windings connected in the proper sequence in order to match the incoming power and
therefore transform the power company voltage to the level of voltage we need and
maintain the proper phasing or polarity.

Fig: 3 Phase Electrical Power Transformer

 Testing of Transformers

1. Winding resistance test

2. Polarity test

3. Load test

4. Open circuit test

5. Short circuit test

1. Winding resistance test:

This is nothing but the resistance measurement of the windings by
applying a small d.c voltage to the winding and measuring the current through the
same. The ratio gives the winding resistance, more commonly feasible with high
voltage windings. For low voltage windings a resistance-bridge method can be
used. From the d.c resistance one can get the a.c. resistance by applying skin
effect corrections.

2. Polarity Test:
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary phasor
polarities. It is a must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can
be used for detecting the polarities of the induced emfs. The dot method discussed
earlier is used to indicate the polarities. The transformer is connected to a low
voltage a.c. source with the connections made as shown in the fig. 18(a). A supply
voltage Vs is applied to the primary and the readings of the voltmeters V1, V2 and
V3 are noted. V1: V2 gives the turns ratio. If V3 reads V1−V2 then assumed dot
locations are correct (for the connection shown). The beginning and end of the
primary and secondary may then be marked by A1 −A2 and a1 −a2 respectively. If
the voltage rises from A1 to A2 in the primary, at any instant it does so from a1 to
a2 in the secondary. If more secondary terminals are present due to taps taken
from the windings they can be labeled as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising
from smaller number towards larger ones in each winding. The same thing holds
well if more secondaries are present.

The D.C. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the
assumed polarity is correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.

3. Load Test:
Load Test helps to determine the total loss that takes place, when the
transformer is loaded. Unlike the tests described previously, in the present case
nominal voltage is applied across the primary and rated current is drown from the
secondary. Load test is used mainly

1. to determine the rated load of the machine and the temperature rise

2. to determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of the transformer.

Rated load is determined by loading the transformer on a continuous

basis and observing the steady state temperature rise. The losses that are
generated inside the transformer on load appear as heat. This heats the
transformer and the temperature of the transformer increases. The insulation of
the transformer is the one to get affected by this rise in the temperature. Both
paper and oil which are used for insulation in the transformer start get-ting
degenerated and get decomposed. If the flash point of the oil is reached the
transformer goes up in flames. Hence to have a reasonable life expectancy the
loading of the transformer must be limited to that value which gives the maximum
temperature rise tolerated by the insulation. This aspect of temperature rise
cannot be guessed from the electrical equivalent circuit. Further, the losses like
dielectric losses and stray load losses are not modeled in the equivalent circuit and
the actual loss under load condition will be in error to that extent. Many external
means of removal of heat from the transformer in the form of different cooling
methods give rise to different values for temperature rise of insulation. Hence
these permit different levels of loading for the same transformer. Hence the only
sure way of ascertaining the rating is by conducting a load test. It is rather easy to
load a transformer of small ratings. As the rating increases it becomes difficult to
find a load that can absorb the requisite power and a source to feed the necessary
current. As the transformers come in varied transformation ratios, in many cases it
becomes extremely difficult to get suitable load impedance. Further, the
temperature rise of the transformer is due to the losses that take place ‘inside’ the
transformer. The efficiency of the transformer is above 99% even in modest sizes
which means 1 percent of power handled by the transformer actually goes to heat
up the machine. The remaining 99% of the power has to be dissipated in a load
impedance external to the machine. This is very wasteful in terms of energy also. (
If the load is of unity power factor) Thus the actual loading of the transformer is
seldom resorted to. Equivalent loss methods of loading and ‘Phantom’ loading are
commonly used in the case of transformers. The load is applied and held constant
till the temperature rise of transformer reaches a steady value. If the final steady
temperature rise is lower than the maximum permissible value, then load can be
increased else it is decreased. That load current which gives the maximum
permissible temperature rise is declared as the nominal or rated load current and
the volt amperes are computed using the same

4. Open-circuit or No-load Test:

This test is performed to determine core or iron loss, Pi and no-load

current I0. This test is helpful in determination of magnetizing component Im’
energy component Ie and so no-load resistance R0 being given as V1/Ie and no-load
reactance given as V1/Im. In this test secondary (usually high voltage) winding is left
open, all metering instruments (ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter) are connected
on primary side and normal rated voltage is applied to the primary (low voltage)
winding, as illustrated below

Iron loss P1 = Input power on no-load – W0 watts (wattmeter reading)

No-load current = 0 amperes (ammeter reading)

Angle of lag, Ø0 = cos-1 Wo/V1Io

Ie = I0 cos Ø0 and Im = √I2o - I2e

Caution: Since no load current I0 is very small, therefore, pressure coils

of watt meter and the volt meter should be connected such that the current taken
by them should not flow through the current taken by them should not flow
through the current coil of the watt meter.

6. Short-circuit or Impedance Test:

This test is performed to determine the full-load copper loss and

equivalent resistance and reactance referred to secondary side. In this test, the
terminals of the secondary (usually the low voltage) winding are short – circuited,
all meters (ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter) are connected on primary side and
a low voltage, usually 5 to 10 % of normal rated primary voltage at normal
frequency is applied to the primary, as shown in fig below. The applied voltage to
the primary, say Vs’ is gradually increased till the ammeter A indicates the full load
current of the side in which it is connected. The reading Ws of the wattmeter gives
total copper loss (iron losses being negligible due to very low applied voltage
resulting in very small flux linking with the core) at full load. Le the ammeter
reading be Is.

Full load copper loss,

Pc= I2s R1 = Ws

Equivalent resistance referred to primary,

R'1 = Ws/I2s

Equivalent impedance referred to primary,

Z'1 = Vs/Is

Equivalent impedance referred to primary,

X'1 = √(Z'1)2 - (R'1)2'

 Sub station
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,
transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to
low or the reverse using transformers. ...

Function of substation:

The main functions of sub-station are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage
from the generating station, reduce to a value appropriate for local distribution and
provide facilities for switching.

Grid
A heavy, rigid electrical conductor (usually uninsulated copper or aluminum) which
serves as an interconnection between power-handling devices (such as switches
and circuit breakers) or as a common connection between several circuits.

Transmission line
A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a
path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as
electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission.
Types of transmission line include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, strip lines,
optical fibers, electric power lines, and waveguides.

Electric power transmission or "high voltage electric transmission" is the

bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations
located near to population centers. This is distinct from the local wiring between
high voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electricity
distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become
high voltage transmission networks. In the US, these are typically referred to as
"power grids" or sometimes simply as "the grid". North America has three major
grids: The Western Interconnection; The Eastern Interconnection and the Electric
Reliability Council of Texas (or ERCOT) grid.

Classification of overhead transmission line

Short transmission line: - its length is up to 50km and voltage is <20kv.the
capacitance effect is small.
Medium transmission line: - its length is about 50 to 150km.and line voltage is
moderately high >20kv<100kv.capacitance effect are taken into account.

Long transmission line:- its length is more than 150km.and line voltage is very
high >20kv<100kv.capacitance effect are taken into account.

Underground transmission
Electric power can also be transmitted by underground power cables instead of
overhead power line

Advantages of underground power cables:

1. Less subject to damage from severe weather conditions (mainly lightning, wind
and freezing).

2. Greatly reduced emission, into the surrounding area, of electromagnetic fields

(EMF). All electric currents generate EMF, but the shielding provided by the earth
surrounding underground cables restricts their range and power. Underground
cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 1–10 meters to install, whereas
an overhead line requires a surrounding strip of about 20–200 meters wide to be
kept permanently clear for safety, maintenance and repair.

3. Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying aircraft or to wildlife, and are
significantly safer as they pose no shock hazard (except to the unwary
digger).Much less subject to conductor theft, illegal connections, sabotage, and
damage from armed conflict.

Disadvantages of underground power cables

1. Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of burying cables at

transmission voltages is several times greater than overhead power lines, and the
life-cycle cost of an underground power cable is two to four times the cost of an
overhead power line. Above ground lines cost around $10 per foot and
underground lines cost in the range of $20 to $40 per foot.

2. Whereas finding and repairing overhead wire breaks can be accomplished in

hours, underground repairs can take days or weeks and for this reason redundant
lines are run.

3. Underground power cables, due to their proximity to earth, cannot be

maintained live, whereas overhead power cables can be. Operations are more
difficult since the high reactive power of underground cables produces large
charging currents and so makes voltage control more difficult.

Transmission and Distribution supply system.

PROTECTION SCHEME

• circuit breakers
• switchgear
• fuses
• relays

1. Switch gear
The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical
circuit and equipment is known as switch.

2. Fuses
A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive
current flows through it for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit to
be protected.

3. Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is equipment which can open or close a circuit under all
conditions, no load, full load and fault condition. It is also designed that it can be
operated manually or by remote control under normal and abnormal condition. A
circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

Vacuum
circuit

Breaker

Types Oil
Sf6
of circuit
Circuit
Circuit
breaker
Breaker Breaker

Air
blast
Circuit
breaker

High Voltage Circuit Breakers:

There are electric power systems requiring the breaking of higher currents at
higher voltages. It is such systems that high-voltage AC circuit breakers are used.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

The rated current of the device is up to 3000 A. These specialty circuit breakers
interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container.
These devices can only be practically used for voltages up to about 35,000 V,
which corresponds to the medium-voltage range of power systems. These circuit
breakers have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit
breakers.

Air Circuit Breaker:

 The rated current of the device is up to 10,000 A. Some of them are electronically
controlled, while others are microprocessor controlled. These circuit breakers are
used for main power distribution in large industrial plants.

Air vaccum

Sf6 circuit breaker

Sf6 gas cylinder

4. Relay:
A relay is a device which detects fault and supplies information to the circuit
breaker for circuit interruption.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELAY:-

1. Solenoid type

2. Attracted armature Type.

3. Electrodynamics Type.

4. Moving coil type

5. Induction type

6. Thermal relay

7. Earth fault relay

Current transformer
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents.
Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential
transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a
circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer
produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,
which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A
current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be
very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly
used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Potential transformers
It is a transformer which is used to measure voltage and also it limit the
voltage of the device.

Lightning arrester
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect
the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide
varistors (MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the mid 1970s.
The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high voltage
terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels
down the power system to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted
around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.

Buchholz relay
Buchholz relays have been applied to large power transformers at least since
the 1940's. The relay was first developed by Max Buchholz (1875-1956) in 1921. In
the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay, is a
safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors,
equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. The
Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric
failure inside the equipment. Depending on the model, the relay has multiple
methods to detect a failing transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due
perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil
accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switch in
the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending on design, a second float
may also serves to detect slow oil leaks. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid,
and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch
attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will
operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional
damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be
withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal
fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay may only
indicate low oil level or a leak.
 Buchholz relay

Lt Meter
We are offering our clients, quality and well calibrated HT/LT Meter. These
meters have digital control system and a temperature indicator in order to make
tracking of value indicated by the meter easier. Ruggedly constructed, the meters
also have in-built overload protection along with safety fuses to save the entire
system in overload situations. We offer our HT/LT Meter in cabinets that are
manufactured using various graded material.

Electric digital and electronic meter

We are engaged in offering a precision engineered range of Electric Meter
which is manufactured premium quality plastic raw material. Our range is known
for its light weight and is available with a Digital Display Chip and Sleek Look.
These products are provided to our clients in accordance with the demands and
requirements of our clients in varied specifications.
 Ht meter
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents.
Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential
transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers.