r5 Trim

l. Trim
TRtu may be consideredas the longitudinal equivalent of list, but instead
of being measuredin degreesit is measuredby the differencebetweenthe drafts
forward and aft.
Consider a ship to be floating at rest in still water and on an even keel as
shown in figure 84.

d
-- - - + _l=lw
w G.F GI
\
B )

w
Fig, 84

The centre of gravity (G) and the centre of buoyancy (B) will be in the same
vertical line and the ship will be displacingher own weight of water.

r27
t28 TRIM

Now let a weight "w", alreadyon board, be shifted aft through a distance"d",
as shown in figure 84. This causesthe centre of gavity of the ship to shift
from G to G, , parallel to the shift of the centre of gravity of the weight shifted,
so that:-
GG,:HX d
or WX GGt= w X d
A trimmingmomentof W X GG, is therebyproduced.
B u t W X G C T= w X d
Thetrimmingmoment: w X d

--
G,

B
\

w
Fig. 85
 TRIM t2g

The ship will now trim until the centresof gravity and buoyancy are againin
fhe same vertical line, as shown in figure 85. When trimmed, the wedge of
buoyancy LFLr emergesand the wedge WFWr is immersed. Since the ship,
when trimmed, must displacethe sameweight of water aswhen on an evenkeel.
the volume of the immersedwedgemust be equal to the volume of the emerged
wedge and F, the point about which the ship trims, is the centre of gravity of
the waterplane area. The point F is called the "Centre of Flotation" or
"Tipping Centre".
A vesselwith a rectangularwater-planehas its centre of flotation on the
centre line amidshipsbut, on a ship, it may be a little forward or abaft
amidships,dependingupon the shapeof the water-plane. In trim problems,
unlessstatedotherwise.it is to be assumedthat the centreof flotation is situated
amidships.
Trimming moments are taken about the centre of flotation sincethis is the
point about which rotation takesplace.
The longitudinal metacentre(Ml) is the point of intersection oetweenthe
verticalsthrough the longitudinal positions of the centresof buoyancy. The
vertical distancebetweenthe centre of gravity and the longitudinalmetacentre
(GMr-)is called the longitudinalmetacentricheight.
BMlis the height of the longitudinal metacentre above the centre of
buoyancy and is found for any shape of vesselby the formula:

BMr = IT
V
whereIt = the longitudinal secondmoment
of the water-planeabout the
centreof flotation,
and V : the vessel'svolume of
displacement.
The derivation of this formula is similar to that for finding the transverseB.M.
(page97).

For a rectangularwater-planearea:
, BL3
11 =12

where L = the length of the water-plane,

and B = the breadth of the water-plane.

Thus, for a vesselhavinga rectangularwater-plane:

BMr = ?*

Jl|.
t30 rRrM

For a box-shapedvessel:
Ir
BMr ='-!
V
- BL'
r2v
BL3
IzXLXBXd

BMI :*
tzo
where L = the length of the vessel,

and d : the draft of the vessel.

For a triangularprism:

- IL
BMr
V
:@ BL3

12
BMr :*
od

It should be noted that the distanceBG is small when compared with BMp or
GMr and, for this reason,BM1 ftay, without appreciableerror, be substituted
for GM1 in the formula for finding MCT I cm.
2. The Moment to Change Trim one centimetre (MCT I cm. or
MCTC)
The MCT I cm., or MCTC, is the moment required to changetrim by I cm.,
and may be calculatedby using tfre formula:
McTtcm. - \GMr
l00L
where W = the vessel'sdisplacementin tonnes
GMr = the longitudinal metacentricheight in metres,and
L : the vessel'slength in metres.

The derivation of this formula is as follows:-

Consider a strip floating on an even keel as shown in figure 86 (a). The strip
is in equilibrium.
 TRIM r3l

I I
rut

I
w G L
B
\ )

w
Fig. 86 (a)

Now shift the weight 'w' forward through a distanceof 'd'metres. The
strip'scentre of gravity will shift from G to G, , causinga trimming moment of
W X GGr, as shownin figure 86 (b).

Fig. 86 (b)

The ship will trim to bring the centresof buoyancy and gravity into the same
vertical line as shown in figure 86 (c). The ship is alain in equilibrium.
Irt the ship's length be L metresand let the tipping centre (F) be I metres
from aft.
The longitudinal metacentre(Ml) is the point of intersectionbetweenthe
verticals through the centre of buoyancy when on an even keel and when
trimmed.
r32 TRIM

vL
e

H
,___ |
w_j |
HI
--
G Gl
'/J t

AF;
v

Fig. 86 (c)

.1r\WXd
GGr and GG, : GML Tan 0

wXd
Tan0 :
WXGML
butTan0 :L

(See figure 87(b) )

kt the changeof trim due to shifting the weightbe one centimetre.Then w X d

is the moment to changetrim one centimetre.
I
.'. Tan 0
l00L
but Tan 0 wX d
WX GML
MCT I cm.
Tan 0
WXGML
MC T I c m . I
or
wxGML t00L
WX GML
and MCT I cm.
l 00L
 TRIM I33

3. To find the change of draft forward and aft due to change of trim
When a ship changestrim it will obviouslycausea changein the drafts forward
and aft. One of thesewill be increasedand the other decreased.A formula must
now be found which will give the changein drafts due to changeof trim.
Considera ship floating upright as shownin figure 87 (a). F, represents the
position of the centre of flotation which is i metresfrom aft. The ship'slength
is L metresand a weight 'w' is on deck forward.

I .w

w
I
\
I )

Fig. 87 (a)

'd'metres. The ship will trim

I-,etthis weight now be shiftedaft a distanceof
't'cms. by the sternasshownin figure 87 (b).
about F1 and changethe trim

- - x TCi r

Fig.87(b)

Wt C is a line drawn parallelto the keel.

'A'
representsthe new draft aft and 'F' the new draft forward. The trim is
therefore equal to A - F and, sincethe original trim was zeto, this must also be
equalto the changeof trim.
[€t 'x' representthe changeof draft aft due to the changeof trim and let 'y'
representthe changeforward.
In the trianglesWW Fr and W, Ia C, using the property of similar triangles:
t34 TRIM

x cm. = t cm.
,m- tr:
/m-Ll cm.
orxcm. -

of draft aft in centimetres : I t Change

.'. Change of trim in centimetres
L

where / = the distanceof centre of flotation from aft in metres,and

L : the ship'slength in metres.
It will alsobe noticed that x * y : t

Changeof draft F in cms. : Changeof trim - Changeof draft A.

4. The effect of shifting werghtsalreadyon board

ExampleI
A ship l26m.long is floating at drafts of 5.5m. F and 6.5m. A. The centre of
flotation is 3 m. aft of amidships.MCT I cm. = 240 tonnes-m.Dsplacement=
6,000 tonnes. Find the new drafts if a weight of 120 tonnesalreadyon board is
sttifted forward a distanceof 45 metres.

Trimmingmoment :wXd
- l20X 45
: 5400 tonnes-m.by the head
^, F..
Lnange or rnm = Trimminemoment
ffi
5400
240
: 22.5 cm. by the head

Change of draft aft : x Ctrarge of trim

/
-_4 x 22.s
126
: l 0 ' 7 c ms .
change of draft forward : change of trim - change of draft aft {
: 2 2 . 5 - 1 0 . 7c m .
: I1.8 cms.
 TRIM 135'

Original drafts 5'500m. F 6'500m. A

Changedue to trim + 0.118m. - 0 ' 1 0 7m .

Ans. New drafts m. F

5.618 6.393m. A

Example 2
A box-shapedvessel90 m. X l0 m. X 6 m. floats in salt water on an evenkeel
at 3 m. draft F and A. Find the new drafts if a weight of 64 tonnesalreadyon
board is shifted a distanceof 40 metresaft.

BMr - lj
r2d
90x 90
12x 3
BMr = 225m.

Fig. 88

$1/= L X B X d X I.025 Mcr l cm. - wI cUL-

-T00r
90x10x3x1.035
\{: 2767'5tonnes Since BG is small compared with
GM1 :-

Mcrlcm. ^ wXBMt
100L.
2767.5X 225
: -JboFo.-
MCT I cm. : 69'19tonnes-m.
wXd
Changeof trim
MCT I cm
64x 40
69.19
Changeof trim : 37 cm.by the stern

Changeof draft aft - +I X Chanseof trim

L

- +x37cm.
Changeof draft aft -- l8'5 cm.
136 TRIM

Changeof draft forward = l8'5 cm.

Originaldrafts 3.000m. F 3'000m. A

Changeduetrim - 0'185m. + 0.185m.
Ans. New drafts 2 ' 8 1 5m . 3 ' 1 8 5m .

5. The effect of loading and/or discharging weights

When a weight is loaded at the centre of flotation it will produceno trimming
moment, but the ship's drafts will increaseuniformly so that the ship displaces
an extra weight of water equalto the weightloaded.If the weight is now shifted
forward or aft away from the centre of flotation, it will causea changeof trim.
From this it can be seenthat when a weight is loaded away from the centre of
flotation, it will causeboth a bodily sinkageand a changeof trim.
Similarly, when a weight is being discharged,if the weight is first shifted to
the centreof flotation it will produce a changeof trim, and if it is then discharged
from the centre of flotation the ship will rise bodily. Thus, both a changeof
trim and bodily rise must be consideredwhen a weight is being dischargedaway
from the centre of flotation.

Example I
A ship 90 m. long is floating at drafts 4.5 m. F and 5.0 m. A. The centre of
flotation is 1.5 m. aft of amidships. TPC l0 tonnes. MCT I cm. 120 tonnes-m.
Find the new drafts if a total weight of 450 tonnesis loaded in a position 14 m.
forward of amidships.

Fig. 89
 TRIM 137
w
Bodily sinkage
TPC
450
t0
Bodily sinkage = 45 cm.

Changeof trim = -Trim

M c r moment
lr.m-

_ 4 5 0x r 5 . 5
t20
Changeof trim _ 5 8 ' 1 2 c m. by the head
I
Changeof draft aft - : x Chaneeof trim
L

4?.5
= -ff x s8.r2
Changeof draft aft : 28.09 cm.
Changeof draft forward : Changeof trim - Changeof draft aft
= 5 8 ' 1 2 - 2 8 . 09
Changeof draft forward : 30.03 cms.
Original drafts 4.500 m. F 5'000 m. A
Bodily sinkagea 0'450 m. + 0.450 m.

4'950m. t-**
due trim + 0.300m.
Change - 0'281m.
Ans. Newdrafts 5.250m. F 5'169m. A

Note. In the event of more than one weight being loaded or discharged,the net
weight loaded or dischargedis used to find the net bodily increaseor decrease
in draft, and the resultant trimming moment is used to find the changeof trim.
Also, when the net weight loaded or dischargedis large, it may be necessary
to use the TPC and MCT 1 cm. at the original draft to find the approximatenew
drafts, and then rework the problem using the TPC and MCT t cm. for the mean
of the old and the new drafts to find a more accurateresult.

Exomple 2
A box-shapedvessel40 m. X 6 m. X 3 m. is floating in salt water on an even keel
at 2 m. draft F and A. Find the new drafts if a weight of 35 tonnesis discharged
from a position6 m. from forward. MCT I cm.: 8.4 tonnes-m.
138 TRIM

1.0?sA
TPC =
100
1 . 0 2xs 4 0 x 6
100
TPC : 2'46 tonnes
90
w
Bodily rise
rpc
35
2.46
Bodily rise l4'2 cms.
Changeof trim ulXd-
MCTI cm.
35X t+
8.4
Changeof trim : 58'3 cm. by the stern
I
Changeof draft aft : - X Chaneeof trim
L

- + x 5 8 . 3c m s .
Changeof draft aft : 29.15cms.
Changeof draft forward : Changeof trim - Changeof draft aft
_ 5 8 ' 3 - 2 9 ' 15
Changeof draft forward = 29'15 cms.
Original drafts 2.000 m. F 2'000m. A
Bodily rise - 0'140 m. - 0 . 1 4 0m .

1 ' 8 6 0m . 1 ' 8 6 0m .
Changedue trim - 0'290m. + 0.290m.
Ans. New drafts l ' 5 7 0m . F 2'150m.A

Example 3
A ship 100 m. long arrivesin port with drafts 3 m. F and 4'3 m. A. TPC
l0 tonnes. MCT I cm. 120 tonnes-m. The centre of flotation is 3 m. aft of
amidships. If 80 tonnes of cargo is loaded in a position 24 m. forward of
amidshipsand 40 tonnes of cargois dischargedfrom 12 m. aft of amidships,what
are the new drafts?
 TRIM 139

50m
! l

24m -I
- L

\ l-r?t Bott

Fig.9l

Cargoloaded 80 tonnes Bodily sinkage :

Cargodischarged #a
40 tonnes
Net loaded 40 tonnes : 40
l0
Bodilysinkage :4cms.

To find the changeof trim take momentsabout the centreof flotation.

Moment to changetrim by
Weight Distancefrom
C.F. head stern

80 27 2t60
40 9 360

2s20

change
oftrim :
InHfHlt
_ ?!4_
t20
Change
of trim : 2l cms.by thehead

Change
of draft aft : x Changeof trim
I
- 4\xzl
100
Change
of draftaft - 9.87cms.
changeof draft forward - changeof trim - changeof draft aft
140 TRIM

= 2l - 9'8'l
Changeof draft forward = I I ' 1 3c m s .

Originaldrafts 3'000 m' F . 4 ' 3 0 0m . A .

BodilYsinkage 0'040 m' 0'040 m.
3 ' 0 4 0m. 4340 n.
* 0'l I I m' - 0'099 m.
Changedue trim
A ns . New dr a fts 3 ' 1 5 1m. F . 4 ' 2 4 1 m .A .

Example 4
MCT I cm'
A ship of 6,000 tonnesdisplacementhas drafts 7 m. F and 8 m. A'
is 500
amidships. tonnesof
100 tonnes-m., TPC 20 tonnes, centreof flotation
cargois dischargedfrom eachof the following four holds:

No. I hold, centreof gravity40 m. forward of amidships

') " " " "
No.2hold. " 25m.
)' )' " aft
tt ,t
No.3 hold, 20 m.
') ') ') " , t ,,
No.4 hold, 50m.

The following bunkersare alsoloaded:

150tonnesat l2 m. forwardof amidships

50 tonnesat 15 m. aft of amidshiPs
Find the new drafts forward and aft.

Fig.92

Total cargodischarged 2000 tonnes w

Bodily rise :
Total bunkersloaded 200 " tPc
Net weight discharged I 800 tonnes 1800
20
Bodilyrise : 90 cms.
 TRIM l4l

Moment to changetrim by
Iileight Distancefrom
C, F. head stern

500 40 20000
s00 25 I 2500
s00 20 10000
s00 50 2s000
150 t2 I 800
50 l5 750

36800 33250
332s0

35s0

Resultantmoment 3550 tonnes-m.by the head

moment
= Trim
Changeof trim MCT I .*

= 3550
loo
Changeof trim = 35'5 cms.by the head

Sincecentre of flotation is amidships,

Changeof draft aft : Changeof draft forward
: I changeof trim
1 7 . 7 5c m s .

Originaldrafts 7.000 m. F. g.000 m. A.

Bodily rise 0.900m. - 0.900m.
6 . 1 0 0* 7.100..
Chang ed u e tri m + 0 ' 1 8 0m . -- 0.180m.
Ans. New draft, OZSOtn f . e CO rn. n.
 .I-RIM
142

Example 5
A ship arrivesin port trimmed 25 cms. by the stern. The centreof flotation is
amidships. MCT I cm. 100 tonnes-m.A total of 3,800 tonnesof cargois to be
dischargedfrom 4 holds, and 360 tonnes of bunkers loaded in No. 4 double
bottom tank. 1,200tonnesof the cargois to be dischargedfrom No. 2 hold and
600 tonnesfrom No. 3 hold. Find the amount to be dischargedfrom Nos. I and
4 holds if the ship is to completeon an evenkeel.
Centreof gravity of No. I hold is 50 m. forward of the centreof flotation
"No.2 " "30m.
)t ,' )' t' ') " " "
"No.3 " "20m.abaft
)t ,t ,, t, tt tt tt tt t' )t t) tt
No.4 45 m.
)) " tt " ') "
" " "No.4DBtankis5m."
(29oo-x)t 6oot l2OOt (x)t

*:i'li discharged ",."

IT ":-ilJ'ii
Nos.I &4I ffi^
2000tonnes
bt 'x' from No. I hold
tonnesof cargobe discharged
"(2000-x) " " " " " )' No.4 "

Takemomentsaboutthecentreof flotation.

Moment to changetrim by
Weight Distancefrom
C, F. head stern

x 50 50x
l 200 30 36000
600 20 l 2000
2000-x 45 9000H5x
360 5 1800

102000-45x 37800+50x
 T R IM 143

Original trim : 25 cms.by the stern

Requiredtrim -0
Changeof trim required : 25 crrr. by the head
Trimmingmoment required : Changeof trim X MCT I cm.
:25X 100
Trimming moment required : 2500 tonnes-m.by the head
Resultantmoment : Moment to changetrim by head
- MCT by stern
2500 - (102,000- 45x) - (37,800+ 50x)
: 102,000- 45x - 37,800- 50x
: 64,200- 95x
: 61.700
. or 95x
x : 649.5 tonnes
and2000-x : 1 3 5 0 ' 5to n n es

Ans. Dscharge649'5 tonnesfrom No.l hold and 1350.5tonnes

from No.4 hold.

6. Using trim to find the position of the centre of flotation

Example
A ship arrives in port floating at drafts of 4.50 m. A and 3:g0 m. F. The
following cargo is then loaded:
100 tonnesin a position 24 m. aft of amidships
30 ') " " " 30 m. forward of amidships
t) t' tt tt tt tt
60 l5m. "

The drafts are then found to be 5.10 m. A and 4.40m. F. Find the position of
the longitudinal centre of flotation relativeto amidships.

Fig.94
144 TRIM

O r iginaldr af ts 4 .5 0 m.A 3 .8 0 m. F g i v e0 .7 0m. tri m by the stern.

New dr af t s5' 1 0 m . A 4 .4 0 m . F g i v e0 .7 0 m . tri m by the stern.
Thereforetherehasbeenno changein trim, or,
The moment to changetrim by the head : The moment to change
trim by the stern'
L,etthe centreof flotation be L'metres aft of amidships.
Then, 100(2a- x) _ 30 (30 + x) + 60 (15 + x)
2,400 - 100x : 900 + 30x * 900 + 60x
190x : 600
x : 3'16
Ans. Centreof flotationis 3'16 metresaft of amidships.

Note. In this type of questionit is usualto assumethat the centreof flotation is

aft of amidships,but this may not be the case. Had it been assumedthat the
centre of flotation was aft of amidshipswhen in actualfact it wasforward, then
the answerobtainedwould havebeenminus.

7. Loading a weight to keep the after draft constant

When a ship is being loaded it is usually the aim of those in chargeof the
operationto completeloading with the ship trimmed by the stern. Shouldthe
ship's draft on sailingbe restrictedby the depth of water over a dock-sillor by
the depth of water in a channel,then the ship will be loadedin sucha manneras
to producethis draft aft and be trimmed by the stern.
Assumenow that a ship loaded in this way is ready to sail. It is then found
that the ship has to load an extra weight. The weightmust be loadedin sucha
position that the draft aft is not increasedand also that the maximum trim is
maintained.
lf the weight is loadedat the centreof flotation, the ship'sdrafts will increase
uniformly and the draft aft will increaseby a number of centimetresequal to
w/TPC. The draft aft must now be decreasedby this amount.
Now let the weight be shifted through a distanceof 'd'metres forward. The
ship will change trim by the head, causing a reduction in the draft aft by a
number of centimetresequalto llL X Changeof trim.
Therefore, if the samedraft is to be maintainedaft, the abovetwo quantities
must be equal.
 TRIM t45

^ '-- w
i.e. I x chanse
' of t r l m =TPC
L

But, Change
of trim :
##.

f'#fu :#.
or d =Tffif*
whered : the distanceforward of the centre of flotation to load a weight to
keep the draft aft constant,
L : the ship'slength, and
/ - the distanceof the centre of flotation from aft.

Example
A box-shapedvessel60 m. long, 10 m. beam, and 6 m. deep,is floating in salt
water at drafts 4 m. F and 4.4 m. A. Find how far forward of amidshipsa
weight of 30 tonnes must be loaded if the draft aft is to remain at 4.4 m.

'.025A
TPC::ib0=

_ 1 . 0 2 x5 6 0 x t 0
100
TPC = 6'15 tonnes

W:LXBXdXI'025tonnes
= 6 0 X l 0 X 4 . 2X l ' 0 2 5
W = 2583tonnes
r2
BMr:L
r2d
- 60X60
1 2x 4 . 2
BMr = U metres
7

wX
M C T l c m . = - i * f -B M I

_ 2583X 500
100x 60x 7
t46 TRllvl

MCTI cm. : 12314tonnes-metres.

d: L X M C T1 c m .
/XTPC

: 60 Yry x __l
30 4 6.15
d: l0 metres

Ans. Load the weight l0 metresforward of amidships.

8. Loading a weight to produce a required draft

Example
A ship 150 metreslong arrivesat the mouth of a river with drafts 5.5 m. F and
6'3 m. A. MCT I cm. 200 tonnes-m. TPC 15 tonnes. Centreof flotation is
l'5 m. aft of amidships. The ship has then to proceedup the river where the
maximum draft permissibleis 6'2 m. It is decidedthat SW ballastwill be run
into the forepeaktank to reducethe draft aft to 6'2m. If the centreof gravity
of the forepeak tank is 60 metresforward of the centre of flotation, find the
minimum amount of water which must be run in and also find the final draft
forward.

:ffi -----
w \f FF 60m | ,l
\

w
Fig.95

'w'
(a) Load tonnes at the centre of flotation
w
Bodily sinkage =
TPC
w
t*'
15

: w
New draft aft o'J m. + ra.
15
Requireddraft aft : 6.2 m.
Reduction required = 0.1 m. * t-'
15
 TRIM t47
(b ) Shift 'w'
tonnes from the cente of flotation to the forepeak tank

wX d
Changeof trim =
Mcr I c;.
60w
200

Changeof trim : 3w cms.by thehead

l0
I
Changeof draft aft due to trim - + X Chaneeof trim
L

=
7 3 ' 5. . 3 w
-x
1 5 0" 1 0
Changeof draft aft dueto trim - 0 ' 1 4 7w c m s .
But changeof draft requiredaft = (' 1 0* l l . ') . * r .
15
0'417w : l0++
l)

2'205w = 1 5 0* w
1.205w = 1 5 0
w = 124'5tonnes
Thereforeby loading124.5tonnesin the forepeaktank the draft aft will be
reducedto 6.2 metres.

(c) To find the new draft forward

w
Bodily sinkage -
TPC

: wl 5
Bodily sinkage : 8'3 cms.
wXd
Changeof trim :
MCT t c*.
__ 124'5X 60
200
Changeof trim = 37.35cms.by the head
148 TRtM

Changeof draft aft due trim : :L X Changeof trim

of draftaft duetrim :
Change X 37.35
ffi
: l8'3 cms.
Changeof draft forward due trim - Changeof trim
- Changeof draft aft
: 3 7 ' 3 5 - 1 8 ' 3c m .
Changeof draft forward due trim : 19'05 cms.

Originaldrafts 5.500m. F 6.300m. A

Bodily sinkage* 0.080 m. + 0.080 m.
tatt * aa* t*
Changedue t r i m * 0 ' 1 9 0m . - 0 .180m.
New drafts 5.770m. F 6.200m. A

Ans. Load 124'5 tonnesin forepeaktank.

Final draft forward is 5'770 metres.

9. Usingchangeof trim to find the longitudinal metacentricheight

(GMr).
It was shown in Section 3 of this chapterthat, when a weight is shifted
longitudinallywithin a ship, it will causea changeof trim. It will now be shown
how this effect may be usedto determinethe longitudinalmetacentricheight.
Considerfigure 96 (a) which representsa ship of length "L" at the waterline,
floating upright on an even keel with a weight on deck forward. The centreof
gravity is at G, the centre of buoyancy at B, and the longitudinalmetacentreat
M1. The longitudinalmetacentricheight is thereforeGMs.
 IRIM t49

M1

W G L
\ B

w
Fig. 96 (a)

ML

-t-
W G, G L
B
\

w
Fig. 96 (b)
150 TRIM

ML

o"

-1'
Gr \, L,
I

.LI
-f'I
\e' B, B 'F
A
\
tv
Fig. 96 (c)

Now let the weight be shifted aft horizontally asshown in figure 96 (b). The
ship's centre of gravity will also shift horizontally, from G to Gt, producinga
trimming moment of W X GG, by the stern.
The ship will now trim to bring G1 under M1 as shown in figure 96 (c).
In figure 96 (c) Wt Lt represents the new waterline,F the new draft forward,
and A the new draft aft. It was shown in figure 87 (b) and by the associated
notes, that F - A is equai to the new trim (t) and since the ship was originally
on an evenkeel, then 't' must alsobe equal to the changeof trim.
If the angle betweenthe new and old verticalsis equal to 0, then the angle
between the new and old horizontalsmust also be equal to 0 (the anglebetween
two straightlines being equal to the anglebetweentheir normals).
It wiil also be seen in figure 96 (c) that the trianglesGG1M1 and CDE are
similar triangles.
GMr
. : L
G Gt r
I
or GMI : :XGG,
t'
(All measurements
are in metres).
 TRIM l5t

Example I
When a weight is shifted aft in a ship 120 metreslong, it causesthe ship'scentre
of gravityto move 0'2 metreshorizontallyand the trim to changeby 0.15 metres.
Find the longitudinalmetacentricheight.
GMI
:- L
G G, t

GMr_ : fx cc,
t20 x 0-2
0.15
Ans. GMr- 1 6 0m e tre s

Example 2
A ship 150 metres long has a displacementof 7,200 tonnes, and is floating
upright on an evenkeel. Whena weight of 60 tonnes,alreadyon board,is shifted
24 metres forward, the trim is changedby 0'15 metres. Find the longitudinal
metacentricheight.

GMr- : I
GGt t
I
GMr- G G' ,t X "

wXd L
*
Wt
60x 24 150
7200 0.l s
Ans. GMr_ 200 metres.

EXERCISE15
l. A ship of 8,500 tonnesdisplacement has TPC 10 tonnes, MCT I cm = 100 tonnes.m.
and the centre of flotation is amidships. She is completingloading under coal tips. Nos.2
and 3 holds are full, but spaceis availablein No. I hold (centreof gravity 50 m. forward of
amidships),and in No. 4 hold (centre of gravity 45 m. aft of amidships). The present
drafts are 6'5 m. F and 7 m. A, and the load draft is 7.1 m. Findhow much cargois to be
loaded in each of the end holds so as to put the ship down to the load draft and complete
loadingon an evenkeel.