Professional Documents
Culture Documents
00
llFORNIA
•
OlOGY
APRIL
1990
Earthquake
Preparedness
Month
GEORGE OEUkMEJIAN. ~
D
CAUIORNIA
"""'KlM<NT
OFCQNS(RVATlON
Understanding California's Geology
-
En lies T -...-
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. . . . . .IFIII.CA _ .
, . . . . . . . CA."II_ ,
7 ....... April 1990 is California Earthquake
......
...... ....",.W. 3IO . . .
......
Preparedness Month. The devastating
_.e:-.._
...- . .
s e 7
..CA-.. . . .
.... $CIlID',_......'''
J,_"-,,,~
en,s¢, ._ , 'II 1
magnitude 7.1 eanhquake that occurred
011 October 17. 1989 in the Santa Cruz
Mountains made Californians acutely
aware of the need to be: prepared for an
earthquake event. Approximately 80
_ I l I I X I P I F D I I I . ' FII ,_ percent of the people in California live
MnICUI_ WI,. AUnJClM
"AM IID1' IJIC .FIIMY IIJDClJISIEOOY THI in seismic hazard zones where damaging
.........osrccu_,.mD?J. earthquakes may occur.
INTRODUCTION ,, ,,
,, , '*-L!vermore
T he Oc:tobcr 11. 198geunhquakc
(magnitude 7.1) ruptured a 24-milc
(40 km) long segment of the San Andreas
,,
,,
fault zooe in the Sanla Cruz Moumains,
about 54 miles (90 k111) south of San
Francisco (Figure I). The hypocenter wa~
at a depth of 11.5 miles (18 km), and
.
<p'
?,' ,
<a
...N
peak recorded horiwlIlal ground accclcr3- ~,
lions varied from 0.64 g11lvity (g) in Cor-
ralitos. 0.54 g in Capilola. and 0.47 g in
'l.'
-0'
~,
,
Santa Cruz (Shukal and others. 1989). ~,
This was Ihe largest earthquake in Cali-
fornia since the 7.7 magnitude event on "" ,
the White Wolf fault ncar Bakersfield in LOC4T10N "'41'
1952. and the Jargc.sl evcnl on the San
Andreas fault since: Ihe: 1906 earlhquakc \
(McNally and others. 1989). The \
earthquake caused damage and local \
emergencies in Alameda. Conlra Costa.
Marin. Monlerey, San Benito. San Fran-
\
cisco. San Mateo. Sama Clal"'oI, Santa
Cruz, and Solano counlies. At least $6
,,
billion in damage resulted from the earth-
quake: 62 people died and 3.757 were ",, Sanla
injured (Plafker and Galloway. 1989). \,
EJ:tensivc ground frolcturing and crack·
,
ing in the Santa Cruz Mountains resulted
from a combination of the severe shaking
and the reactivation of a number of very
large "anciem" landslide masses. lique- " ==
'-... ." ". ...;10 '" II ..
Monterey Bay
faction led to subsidence and formal ion of Landing
sand volcanoes (also called sand boils)
along the San Lorenzo, Salinas, and Pa-
jaTO rivers a.~ ....-ell as in the Moss Landing "Salinas
area. Widespread failure of the sea cliffs
also took place between San Fr:mcisco
and Monterey.
. . Monterey
HISTORY OF SEA CLIFF EROSION
....
Sol•• -.I.....
_
of coo),lal proccclioo l>lruclurcs ha.~ Large e:lrthquakcs. such a, lhc October Thc.'>C new strong-motion dala for
~Iowcd cm.ion of the coastline by marine 17, 19119 evenl, arc liiso c:I[);lblc uf pro- coo...t:ll Santa Cruz CounlY arc ...urnma-
prOCC1>~ in some arca.~, mass failure ducing ~ca dirf failurc. !'ilr ex:ullplc. In ri~cd on Table l. It b signific:llll for
conlinuc." 10 take place along both pro- lhe Ocluber II. 1865 (:lppro~'I1l:ltc 6 5 coastal bluff ~tability thai ""rI;mf gnH.lI1d
tected and unprorcclcd bluffs. Thus. sci- m:lgnilude) Sanl:l Cru~ Mount:lms carlll- mOllon of :lbout 0.40g 10 O.60g occurred
cnli.~IS. planners. and developers find thaI quake, lhe .'itllllfl C"'= SI'",i",,1 I 1l:\6S) along the coaStline in the ncar-field. It is
recent events continue 10 push the limits reported that ovcrh:lnging cliff, rctlmlO infcrred thalllQrbmwl ground motion
of coa~lal crO!>iOll landward. grnded HJad~. "below Soquclthe high was 1m the order of0.47g 10 O.64g for
diff~ crumbled into the "C:I," and "a l'on- nC:lr-ficld coa.~tal cliff.... The illlen...ity of
lIyt1rJ.ulic impact and scour arc respon- linuou... cloud of du...t rO.'oC along the cliff... ,haling W:IS VllI on lhe Modified Mer-
sible for cTO!>ion al lhe base of the sea hctwecn CaSlro's Larnlmg (no....• called c:llIl scale. The durntion of ~trong mOl ion
diffs wherever cO:I...I..1protection 1>1 rue- Rio Del Mar):loo Sanla Crul." Durm!' .... hieh :lrrcclcd cliff silibility was on lhe
lures or wide protective beaches arc lhe gre:lt 1906. 8.3 nl:lgnitude carthquakc ordcrof 10 1015 second....
absent. Typically, the cliffs arc undercut "much c;jrth fcll from bluffs ne:lr lhe
over lime Wilh subsequent failure of lhe town" (Capilola)(Uwson. 19(8). It I'" On Novcmber l. 191:19. :I leam of gcolo-
overlying material. As this material falls 3warenttllat I:lrge earthquakes can cause gi~IS videot:lped and phol<>gmllhed the
into the surf ~.onc. it is broken down by inst:ulIaneous clifT relrc:lt :md also coastline belween Oolinas and Monterey.
continued wave aclion lind carried away WC<lkcn .;e:l cliffs through seismic shak- C:llirornia from :m airplane and nOled
(Griggs and Johnson. 1979). mg. forming cracks :lnd ris... ures, thcre!)y many land...lide ...car.... p:lrlicularly be-
1000re:J.'ing lhe suS(;eplibility of the cliffs twecn Capilol:l and MO.'>s Landing (Figure
Sea cliffs over-steepened by WdVC to sub.'>Cqucnt failurc. I). The videotupc facilit:ltcd subM.-quent
induced erosion al their base arc also mapping of individual ...!ides onto a ttlJlO-
SUM:cpliblc 10 mass failure during hc:lVy EFFECTS OF THE OCTOBER 17. 1989 gmphic ba.'>C map (I inch = 100 fcCl).
minfatl as a result of eleV3led groundwa- EARTHQUAKE ON COASTAL BLUFFS
ler condilions. Such failures are common
in bedrock along joints* or othcr wcak Three key ~tmng-rnOlion ...tmion... tI!'Cr-
plano. and within lhc overlying. less aled by lhe Division of Mine... :lnd Geol-
consolid<ltcd marine lerracc deposilS. al- ogy provided lhe fir~l quantilalive record~ TABLE 1. NEAR.FIElD STRONG MOTtON
luvium. or ...o ils. Sea cliffs protcctcd from for an e:lrlhquake which affcctcd cO:l...lal lorna Prieto Eor1hquok. of Qclober 17, 1989
marinc crosional processes commonly de- bJuff~ (Slwkal :111(1 olhc...... 1989). Prior to
velop a lalus ...Iope at their base whereas October 1989, enginecring geologiMs location of Epic.ntrol
Station Distance AcclerQllon
the upper portions remain steep. Ilcavy who ...ludicd C(>a... tlll bluff Mability wer\'
f"Jinfall may induce failure in both lhe limitcd ttl dc.'>Criptivc interpretlilions of
Co<rol;t01 SMIP 4.4 mi 90" O.S09
talu......lopes and :llong the Cltposcd up!'Cr ...lrong molioll in the ncar-ricld. or h:ld 10
U, 0. 4 79
portion of the dirr. Foreltample. inlen."C eltlr.lpol:lle in'lrument:ll dala ten, of 360" 0. 64 9
r:lin...lOrms in Janu:lry 1982 cau."Cd wide- miles from:m cpicenler to lhe chff sIte. Copitolo SMIP S.6mi 90- 0.479
~prcad failure along lhe cliffs of nonhero By fortuilou... circum'lluICc.... the cpi- U, 0.60g
Monlerey Bay between New Brighlon CClllcr, thc ctla~t:ll c1irf.... :lnd lhe ~Irnng 360- 0.54g
Stale Beach and Rio Del Mar. These motion inSlrUmenl... were all cIO\C 10 exh SonIa Cruz SMIP 9.9mi 90- 0.44g
...lOnns cndllngered cliff top slrueture~ other for the Loma l>riela carthquale. U, 0.40g
:lIld danmged or de...troycd beach h(lu.'>C~ Thi"'l'rovides a new:loo unique dlll:l M't 360· 0. 47 9
(Grigg.~. 1982). which will he helpfUl for quanl Itam'e Dolo from Shokol and others. (1989).
:In:ll~is of eoa-'ital bluff... c1"Cwhcre.
Between Seabright Heaeh and New It is eXlcnsively JOinted ;lIId l>ul>Ceplible to cliff heigh!. and t(l('* support. High eliffl>
Brighlon St:lle Beach (Figure 2). sca wedge failure along joint \urfaces (l'holO "ith widct~ \paced. l>ub-\'enieal Joinh
cliffs are cui into a marine terrnee that is I). The unconl>Olidaled lermce deposlt\ and in:ldequ:tte toe \upportl>uq:tined the
up to 75 feel (25 m) high. This lerrace typically COlll>ist of marine cobble\ over- largc\t ml>t"lllaneou~ and incipient fail-
consists of an uplifted w:tvc<ut bedrock lain by l>hallow marine to eolian l>ands. ures in Iloeakened or undercut sedimentary
platform Ihat is overlain by several feCI of aoo a fluvial conglom(Tdte that is capped rock. Toe support in the form of a shore
terrace deposits (Figure 3). The wa\'C cut by a thin soil horizon. The nearly \erlical platform. revetment. !>Cawal!. or wide
platform il> in a Ihiekly bedded to massive SC;I cliffs in this arca are :tcllvcly crodmg beach i!enerdlly inhibited failure. AI·
siltstone wilh prominent she1l1ags* (Pli- where they are not pr01ceted by revel- though the densily of failures diminished
ocene Purisima Formation). Even lhough mellls. SCllwalls. or a wide l>andy beach. away fronllhe cpicl.'ntral region. sc\'cral
the Purisima Formation IS well indurated. In generdl. where unprotecled. lhe large slides and rockfalls occurred as far
eoarse.grnined ;Ind ",,'CII-jointed Purisima north as D:tly City (photo 2).
Formation erodcl> at a relatively rapid rate
(about 12 to 24 inches per year: 30-60 eml Dall1:tge to private property ;lnd public
yr) (Grii!gs and John'\On. 1(79). struclurel> was minlm;ll ;llong the cllffl> of
thb area with the cxception of the diffs
Scbmic shaking inilialed numerous 1Il111ledi;ltc1)' eal>t of Capitola. In this area
rock faits and blod. falb :tlong this \Ce· bedrock :tnd lerraee dcposits loppled to
tion of coast. Undercut :tnd weakened the beach below:too extenl>ive bluff lOp
bedrock and frneturcd promontories col- fmt'lurmg abo occurred. This eauscd fur-
lapsed along with btufflOp lermce depus- ther damage to walb and foundationl> of
lb. Failure alongjointl>urfaces allowed an ;lpartmcnt eomple\( (already o\'erhang-
large blocls 10 l>Cpardtc from more Inl:tCI mg the \ca diff. PhotO 3) and additional
rock. The si/.t ofthesc failures wa~ de- failure to an :tbandoned diff top public
pendenl on Jomt spacmg and ortentation. rood in the Capitola area.
- / -'
... Figur.3 810ck diogrom UlOw,
ing 'eo cMI"N"'ure ond IypICol
foitu.e .lyle ,n '00 cliffs unde.·
10,,, by well·to,nled P1iocone
ber replaces the JOinted sihl>lOne member
in the Purisima Formallon and underlies
9O-114-foot (30-38 m) high cliffs. TerrJee
Pu.is,mo fQlmohon .a"tono. deposits. conMsting of poorly conMJli·
Nole tho 10.... 0" crock. in the daled s:tnds and inlerbedded pebbles.
P1ei.tocene Ie.roco dopo"" ond poorly sorted fluvial conglomerate. and a
u..dereul .eo cliff thin ~oil horizon. lire aboul 15 feet (5 rn)
Tp
In the lo\\.cr 30 fecI (10 ml of the cliff. damage (PhOIO 7). The loose surficial f,gure 4. Plan view and long,tvd'nolse<;lion
the sandstone was undercut by fr.telUring sand liquificd and flo\loed downslope over showing lhe location onod dimenllons of sea cliff
along intersecting conjugate joint scts. a wealhered. Ic~s permeable surface and failures as well os the geology be_n New
Blocks 3 feel (I m) thick and scvcr.l1 (eel into hom~ :lIthe base of lhe sea cliff Srighton Sklte Beach ond Apto. Creek. A 5Onod·
.to". member rlplous the siltstone rnember of
high broke up easily and formed small (Griggs. 1982).
the Pliocene Pumimo Formation fTp)inthi.oreo.
lalus cones. Though fraclured and par-
tially detached from the cliff. many
blocks did not fall and !'Cmaln as unstable
areas.
"----,. Photo 5. Deep tension crock in terrace depows. These crocks oflen cut through house foundations
OU.'UH'~'
'Ul•..,......... and ,ndicote the polenllOl extent of future fo,lure
ll'.GENO
_ _ lension crath
A'1":JCs caT p
~lhilure surface
iI "'I'i.~dcbris
U--lalus
palh
o
stale
.
100 ft
.. : ....
• •
'':'~
.~
Fig"re 6. Deloil. of 'eo d,H fo.I,,'es and len"on crack. Not. the prevolence Photo 7 Slope foilure In 1982t1lot de,troyed a house on ~h Drove. Thi.
of rens.on crocks near the lorge la,I",e. rype of ~o diH fail",e i. very "m.la. ro rhat cOU$ed by the October 17, 1989
eorthquoke
60
40
q OA '.:
:. : . "
:", '.
",;'-''''-----'''-'lll-l'---'-Jell-__-"'LJCCLL1-'L-l'---U.-'''--'''-__--''-__-l!o.l.L!L-.J1lJ-ll_--''
.
-----'
The lhmll)pc of c:trlhquakc f•• ilurc i:- failure III Ihl' :Irea IXcurred "hen ,h:ll- figure 7. Plan view and long'ludnal'IlCI,,,n
a Iran,I:oliul1al ~liuc. South of M;lI1rc~~1 10"- 'I:tb, ull ltl.l fCCllhtd., "cre dCI:let>ed show,ng the locol,on "nd dimen""", 01 leo cliH
Slale B.::ach (Figure 9). ".nds cOll1po~ing and lr:uhlalcll ,horl Ji'1l!nce\ UOWlhl\lf!C foilurel and lhe geology between Aplol Creek
the dirf, arc Ie" consolid,l[cd and the II'hOlo 9). Till' form of hluff relreat h:!, ond R,o Del Mar.
elirf, arc therefore Ie" l>lllbic. Thi, threalened -e\cr,tl horn.:, :Hld alka'l O'IC
mc[ch of elm, b fronted b)' a wille prn- will bcr;;:ll)('.':lted.
lcctlve "each. During the canhquakc. "
w.:ry large [mn,laltonal slide. 300 feet
(rOO m) wide and 6-9 feel (1-3 01) deer.
undermined 15·)0 fecI (S·IO m) of lhe
dirf'tJp above lhc PI:tcc de \1cr dcwlop-
menl (hgurc II. l>holo H), Large mt,lt'l
block, toppled frollllhc upper 15 feci (S
QI) ,If ,jope while inlact p,lh:hcl> of \nil
held IOgclhcr by rOOIS. and 100M- loOlIlU slid
down the slope 10:. ru."I"',l)'. One hllu'c
and iI' retaining wall S)'\IClll were Ur1ckr-
CUI by the slope "ollap!>C in this area: llle
hou\c had to he dl'moli~heu.
Photo 8. Very lorge dry >and flaw above Place de Mer d.....elopmenl. HaUl.. at the top and bolt of this
10,lure _re 01 r;11t.
"
. "
.'- Thc lilhology of Ihe M:3 clifT maleri:lls
:..- 0;:"'- - - ,.."'.....
. -
..
c()fIlrottcd lhe mode of failure al mOSI
loealionl>. Promontorie~. headlands. and
narrow peninsulas Of ridges along lhe
1...··'- _ l·OO.,1 were consi~lclllly the siles of lhe
mO~1 extensivc failure (Pholo 10). On a
larger -.c:lle. SC1<:miSIS also noted Ihi\
e((crl in lhc 5ama Cruz MOUnlainl>. as
a !"el>ul1 of lhis earthquakc (pla",er and
"- Galloway. 191:19). and in Olher areas
where large earthquakcs havc occurred in
lhe pa~1 (ilarpallu olll<:n.. 1981). In lhese
Figure 8. alock diagrom 01 dry IOn<! flow in weakl, conlOlidaled dunel. non-coal>tal :lrC3_~, lhe ground surface
Notelhe lenlion crocks in lhe coOO;"e I","oce 10,.•. Iopo£r:lphy e:lused refleclion of s.::ismic
.,
'00
.,"'
20
o'--''-----'LLL----''--"---'-----''-1U.''----"~-----=-"--....,--J~----'-----...J
",:1\0; cOIl-trul'Ii\c Interferem:.:-· Ihl.'ll place III lhe pa.!>l :md aid In rel:uing lhe'C figure 9. Plan ",ew and longitudinal secl,on
amplified the iocoming i>Cismic energy, failures 10 enher ltChnnc or ramfall Cllcnh. show'ng me locallon and d,menlion. 01_ cliff
mcr.;~'I.'Cd Ihe <I) natuic ~trc~i>CS. alld foil"" .. and geology b<!tween R,o Del Mar and
cUll,cd rock or ~oil failure. 1I0\\le\'er. the SunSe! Slate Beach.
For cX;l!l1ple. lhe aenal photo~nlph, of
,it.... of the ground \urfacc structure th"1 lhe norlhern MOlllerey Hay eoa,tltne e~
can refiecI incoming ~cisrnic wa\"cs mU~1 lend back 10 1928 and,~ the changes
be on the '3mc order a~ the seismic wave- 1),·er;1 pcriod uf 60 )·ears. These phOlo- dell1~ of bluff failure ofthi, I) pc are
length (Harp and mhen-. 1981). Thus. graphs e1eilrly s~ periodic shallow retallvcly common. occurrmg every
variations of lhe topography with dimen- failure or sloughing of lhe bluf" and lO-t5 years on Ihc3VerJge.
\Ions of lens of miles will inlcrolct with wide,pread bluff failures lhal occur after
long seismic waves. On the OIhcr hand heavy precipitation. MO!>I often. lhe fall· If [ar1:t.' scale. de"p-,e,lted bluff failure
\ca diff... ""hi{'h arc lens of feel high will ure, He miliated III lhe bluff top terrace o,:curred dunng lhe t906 earthquake. or
nOl respond to long w:l\'c1cnglh.... Ther,'- deposit, and may eXlend atllhe way 10 in the t\\'o llmgnilUde 6.0 e'·ent~ lh31 oc-
fore. the fcpc;llcd failure along lhe lhe baM: of the bluff. Where lhe lhiekness curred on the off~hore San Gregorio f;lUlt
coast:ll promonlOrics and narrow ridllc\ i, nf lhe failed m:lterial l~ great enough. lhe m 1926, it might be expecled lhat .'>Ome
proffilbl) due 10 lhe bek of tiltcral support 1>tt.o.ep slope, produce fJow~ lhat dallmge e\idcnce WQuld be prc.\Cnt in the 1929
durmg lhe imen"C shakin1: r..l lher lhan to ilnd deslroy the homc~ below. The inci· :Icri;ll pholognlphs. The poow~. hO\levcr.
topo~r.lphic amplification.
.-
.........
r t l O d t o ~ _
_
....... 01 ~ lISUOI, hon:I rod
h..yh...... "--'11 Oft a aurfoce
oftar fin., IIICIIarioI t - bNn blown
.
~ by wind ow wo.n.d OWO)' by
• ',0 • • 1....
IDw. --t'" 01 a _
:I_C~~do=' hp.
cYf
'-abldllide
---
lI.pl
Oft 0
•• 00toiJ.fod .........
.....
~ poraIel to ....
Photo 10. hlens,ve slope failur. and ctocking on a narrow ridgil Th,s house w.11 be tom down or>d the
slope will be groded to 0 sofer angle. H.,.,.... below 'h'l foilur. wete evocuoted
Photo 1. Aenol v,ew of Moddt. Bultes, (OCM ""no oreo, K.," County. Photo courtesy of CoCo Mines. Inc.
cod
JAMES BRADY, Chief Mine Geologist
Cactus Mine
,
",-"
CACTUS GOLD MINEG!!'O(,-" cant anlOllnt, of ore arc found in fault
breccia along these norlhy.e,t-Irending
\ "MOJAVE 0 0 lOne~ .
• 0
0
o Mineralogy
c:::::l~::'-Troplr;;o HIli
*'
"Willows SlIdnll' HIli' Area~ of IlItcnse hydrolhermal alter..-
•
lion occur aoove and peripher..ally adJa.
LANCASTER
cem to Mlme ore zone~. Hydrothermal
alteration occur, .... hell heated aqueous
N Mllutions rise up through joinl.\. fbsures.
or fau1l10ne~ and change I11lllerah ,'00
roch in the process. These altered lone~
"
J
Mil"
,lithe Caclus mine aid in identifying ore-
be,lring Mruclurcs. Alunitc (a hydrous
aluminul11 and pola~sillm ~ulfatc) is the
m<ht common mincral within this alte.....-
. . LOS ANGElES lion lone. Kaolinitc clay. illite clay. and
hematite (iron oxide) abo occur v.ithin
zoncs of hydrothermal alteration.
•
on the north 10 Tropico lIill and Willow Willow. Spring.
Sprlng~ Hilh on the !>OUth (Figure 2). ~"
Thl~ M:rt1i-circular fealOrc may represem
a ealde..... that formed when a scne~ of
concentric fracture~ resulted from a
N , 'J'
! 11ofl1..
collap,ing \'olcano (Figure 2). Figure 1. Geologv of Coctus gold mine. Middle Suite•• ond nearby I.olure•
. CA.LlfOIl:NIA GEOLOGY
, •
, ,
. Figure J. POl'f1on of tl>e W,llow Sprl"9~ (7.5-
V ,
,J'
-,'
.. Ioc:olioo. and nome, of hilla,ie m,ne_, Line A·A'
,nc!,cole,lcxollon of geologK cron-slKhon
.how. on Figure 4.
.
,"I
~
/
.-, ... \ MINING AND GOLD RECOVERY
-"
c
~ lmti... i..hmlnrc bodie_ .....ere idemified
_.,. • I" 10
and mapped u~ing Information derived
fmm a drilling program. Currem mine
\ development is b) open pil mClhod~ and
•
M!oohj BUTT~S IIlcludcs ~ucccssi\'c benches thai arc
pl:lccd at 20-fool ..eTlical inlcnals up the
pll wall. The 3VCr:LgC ore gr.wc allhe
• "
-
!JlInc b O.Q.l5 ounce of gold per Ion:
-
r
,,
,,
,
, <f'
-/ -1'
.
, .;;::.
f'=' -..,..-
.- j
varying amount." of ~ilvcr ore abo occur.
"or example. of the 6.168.000 tons of ore
milled from the Shurnale pit. the average
gr,llk of gold was 0.038 ounce per Ion
and Ih.: ;I\'cr:lge gr.ulc of silver wa~ 0.4
._-./""\",.
ounee pcr IOn .
y,- "
- t " Gold and si!\'er rreo"er) h aOOUI 71
percent of the tOlal amount of prceiou~
I Illcwb I!lCM;nt in Ihc ure. Mined ore i~
I cru\hed, rni.\ed "ilh lime and ccment.
.... , or,
I
'" 1 ---'
•
-- -
then mo\"Cd 10 th(" cyalllde heap
i/
leach pile via a con,eyor bclllhat i~
-
~
,
...(J'- ..). -
~ -r -- ~pr.l)"ed "'ith water. The 1Il0i~tCllCd cc-
-"".ii.. -
,
H ~::
-....:-, ... mem bind~ the fine ore parI ides and aids
I
I
I
1--
3000 tt ,
- •
I
~ ;
.
percolation of the lC;lching \olution.
Trent
3200· ... Tlbr
2600·...
REClAMATION
When mmlng opcratlQll) arc com-
pleted. the slIe will be stablhlcd and re·
scc-dcd '0\ IIh grasSt:s and shruh~ adal'tcd to
lhe hIgh deserl climate. The quarr)
~ arc graded so thaI nunfall .... "11
dnun 'o\hlle: mining proccSSCj; arc on-
~mg Roc" heaps .... iIl be neulrahzed.
nnsed. and contoured. Ponds '0\ 111 be
C\-apor:ncd. neutralized. and bad.·lilkd
so that preclpltatlOll .... ill draIn n:atul'lllll)
onto the desert floor No former under·
ground .... orianp:an: open to the .wrf;acc SeismIc Intensity
and an"", surfa« worlmgs are: enclosed DIstribution Maps
by fencing and euth berrm.
Usc permIts and reclamatton plans Due !tllbe: O\'Cr'#Iobc:lmlo,; dem&nd for The ~ illlmiity cbsIribulion rrwp8
~M: and \CI mte .... rety tnfonnaliuo '\how the upecIed dislribulion and inlcn·
were: appru'....d m t'o\O siages: (I) on Sep-
lember 5. 1985 the Middle BUlle opera- afIC1" tbe: L.1ft1a Prlda canhquakc of Ot:to- ""I)' of \CUmM: .aILlIII and the areu wllh
lIons (includmg the Winkler, Ella, Trent. beT 17. 19IW. !he: Di'rl\I(lO of MIM'S and a potCftfial for liquefaction. The ~
and Cresenl-Alunite dcposib) were ap- Geology (DMGII" malin,; a'rallaNe \Pt'- f nJftl SP60 and SP99 CO\Ief lhe 8ra1ft'
prO\'Cd. and (2) 011 February II, 1988 the cial black-hoc prlot\ of the ..cumic imco· ~ Anaeb area: !he maps from SP61
~ily distribulion map" fnlm lhe:: four DMG and SP78 cOYer the San Francisco Bay
Shurnnke deposit was appro\"Cd (l-igurc
4). All operalions al the minc are ap- C'anhquake pl.nnin,; ","C'norio!l: Special afta. Plebe mle the Special Pubhcalion
proved by Kern County and conforll\ to Publicallon 60. f..llrlhquake planntng number for eaiI seismic illteftldy dilui·
i:he
_.
Slale gUldelmes. \Cenano for a f1'IAJnlludC' 8..1 cUlhquake bulion map you order. mapa areS2.00
on lhe Sao A~ faull In ....lUthC'nl each: P')'ftlCtllIIIUIC &401.....,. order.
California; SpC'CiaI PublM:alKJII6I, Earth-
REFER.ENCES SeDd ,... order 10:
quae planni.., scenario f« a magnilude
CoCa MInet. ttlC., 1989, Minong operotlOn •• porl, 1.3 c:U1hquale: 011 lhe San Andrea f..tt DiY. . of MiIta GcoIop
nl the San Fnncnco Bay area; Special
GerMP: I and NJlicalioal
OibbIM, n-..a.. w~ Jr~ 1967, Areal ~01 Pubbcallon 78. Earthquake planllln, Au.:. Dale Sticbcy
the ..,...... Moto"e Oflert. CoIifomIo: U.s. lCftWMt for a mq:nlludC' 1. S earthquake
......... on..
G-%vocol Survey Prol...-....l Poper 512, Oft the tbywaIrd fMdt in ItIC' So fnDctKo
IS3 p. SaJdklllo, CA. 95814-0131
Bay amt; and SpttiaJ Pubbcal~ 99.
1roael.I.W~ and MortotI. P.lt, 1961, ""'- and
........,.,;ol _ _c... 01 1(..... CounIy, Coifornoo, EartbqatC' p1aDni., ~ for.-...
eat1hquake on lhe Ncwpon·I-.kwood
PrICft ....Iade' sab tu. a.t ........
Ptea.t allow IWO 10 tIIrce weds for
Co5fornIO o..r.- of Mone.. one! CHoolo9Y.
County R*pGf11, 170 p. ~ fauh zone: dehwcry, ~
.. Ibw ""'gh""',
"1''''''0 ha"" ",h,'e nIl 0'" .f,,,, ,he
<l"alo 'f e'",)"OM and e''''J'h'''I'' OK dry 0< ...... nd llfO<I al'",u'e ...... looI-,.,., ",."Uf>. ctorlll'"ll' ..... !Ilooa-
Callf,,,n,,, u".hq"nlc Ptepn.cd""", Mon.h pro",lel; S'ore a """ ""'ek suppl} of lood 10' S,o.e ba,"""""'. eh..coal. .,a"••• "d 1:JI".
"'ank"f> and dOlh,nl m~y boo
.n oppor,unuy fo, ,nd",d".ls. fa... ,l.<>.•nd rommun,''''' each pe: ...... It .. preferable '0 .'",e m.'d>cs '01 rook'''1 '" <;a$C ""1",,,,, ,eq"ucd '0 keep """OIl II."" .......
1<I"REATTltEOUAKI" f<J<J<l 'hat doc> ..... ""'l""e (OlI\,ml a'e out 01' "''''''''' ...,'able IOf walk,nl 'h,ou&" deb'"
iT
~bl~iaI> N_cI
Cabt""l .... 'c~ "bod Ttl'"
8.-ackc1$ Small Nalls Of II"",
'..:oS sac,",) s.c.....
/toob
Dr'-'""
lOOk Nudd
• -- "..
SC' ·d"""
Ila"' .
C,esant .....,.""h
OlifORNlA CfOlOGY 91
Book Reviews
.... "',....."'\""':',
., '",.
,
II.ooh revIewed lit thl~ leetlon 0'" nol availoble fa. pUf<ho~e From OMG
About 730,000 y&O,~ ago an e.-mauS e",ption ho~ been po,,',,'ely idenlified. lAs" ;. a geologic winds lhot di~lribuled lhe d.b," widely in 0)1
cen'ered neor little Antelope Volley ..p1oded term 10' dull·siz. po<1ide~ 01 vakonic ,oc:l.lln- di,ectiont, bullelt the Ih'ck••t occumulotion,
through o~erlY'ng rock, ~pewing glowing lava te.mi"enl eruption, within th.e colelero, but on a """",by. AU. Irom one of 'he~e e'uplions hos been
and blad. cloud. 01 enh high into the atmoophere. va.rty reduced 1C01e, IlIblequenlly filled much 0/ identilied in meadows as 10. away o. the ~oll.,.
The ,"';mated volume 01 glowing pumice and o,h the _,'ern hall 01 Ihe colelero with ....Iconic 0/ the linle Ke,n, 110 milet $Outh. Th'ee 01 th.e
disgorged il a ,IOgg...ng 150 cubic miles. (Mounl dome~ ond lava flow, o~e' the ne.1 600,000 younge~1 dom.s, which ore well.~pos.d and
St. Helen~ disgorged Ie.. lhan one cub'c mile.) AI y.oo. reodily accessible, 0'. a! Glo.. ond D&Odman
!he Ittupt>an continu.d and intellSi/i.d, ~uppor1 c,ee"; all th."" or. about 550 years aiel.
wOI progrelSivfIly remo~ed lrom the rool Over o...rIapping tile 'fO""'9"r erup'ion' within th.e llecenl ...idenc. serve. 10 ,emlnd u. lha, Ih.. "
Ihe enlir. magmo chamber, and il collopsed, caldera, a chain 0' n_ ~oIcanoe. began 10 earthquok. one! volcano counlry. Thot evidence,
Ieo~ing lhe .lIiplicol deprelSlon now .nown o~
propogote along a north-KIUI/lline ""ending gathe,ed .ine. the ~igorou~ &orthqua.e ~worm~
long Volley (old••o. The coldero e.tend~ we.,· from Mommath Mounlain fa< 30 m~e~, Ih.ough in 1980 and 1983, it bosed on: Ihe og.s 01 tI>e
.....rd from Ihe eo,t ~ide 01 long Volley 10 M,no.el Ih. Mono (raters 10 Mana lok •. The oId.sl and mall r.cen! .fUption~ 01 Negil 1~lond and Ihe
Summit and lOulhword 'rom Bold Maunlain 10 Io.ge" 01 the.e young ....Iconee. it Mammoth Deadman do"",,; geophysical do'o lha' can be
Crowl.,. Oom. Maunlo'n, 0 compooile dome buill piecemeol by inle'Preted to indicol. Ih. pe....tence 01 a ,.,id·
Geophysicol meo,u.ement>, wppor1ed by recurring ~ilCau, e.lrvtions 01 gray 0. rec\disll uol magmo chamber beneolh Ihe caldera and Ih.
.ecenl drilling. indiCOle lhat the originol calclero kr.oa during an inl.rvol of 180,000 yeol'$, begin- po~lible m()Y.menl 01 new magma 10 depth. 0'
Roo. IOnk at leo,l 0 mIle, bul ,he colclera filled ning oraund 200,000 years ago and ending .hallow o. 3 .ilomele.., a SO cm uplih 01 th.e
ropodly will. e",pllng pumic. ond olh. Erosion 50,000 yeal'$:r.;. The Iova iI oprin~ wilh ',ny ground ~urfoc.; and th.lfl'Otrnodic "emol'$ from
and wbsequ.nl ~olconic ..tnnion. ho~e bIon· cleo' 10 whitish elelspo. cryltol~ and sh,ny bloc. 1980-83,0 peculiar pallern On a •• i~mog.aph
• eled tI>e pr.Knl floor 01 lhe colelero so com- 110••• 01 mica. thol iI beli""ed 10 indicot. th.e movem.nl of
p1.tely tho! not .~.n a remnonl 0/ lhe malerial Ileginning '-0,000 yeo" ago in lhe north at magma. There it no reason to bel...... thol thi. ,,,.
Irom thaI ,"11'iOI cotody.m it e.po>ed inside Ih. Mono (<01.1'$ and occurring rno,e Or less ran- gion'llong hitlory 01 eorthqua.e~ ond....lconi~m,
caldera loday.lI it admi.obly uposed. haweve" domly therealte, 01 varioul pIoce~ along Ihe •• Iending bock inlO onliquity '00 remale '0 com·
soulheo~1 01 tong VoUey where it lor"" lhe brood .nlire north-south line. tile choin 01 young prehend. has abruptly end.d. FOr1unol.ly, during
..ponK 01 the VOlcanIC lab/eland. I'" w./oc:e has volcanoes erupted spo.adico.y. Unl,.e lhe long "'" pres.n' period 01 ,eloti_I,onquility, we can
_he,ed 10 a .o~y ton color. hcellen' e.po- Volley eruption. which left a gill"'nl>c depr..sion .njoy and r"...1in the beauty crealed Ih,oughout
Ill''" 01 til. $Ofl. porOUJ, pumiceout, IOlmon_ O' it> ~ignohJ'., "'" \'OUng ~olcon"," buill con- 'hat violenl hi~lory. And w. con /",,1 secure 'n lhe
colored hiH can be .een in lhe roodc:ut> along US 'Pic_s do..... '0 cOlnmemo.o'e 'heir <>clivi..,. eden..... nelwon 01 de~ices lhol continually
395 berw..n TOIns Place and ai~hop. further e~i The domet repres.nl th.e!ole.. and mo.' po~si ... monilor chonge. rho, could indicate tI>e begin.
denee 01 Ihe mognilucie 01 Ihe long Volley erup' phcne of th.e volcanic proces•. They we,e pr•• ning~ 01 ,enewed oc:livity. AI lhe some lime......
rion come, f,om Kon$Ol and Nebmlko whe••, 01 ceded by ..pIosi~e "rupllon~ tt.os propelled will do well 10 .emembe. thaI Ihi~ it but on inl.r·
....erol Iocolili... o~h from Ihe long VolI.y event cloud. 0/ pumice and o~h high in'o th.e prevailing .....sion In Ihe ongoing production 01 high dromal
FIFl'EEN SECONDS, Tile Grellt Cal.for- AMBIO, A Journal of the Human Envi- ROCKS & MINERALS. Hcldref l"ublica-
nia Earlhquak.c of 1989, A I~ to Ikncfil ronment. Royal S""ed,sh Academy of SCI- tiom. 4000 Albemarle Street. NW, Wa~hing
Eanhquake Victims. 1989. The Tides Foun. coccs. 80... 50005. S·IOJ Stoclholm. ton, D.C. 20016. Annual subscription:
dalion. 15 Seconds ProjccL 1388 SUller S.....tdcn Copies a..allable H' U.S. from l'erga- S23.00 for individuals and $38.00 for institu-
Sheet, 10th Floor. San Francisco. CA 94109. mon Prcss Ltd. Falr.. ie.... l·ark. Elmsford. tions. Add $7.00 for subscriptions outside the
120 p. $19.95, paptr coyer. New York 10523. S43.oo per year U.S .. on- United Slates. Published bimornhly.
eluding airma,l postage. $ 125.00 per year In-
People wllo lived through lhe October 11. stitutIonal SUbSCrlptlOIl ($237 ,50It"'·o )"Cal"l;). General Interest in mineralogy is the focus
1989 '-"rna Prieta earthquake arc: tne focus of II I~Sl>CS per year of this magnine. thc official publication of
1his book. II is a collection of full·p:.gc pllo- bOlh the Eastern Federation or Mincrulogical
togr.tphs. both in black-and-.... hiIC and full- PUbliC awareness of and IntereM III envlr<m· and Lapidary Societies and the Midwe~l
color. which rc:('ord tile agony, pain. and Ulll' mental llrOlection and planned usc of nalUrdl Federation of Mineralogical and GeologICal
male strength of the people who endured .hc resourcts havc dra.... n tncr..a'lng allcntlon Societies. Feature articles on minel'1lllogy.
quake. The dc....Slalion - lhe 6a)' Bridge, during the lasl dccades. The environment I~ geology. and paleontology are iocludcd, as
the damaged homes, and the: raging fire- no..... an IIrea of general conctrn Major tllvi- well as boo~ revie.....s. announcements. and
is also recorded wilhin these pholugr.aphs. ronmtntal concerns. such as shifts l1l ,tralo- classified advertiliCments.
QUOIes from primary sources (rircfighlcrs. splteric 01.one, grecnhouse .....armlng of thc The No\'CmberfOecember 19119 (Volume
r('$idenls, civic leaders) accomp:lny the planet. acidificallon and defore,tatlon. arc 64. Number 6) issue of the magazine in-
photos. now issues of nll1l0nal and world polll'CS, cluded articles on "Amethyst sccpters.
All proceeds from the: sale of 15 Seconds AMIJIO publishcs rccent won tn the Inter- Salem. New London County, Connecticut,"
are 10 be donated 10 charities dedicated C'.t- related fields of cn.. ironmental management. "Mass ulinclions: astronomical influence or
clusively to the immediate or Ions-term relief techoology, and the natun>! sclCoces. II earthly causes?", "16th Rochester Minel'lll-
of victims of the quake. focuses on Significant developmcnts in thc ogical Symposium. contributcd papers In
fields of cnvirllnmemal research, policy. Icg- specimen mineralogy. " "Of mines and mto:
i_lation. and rdated aCll\"CS. to bring Impor- a look lit art Ihat depiCl.s mining." "Through
tant ,nformatlon to the allcntlon ofthc the 'scope; interview with Arnold Hamp-
Earthquak. intcrnallonal public. son." "World news of minel'1ll1 occurrences."
A r..cent issue (volume 18, number 5. "Rock chips: some miscellany, p.~rt II." and
TIlE QUAKE OF '89. Edited by the News 1989) contained articles on a wide vartety of "Spotlight on juniors: yesterday's juniors.
St.ff of the San Frnocisco Chronicle. 1989. envlronrnemaJly related tOpiCS. Coverdge was tuday'S profl'Ssiooal."
Chronicle 8ooks. 275 Fifth Street, San Fran- intcrnallonal. Among thc topics iocluded
cisco. CA 94103. 114 p. $9.95. soft cover. werc the mas~ death of harbor .\eals In Eu·
rope; t011C algal bloom in Nor",ay; catchment
Stories or the October 17. 1989. earthquake monlloring In Czechoslovakia; drought In
in northern California are recorded in this Ind,a. woodfuel "tuaIlOO. Zambia: de\ilting Son A"d'eo$ foull, Sout"',n Calolor",o
phoIo-essay. The book IS orsanized into Lalc Chilika. India: and environmenlal con-
SCW'n chapters ~ shock, confusion. horror. tanlln:ltlon. Costa Rica. SAN ANDREAS FAULT. Cajon Pass to
rescue. angUish. regrouping. and hope. Over One of the biggcSI ehalknges facmg man· Wallace Creek. Volumes I and II. Edl1ed by
100 photos. all in black-and-white and many kind is Ihe growing world population. Althe E, Joan 8aldwin. John II. FOSler. W. Lavon
page-sile, convey the dT1lma of the event. pre.>e:nt roll .. of growth. ",orld populatIOn will Le.... is. J. Kirk Hardy. Michael L. Raub, and
The accompanying narrative further adds to double from thc preSCnl fi\'C billion to teO Michael Rendina. 1989. South Coast Geolog-
the drnma of the evenl. b,lIiun within 50 years. Of the.\\: pe()ple. Ical Society.loc .. P.O. Bo.. 10244. Santa
ne:lrly 90 percent "",11 be living In cltle~ In Ana. California 92711-0244. S40.00 per SCt.
Third World coumrle~. If the Third World is sort cover.
to consume energy al the rdte of developed
countnc, tuday. a fi\'efold trtC"re3SC m gh>bal
energy U'\C will be needed In Just 35 >'ears.
A set of two volumes ....as published in
conjunction with the South Coast ecolog,ul
Lack of energy. food and walcr. and o\"(:r· Society's October 1989 ficld lrip.
crowding. and the lrtC"reascd threDt ofepl- Volume I consists of a series of papers on
demic dlscaSe'S art socio-eeonomlC fKtor\ various aspects of the San Andreas fault and
.... pected to he,ghten the stress on the envi- Includes diSCUSSions on the hIstory of coo-
ronment. AM 1110 comhtnes the diSCiplines cepts and studics along the faull. the ~truc
ofengtncer,. SClcntl_h. social planners. poll- tUT1l1 features and problems associated wllh
IIClans. and ~onormst_ to Inform :tnd to help the fault. palcOlectonlcs. neoteclonic, and
awn future cnvironmcntal dilemma, detcrmination of recurrence inlerVllls of large
AMBIO I~ a IIOlc.....orlhy Journal ""hlch earthquakes. and stress. snam. seismiCity.
dCM"n-es "',.... rec~nnlun and readc~hlp and prediction along the fault. Two blblio.
gl'1llplties conclude lhis volume
Apro.lm
"
CALiFORMA GEOLOGY
SlATE Of CAUFORNlo'. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID
THE RESOUFlCES AOE.NCY AT SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT Of CONSERVATION
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
CAl.F<>NA 0MS<lN OF
MINES AND GEOLOGY
p O.BOX 29llO
SACfW,ENlO. o.uFOfNA, 95812
USPS JI5Il Mel
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
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