PLAN :

PLAN Introduction of Research Objectives of Research Motivation of Research

Terminologies Types of Research Unscientific methods of Problem solving Scientific
methods of Problem solving / Research process Criteria for good Research Problems
encountered by Researchers in India The Physical therapist – As Contributor to
Research Survival and Growth through Research The role of Research in Physical
therapy K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

INTRODUCTION :
INTRODUCTION “Search of knowledge” “It is a scientific and systematic search for
pertinent information on specific topic” According to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), “A
careful inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”
According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
making deductions and reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the conclusions
to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH :
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH To gain familiarity with a phenomenon To portray
accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group To determine
the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something
else To identify the casual relationship between variables K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH :
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Desire to be of service to
society Desire to get respectability K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES :
SOME TERMINOLOGIES Data: Measurement of records of facts made under specific
conditions Hypothesis: tentative assumption of the study or expected results of the
study Independent variable: The part of the experiment that the researcher is
manipulating; also called experimental or treatment variable. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES :
SOME TERMINOLOGIES Dependent variable: The effect of the Independent variable
Population: A total number of subjects which they abide the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. Paradigm crisis phenomenon: development of discrepancies leading to
proposals of new paradigm that better explain the data. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES :
SOME TERMINOLOGIES Review: A research paper that is a critical evaluation of
research on a particular topic. Research proposal / Synopsis: A formal preparation that
includes introduction, review of literature and proposed method of conducting study. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)
TYPES OF RESEARCH :
TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive research Analytical research Applied research
Basic research Quantitative research Qualitative research Conceptual research K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH :
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds Purpose
is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher has no control
over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

SUBIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH :

SUBIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Survey research The case study Job
analysis Observational research Correlation study Comparative study Epidemiological
research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH :
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH Involves in-debth study and evaluation of available
information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenon. The researcher has to use
facts or information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of
the material. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH :

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH Historical research Philosophical
research Review Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e. analysis the review that
already published) K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH :

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH Finding a solution an immediate problem Say a
solution SUBTYPES Marketing research Evaluation research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH :

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH generalization and with the formulation of
theory Natural phenomenon and mathematics are the examples of basic research
Finding information in broad base. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH :
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Based on measurement of quantity or amount Weighing,
measuring are the examples of quantitative research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH :
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Phenomena relating quality or kind Character, personality
and man kind are the examples of variable used to measure the qualitative research
Word association test, Sentence completion test are the examples of qualitative
research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)
CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL RESEARCH :
CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL RESEARCH Related to some abstract ideas / theory
experiment Attempt to establish cause and effect relationship K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PROBLEM SOLVING :

UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PROBLEM SOLVING Tenacity Intuition Authority The
Rationalistic method The Empirical method K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

TENACITY :
TENACITY Sometime cling to certain beliefs despite lack of supporting evidence
Superstitions are good examples of this method called tenacity. Coaches and athletes
wearing same dress Black cat brought bad luck K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

INTUITION :
INTUITION Intuitive knowledge is sometimes considered to be common sense or self
evident Factual evidence Self evident truth sometime may found to be false K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)

AUTHORITY :
AUTHORITY Reference to some authority has long been used as a source of
knowledge. Galileo’s telescope Ptolemy’s explanation about world and heaven K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD :

THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD Derive knowledge through reasoning Basket ball
players are tall. Tony is a basket ball player Therefore, tony is tall K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE EMPIRICAL METHOD :

THE EMPIRICAL METHOD Describes data or a study that is based on objective
observation Gathering data is scientific method but here experience plays major role. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS :

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS Formulating
research problem Review of literature Developing hypothesis Preparing research and
sample design Collecting data Execution of project Analysis of data Hypothesis testing
Discussion Preparation of report or thesis K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM :

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM Problems are divided two types Problems
which relate to state of nature Those which relate correlation between variables Subject
of interest to be selected as a problem Always select unsolved problem Initially, may
propose in Broadway and ambiguities may resolved Feasibility K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM :

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM Understanding the problem thoroughly
Rephrasing the same into meaningful term Discuss the problems with colleagues Staff
members and guide Take a view of old reviews The final question should be precise
and grammatically correct and should state exactly what you expect to learn as a result
of a study. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE :
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Journals References Reports Books Library is good friend
Internet and websites K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS :
DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS It should be very specific and limited to the piece of
research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of hypothesis is to guide the
researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS :
DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS Discussion with colleagues and experts about the
problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking solution Examinations of data and
records Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems
Personal investigation which involves original field interviews. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLE DESIGN :

PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLE DESIGN State the conceptual structure within
which research would be conducted Type of research design Experimental , quasi
experimental and non experimental Setting of the study Population Criteria for selection
Variables Sample selection K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

COLLECTING DATA :
COLLECTING DATA Several ways are there to collect the appropriate data Primary
data and secondary data By observation Personal interview Telephone interview
Questionnaires Survey K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

EXECUTION OF PROJECT :
EXECUTION OF PROJECT It is a very important step in research process If it is
proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and dependable.
The step should be taken that the data should be in the control of statistics so that the
collected information is in accordance with the pre defined designed to tackle this
problem K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYSIS OF DATA :
ANALYSIS OF DATA The analysis of data requires a number of closely related
operations such as establishment of categories, the application of theses categories to
raw data through tabulation, coding and editing like statistical interference. K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)
ANALYSIS OF DATA :
ANALYSIS OF DATA Coding: this operation is usually done at this stage through which
the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted.
Editing: it is the procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding Tabulation: It
is a part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of
tables. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PLAN :
PLAN Introduction of Research Objectives of Research Motivation of Research
Terminologies Types of Research Unscientific methods of Problem solving Scientific
methods of Problem solving / Research process Criteria for good Research Problems
encountered by Researchers in India The Physical therapist – As Contributor to
Research Survival and Growth through Research The role of Research in Physical
therapy K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

INTRODUCTION :
INTRODUCTION “Search of knowledge” “It is a scientific and systematic search for
pertinent information on specific topic” According to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), “A
careful inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”
According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
making deductions and reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the conclusions
to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH :
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH To gain familiarity with a phenomenon To portray
accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group To determine
the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something
else To identify the casual relationship between variables K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH :
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Desire to be of service to
society Desire to get respectability K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES :
SOME TERMINOLOGIES Data: Measurement of records of facts made under specific
conditions Hypothesis: tentative assumption of the study or expected results of the
study Independent variable: The part of the experiment that the researcher is
manipulating; also called experimental or treatment variable. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES :
SOME TERMINOLOGIES Dependent variable: The effect of the Independent variable
Population: A total number of subjects which they abide the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. Paradigm crisis phenomenon: development of discrepancies leading to
proposals of new paradigm that better explain the data. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES :
SOME TERMINOLOGIES Review: A research paper that is a critical evaluation of
research on a particular topic. Research proposal / Synopsis: A formal preparation that
includes introduction, review of literature and proposed method of conducting study. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

TYPES OF RESEARCH :
TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive research Analytical research Applied research
Basic research Quantitative research Qualitative research Conceptual research K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH :
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds Purpose
is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher has no control
over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

SUBIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH :

SUBIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Survey research The case study Job
analysis Observational research Correlation study Comparative study Epidemiological
research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH :
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH Involves in-debth study and evaluation of available
information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenon. The researcher has to use
facts or information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of
the material. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH :

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH Historical research Philosophical
research Review Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e. analysis the review that
already published) K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH :

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH Finding a solution an immediate problem Say a
solution SUBTYPES Marketing research Evaluation research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH :

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH generalization and with the formulation of
theory Natural phenomenon and mathematics are the examples of basic research
Finding information in broad base. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH :
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Based on measurement of quantity or amount Weighing,
measuring are the examples of quantitative research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH :
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Phenomena relating quality or kind Character, personality
and man kind are the examples of variable used to measure the qualitative research
Word association test, Sentence completion test are the examples of qualitative
research K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL RESEARCH :

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL RESEARCH Related to some abstract ideas / theory
experiment Attempt to establish cause and effect relationship K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PROBLEM SOLVING :

UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PROBLEM SOLVING Tenacity Intuition Authority The
Rationalistic method The Empirical method K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

TENACITY :
TENACITY Sometime cling to certain beliefs despite lack of supporting evidence
Superstitions are good examples of this method called tenacity. Coaches and athletes
wearing same dress Black cat brought bad luck K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

INTUITION :
INTUITION Intuitive knowledge is sometimes considered to be common sense or self
evident Factual evidence Self evident truth sometime may found to be false K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)

AUTHORITY :
AUTHORITY Reference to some authority has long been used as a source of
knowledge. Galileo’s telescope Ptolemy’s explanation about world and heaven K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD :

THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD Derive knowledge through reasoning Basket ball
players are tall. Tony is a basket ball player Therefore, tony is tall K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

THE EMPIRICAL METHOD :

THE EMPIRICAL METHOD Describes data or a study that is based on objective
observation Gathering data is scientific method but here experience plays major role. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS :

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS Formulating
research problem Review of literature Developing hypothesis Preparing research and
sample design Collecting data Execution of project Analysis of data Hypothesis testing
Discussion Preparation of report or thesis K. SYED, MPT (ortho)
FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM :
FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM Problems are divided two types Problems
which relate to state of nature Those which relate correlation between variables Subject
of interest to be selected as a problem Always select unsolved problem Initially, may
propose in Broadway and ambiguities may resolved Feasibility K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM :

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM Understanding the problem thoroughly
Rephrasing the same into meaningful term Discuss the problems with colleagues Staff
members and guide Take a view of old reviews The final question should be precise
and grammatically correct and should state exactly what you expect to learn as a result
of a study. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE :
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Journals References Reports Books Library is good friend
Internet and websites K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS :
DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS It should be very specific and limited to the piece of
research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of hypothesis is to guide the
researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS :
DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS Discussion with colleagues and experts about the
problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking solution Examinations of data and
records Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems
Personal investigation which involves original field interviews. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLE DESIGN :

PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLE DESIGN State the conceptual structure within
which research would be conducted Type of research design Experimental , quasi
experimental and non experimental Setting of the study Population Criteria for selection
Variables Sample selection K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

COLLECTING DATA :
COLLECTING DATA Several ways are there to collect the appropriate data Primary
data and secondary data By observation Personal interview Telephone interview
Questionnaires Survey K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

EXECUTION OF PROJECT :
EXECUTION OF PROJECT It is a very important step in research process If it is
proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and dependable.
The step should be taken that the data should be in the control of statistics so that the
collected information is in accordance with the pre defined designed to tackle this
problem K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYSIS OF DATA :
ANALYSIS OF DATA The analysis of data requires a number of closely related
operations such as establishment of categories, the application of theses categories to
raw data through tabulation, coding and editing like statistical interference. K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)

ANALYSIS OF DATA :
ANALYSIS OF DATA Coding: this operation is usually done at this stage through which
the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted.
Editing: it is the procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding Tabulation: It
is a part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of
tables. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

HYPOTHESIS TESTING :
HYPOTHESIS TESTING After analyzing the data, the researcher is in position to test
the hypothesis. Inference Student ‘t’ test, Chi-square, F- test are the examples of
statistical techniques At end, researcher have reject or not reject the null hypothesis. K.
SYED, MPT (ortho)

DISCUSSION :
DISCUSSION Chapter or section of a research report that explains what the results
mean. Its very important section to add the appropriate supportive literatures. K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)

PREPARATION OF REPORT OR THESIS :

PREPARATION OF REPORT OR THESIS The layout of the report should be as
follows. Preliminary pages The main text The end matter K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH :

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH The purpose of the research should be clearly
defined and common concepts be used The research procedure used should be
described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for
further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. The
procedure design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that tare
as objectives as possible K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH :

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH The researcher should report with complete
frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings. The
analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the
method of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data
should be checked carefully. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)
CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH :
CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH Conclusions should be confined to those justified
by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate
basis. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has
a good reputation in research and is a person of integrity. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA :

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA The lack of a scientific
training in the methodology of research There is insufficient interaction between
university and the companies Confidentiality Research studies overlapping one another
are undertaken quire often for want of adequate information K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA :

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA Does not exist a code of
conduct Improper library management and functioning Improper delivery of government
orders, reports and etc., Time availability improper Funding source K. SYED, MPT
(ortho)

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST – AS CONTRIBUTOR TO RESEARCH :

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST – AS CONTRIBUTOR TO RESEARCH Worthingam
(1959) stated that “to be professional, members of a group must posses a body of
knowledge that is both identifiable and different from that of other professions. They
must also assume responsibility for adding to that body of knowledge K. SYED, MPT
(ortho)

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST – AS CONTRIBUTOR TO RESEARCH :

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST – AS CONTRIBUTOR TO RESEARCH Each physical
therapy clinician should be conversant enough with research methods to know from
whom to seek help when initiating a research project. Though participation in such
clinical research the physical therapist can improve patient care. A clinician who has
studied research methods knows rigorous investigation is required before any
conclusions about the effect of a treatment can be drawn. K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SURVIVAL & GROWTH THROUGH RESEARCH :

SURVIVAL & GROWTH THROUGH RESEARCH Health care professionals unable to
prove that they prevent disease, improve health or restore function will not be
reimbursed for their service Physical therapy cannot justify its existence on the basis of
what it does for patients, it will cease to be a profession in all too short time. K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)

SURVIVAL & GROWTH THROUGH RESEARCH :

SURVIVAL & GROWTH THROUGH RESEARCH Instead of viewing increased
accountability as a problem or threat, we must view it as an opportunity to document the
positive contributions physical therapy makes to the public it serves. The bridge
between what physical therapists believe they contribute to improving patient function
and the documentation of those improvements is clinical research. K. SYED, MPT
(ortho)

Role of research in PT :
Role of research in PT Clinical service Academic service Research oriented. K. SYED,
MPT (ortho)

Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information in an attempt to

explain complex phenomenon.

The researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyze these
to make a critical evaluation of the material.