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Strain Energy
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek “ Mechanics of Materials” 5th Edition in SI
units
2. R.C.Hibbeler “ Mechanics of Materials “ Seventh Edition
Constant Force: If the Force is constant, the work is simply the product of the
force and the displacement, W = Fx
x Displacement
1
W = Fo xo
F 2
Fo
Displacement
xo x
MEC411 – MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 7 - 3
CHAPTER 7 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
STRAIN ENERGY DIVISION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1
W = Fo xo
2
This energy (work) is stored in the spring and is released when the force
is returned to zero
y Consider
C id a cube
b off material
t i l acted
t d upon by
b a
force, Fx, creating stress σx = Fx/a2 causing an
a elastic displacement, δ in the x direction, and
strain
t i εx = δ/a
δ/
1
a W = Fxδ
a 2
x
1 1
y U = σ x a ex a = σ x ex a 3
2
2 2
Fx
U 1 3 1
u = = σxexa / a = σxex
3
V 2 2
500
CONTINUED
400
MPa)
Sttress (M
300
u =1/2(300)(0.0015)
( )( ) N.mm/mm3
200
=0.225 N.mm/mm3
100
0
0 000
0.000 0 002
0.002 0 004
0.004 0 006
0.006 0 008
0.008 0 010
0.010
Strain
500
CONTINUED
400
MPa)
Strress (M
300
u = 1/2(350)(0.0018)
+350(0.0022)
200 =1.085 N.mm/mm3
100
0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Strain
St i Energy
Strain E D to
Due t Various
V i L di
Loading
L Δ
F FL
σ axial = ; Δ= ;
A AE
A F
1 F 2L
U = FΔ =
2 2 AE
L/2 L/2 Δb
L Δa
A F nA A F
F L 2 F 2L / 2 F 2L / 2
(a) (b) U= +
U= 2 AE 2nAE
2 AE
F 2L ⎛1+ n ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
2 AE ⎝ 2n ⎠
3 F 2L
Note for n = 2; case (b) has U= which is 3/4 of case (a)
4 2 AE
E
Example
l 6.1
61
The steel rods AB and BC are made of a steel for which the yield strength is σy =
300 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Determine the maximum strain energy that can be
acquired by the assembly without causing any permanent deformation when the
length
g a of rod AB is ((a)) 2 m, ((b)) 4 m.
From definition:
T TL
k= and G =
φ Jφ
Therefore,
Gφ
k=
I
Strain energy is:
T T 2 T 2L
U= φ= =
2 2k 2GJ
Example 6.2
62
Rod AC is made of aluminium (G=73 GPa) and is subjected to a torque T applied at
end
d C.
C Knowing
K i that
th t portion
ti BC off the
th rodd is
i hollow
h ll and
d has
h an inside
i id diameter
di t off 16
mm, find the strain energy of the rod for a maximum shearing stress of 120 MPa.
From definition:
F τ F/A
k= and G = =
δ γ δ /L
Therefore,
GA
k=
I
Strain energy is:
F F 2 F 2L
U= δ= =
2 2k 2 AG
F τA A bx 2
U= δ= δ = ∫ τγ dz = ∫ τ dz
2 2 2 2G z
From definition:
M
dU = dθ and ds = Rdθ
2
Therefore,
Mds
dU =
2R
Then,
M E M 2 ds
= therefore dU =
I R 2 EI
Strain energy is:
M 2 dx
U =∫
2 EI
Example 6.3
63
Using E = 200 GPa, determine the strain energy due to bending for the steel beam
and
d loading
l di shown.
h given
i I = 165 x 106 mm4 .
Example 6.4
6 4 combine
bi loadings
l di
The 18 mm diameter steel rod BC is attached to the lever AB and to the fixed support
C The
C. Th uniform
if steel
t l lever
l AB is
i 9 mm wide
id andd 24 mm deep.
d U i E = 200 GPa,
Using GP G =
77 GPa, and the method of work and energy, determine the deflection of point A.
Summary
Note : The constant K for the traverse shear option is shown in the
section
i on traverse shear
h above.
b F a Structural
For S l section
i (K = 1)
3
3. IIn the
th assembly
bl shown
h t
torques TA
and TB are exerted on disks A and
B respectively. Knowing that both
shafts
h ft are solidlid and
d maded off
aluminium (G=73 GPa), determine
the total energy acquired by the
assembly.
Castigliano’s Theorem
His second theorem states that displacement is equal to the first partial
derivative of strain energy in body w.r.t. a force acting at the pt and in
displacement
direction of the displacement.
Castigliano’s Theorem
Castigliano’s Theorem
U i = U e = f ( P1 , P2 ,..., Pn )
δUi
U i + dU i = U i + dPj ( 2)
δ Pj
U i + dU j = U i + dPj Δ i ( 3)
Castigliano’s Theorem
In summary,
summary Eqn (2) represents the strain energy in the body determined by
first applying the loads P1, P2, …, Pn, then dPj.
Eqn (3) represents the strain energy determined by first applying dPj, then
the loads P1, P2, …, Pn.
Si
Since theses
h two eqns are equal,
l we require
i
δUi
Δi =
δ Pj
Example 6.5
65
Determine the horizontal displacement Solution
of joint C of steel truss shown. The
cross-sectional area of each member is External force P : Since horizontal
also indicated.
indicated Take Estt = 210(103) displacement of C is to be determined,
determined a
N/mm2. horizontal variable force P is applied
to joint C. Later this force will be set
equal to the fixed value of 40 kN.
kN
65
Example 6.5
Internal forces
N: Using method
of joints, force N
in each member
is found. Results
are shown in
table:
Castigliano s Second
Castigliano’s ⎛δN ⎞ L
Δ Ch = ∑ N ⎜ ⎟
Theorem gives; ⎝ δ P ⎠ AE
= 0+0+
( )
556.7 106 N ⋅ m
⎡⎣625 mm ⎤⎦ ⎡ 210 (10 ) N/mm ⎤
2 3 2
⎣ ⎦
283.7 (10 ) N ⋅ m
3
+
⎡⎣1250 mm ⎤⎦ ⎡ 210 (10 ) N/mm ⎤
2 3 2
⎣ ⎦
Δ Ch = 4.24 + 1.08 = 5.32 mm