PROJECT REPORT ON

MICRO-CONTROLLER BASED
MULTITASKING & MONITORING SYSTEM

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the National level in

Diploma in the course
“ELECTORNICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION”
MSBTE, MUMBAI

G.H.Raisoni Polytechnic

Submitted by
Nitin R. Koche Nikhil R. kumbhare
Anant V. Barapatre Pavan K. Lode

III Year Electronics & Telecommunication

Guide:
Miss. E. A. Darokar

Department of Electrical, Electronics & Telecommunication

G.H. Raisoni Polytechnic, Nagpur
Session 2010-11
 G. H. RAISONI POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Nitin R. Koche , a student of IIIrd year of the course
“ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS” , have successfully completed the project
work as prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai, for the
subject Entrepreneurship Development and Project , during the session 2010-11.

And I have guided him for the said work from time to time and I have found him to be
satisfactorily progressive.

The following students were associated with him in this project work proportionately.

1) Nikhil R. Kumbhare
2) Anant V. Barapatre
3) Pavan K. Lode

The said work has been assessed by me and I am satisfied as the project work lives up to the
expectations of the M.S.B.T.E.

This work is the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of diploma in electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering of Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai.

(Miss. E. A. Daraokar) (Mr. B. P.Pardi) (Mrs. S.P.Hingway)

PROJECT GUIDE H.O.D PRINCIPAL
 G. H. RAISONI POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Submission
I , Nitin Koche Roll no./Seat no./______________ , is a student of G.H.Raisioni
Polytechnic IIIrd year of the course Electronics & telecommunication , humbly submit that I
have completed the said work from time to time as a part of project work as prescribed by
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai for the subject Entrepreneurship
Development and Project as prescribed in the report by my own skills and study for the
academic session 2010-11 as per the instruction/guidance of Miss. E. A. Darokar

And that the following students were associated with me for this work, however
quantum of my contribution has been approved by the teacher

1. Nikhil R. Kumbhar (RollNo.:32)

2. Anant V. Barapatre (RollNo:06)
3. Pavan K. Lode (RollNo.:73)

And that, I have not the report or its any appreciable part from any other literature in
contravention of the academic ethic.

DATE: Signature of student.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude towards

Miss E. A. Darokar, guide and lecturer G.H.Raisoni Polytechnic, Nagpur
who continuously encouraged me with his suggestions and always accepted my
queries.

Also I would like to express my gratitude towards Mrs.S.P.Hingway,

Principal and Mr.B. P. Pardi, H.O.D.

Their inspiring guidance and helpful suggestions helped me to work with

keen interest in the proper perspective. The discipline installed by them will
remain me throughout my life.

Last but not least I would like to thank my parents for their immense
cooperation, all my friends and non teaching staffs of Electronics &
Telecommunication Department for their timely suggestions during
preparation of my dissertation, without which would have been difficult to
present it in such a small span of time.
 Index
Sr.No. Title Page No.
1 Abstract

2 Introduction

3 Block Diagram

4 Circuit Diagram

5 Component Details

6 Programming

7 Planning

8 Designing

9 PCB Layout

10 Testing

11 Application

12 Costing

13 Conclusion

14 Future Scope

15 Bibliography
ABSTRACT
 The main idea behind the project is that, this kind of project can
be used practically in every “Electronics controller units” Because of
its portability, Simplicity, and easy handling. Overall it’s a project
that can be “Multi-tasking Controller Unit” which provide multi
tasking facility at one time and also ‘Monitoring’ overall function
which can be operated by the system.

The Project can make the things better for the Industrial,
Electronics, Measuring and Controlling purposes.

Our Project has been basically depends on ‘Microcontroller’

which can control the system and also some types of sensor, Buzzer,
and indicator etc.

It has very low power consumption with all kinds of safeties,

also comfortable with ‘Computer System’ with the new technology.
INTRODUCTION
 In most of the system has no multi-tasking function, for this
purpose it required more external devices thus it becomes more
complicated.

“In our smart controller system, it is possible to multi-tasking

function by using only one micro-controller device.” The Project that can
be tasking with multi tasks and also monitors the system. Our project is
based on Electronics, Industrial and Measuring as well as Controlling
purposes.

It is the device which tasking with multi tasks likes

Temperatures controller and temperatures measuring, RPM (Rotation per
Minute), Voltages, Auto level controller and Object detector and
switching. These entire tasks do at the same time on the controller.

It can driven on Micro-controller IC AT89S52 with simple

assembly program and same sensor likes proximity sensor, temperature
sensor and Infrared sensor etc. Also it has emergency switching facility to
start and stop purpose.

It has low power consumption controller, Multi-acting and

portable devices and also it can be controlled by computer system using
Rs232 device. This will give more reliability to control the system or
controller with advance technology.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Description of block diagram:

First up all switch the power ‘ON’. The switch is connected to P1.1 of micro-
controller AT89s52

Initially when power ‘ON’ the circuit, the microcontroller AT89S52 scans all
the interfaces one by one. First of all microcontrollers sends address to ADC IC, then
after the ADC sends the data captured by attached sensors one by one.

As our ADC have four channels inputs, the microcontroller sends address one
by one to all the channels of ADC. After sending last channel data by ADC to
microcontroller, the ADC sends “acknowledgement” data to stop communication
between microcontroller and ADC.

After that microcontroller communicates with other ADC as same order as

above. After that microcontroller sense the input pulses from proximity switch that
pulse count by microcontroller and display the result on LCD in unit of RPM.

Same working will also be done for temperature sensing & controller, And
also for Voltages. When there is a rise of temperature beyond the pre-programmed
levels in microcontroller than LED will glow & buzzer will produce sound.

After that microcontroller checks the 2 bits of level sensors and shows the
level on LCD i.e. ‘FULL’ or ‘EMPTY’. When the level is empty microcontroller gives
the Alarm.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Main Circuit

A – LM35 Thermister
B – Level
C – Voltage
D – Potentiometer
 Sensor Circuits

LM 35 Thermister

RPM Sensor
 Power Circuit

Voltage Circuit

D1 1N1183
R2 1k c

Voltage N2
C1 100
R1 10k

50V to 280V N1
N3 R3 100
P1 5k
Components Details
 Microcontroller AT89s52
Features
• Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag

Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-
chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a

monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,
on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.

In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down
Power down mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
interrupt or hardware reset.

Pin Configuration
Block Diagram
Pin Description

VCC
Supply voltage.

GND
Ground.

Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low
order address/data bus during accesses to external Program and data memory. In
this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External
pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the
timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger
input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives
the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0
T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out
P1.1
T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)

Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses
16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal
pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52,
as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog
times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this
feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is
enabled.

ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a
constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or
clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access
to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0
of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-
disable bit has n effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped
during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program Memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally
latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
 Table of AT 89s52 SFR Map and Reset value

0F8H 0FFH

0F0H B 0F7H
00000000

0E8H 0EFH

0E0H ACC 0E7H

00000000

0D8H 0DFH

0D0H PSW 0D7H

00000000

0C8H T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H TL2 TH2 0CFH

00000000 XXXXXX00 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

0C0H 0C7H

0B8H IP 0BFH
XX000000

0B0H P3 0B7H
11111111

0A8H IE 0AFH
0X000000

0A0H P2 AUXR1 WDTRST 0A7H

11111111 XXXXXXX0 XXXXXXXX

98H SCON SBUF 9FH

00000000 XXXXXXXX

90H P1 97H
11111111

88H TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 AUXR 8FH

00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 XXX00XX0

80H P0 SP DP0L DP0H DP1L DP1H PCON 87H

11111111 00000111 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 0XXX0000
 PCF 8591
8-bit A/D and D/A converter

1 FEATURE
• Single power supply
• Operating supply voltage 2.5 V to 6 V
• Low standby current
• Serial input/output via I2C-bus
• Address by 3 hardware address pins
• Sampling rate given by I2C-bus speed
• 4 analog inputs programmable as single-ended or
• differential inputs
• Auto-incremented channel selection
• Analog voltage range from VSS to VDD
• On-chip track and hold circuit
• 8-bit successive approximation A/D conversion
• Multiplying DAC with one analog output.

2 APPLICATIONS

Closed loop control systems

Low power converter for remote data acquisition

Battery operated equipment

Acquisition of analog values in automotive, audio and

TV applications.

3 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS

The PCF8591 is a single-chip, single-supply low power

8-bit CMOS data acquisition device with four analog

Inputs, one analog output and a serial I2C-bus interface.

Three address pins A0, A1 and A2 are used for

programming the hardware address, allowing the use of

up to eight devices connected to the I2C-bus without

Additional hardware. Address, control and data to and from

the device are transferred serially via the two-line
two

Bidirectional I2C-bus.
bus.

The functions of the device include analog
an input

multiplexing, on-chip
chip track and hold function, 8-bit
8

analog-to-digital
digital conversion and an 8-bit
8 digital-to-analog

Conversion. The maximum conversion rate is given by the

Maximum speed of the I2C-bus.
I2C

4 ORDERING INFORMATION
TYPE PACKAGE
NUMBER
NAME DESCRIPTION VERSION
PCA8591P DIP16 plastic dual in-line
line package; 16 leads (300 mil); long SOT38-1
PCA8591T SO16 body
plastic small outline package; 16 leads; body width 7.5 SOT162-1
mm

5 PIN CONFIGURATIONS

SYMBOL PIN DESCRIPTION

AINO 1 analog inputs
AIN1 2 (A/D converter)
AIN2 3
AIN3 4
A0 5 hardware address
A1 6
A2 7
VSS 8 negative supply voltage
SDA 9 I2C-bus
bus data input/output
2
SCL 10 I C-bus
bus clock input
OSC 11 oscillator input/output
EXT 12 external/internal switch for oscillator
input
AGND 13 analog ground
VREF 14 voltage reference input
AOUT 15 analog output (D/A converter)
VDD 16 positive supply voltage
6 Block Diagram of PCF8591 ADC

A/D conversion

The A/D converter makes use of the successive approximation conversion

technique. The on-chipchip D/A converter and a high-gain gain comparator are used
temporarily during an A/D conversion cycle. An A/D conversion cycle is always
started after sending a valid read mode
mode address to a PCF8591 device. The A/D
conversion cycle is triggered at the trailing edge of the acknowledge clock pulse and
is executed while transmitting the result of the previous conversion Once a
conversion cycle is triggered an input voltage sample of of the selected channel is
stored on the chip and is converted to the corresponding 8-bit
8 bit binary code.

Samples picked up from differential inputs are converted to an 8-bit

8 two’s
complement code The conversion result is stored in the ADC data register and
awaits transmission. If the auto-increment
auto flag is set the next channel is selected.
The first byte transmitted in a read cycle contains the conversion result code of the
previous read cycle.

After a Power-on
on reset condition the first byte read is a hexadecimal
adecimal 80. The
protocol of an I2C-bus
bus read cycle is shown in The maximum A/D conversion rate is
given by the actual speed of the I2C-bus.
I2C

A/D Conversion sequence

A/D conversion characteristics of single-ended
single ended inputs

A/D conversion characteristics of differential inputs

 Driver IC ULN28xxA/LW
FEATURES

TTL, DTL, PMOS, or CMOS Compatible

Inputs

Output Current to 500 mA

Output Voltage to 95 V

Transient-Protected
Protected Outputs

Dual In-Line
Line Package or Wide-Body
Small-Outline
Outline Package

HIGH-VOLTAGE,
VOLTAGE, HIGH-CURRENT
HIGH CURRENT
DARLINGTON ARRAYS

Featuring continuous load current ratings to 500 mA for each of the drivers,
the Series ULN28xxA/LW and ULQ28xxA/LW high voltage, high-current high
Darlington arrays are ideally suited
sui for interfacing between low-level
level logic circuitry
and multiple peripheral power loads. Typical power loads totaling over 260 W (350
mA x 8, 95 V) can be controlled at an appropriate duty cycle depending on ambient
temperature and number of drivers turned
turned on simultaneously. Typical loads include
relays, solenoids, stepping motors, magnetic print hammers, multiplexed LED and
incandescent displays, and heaters. All devices feature open-collector
open collector outputs with
integral clamp diodes.

The ULx2803A, ULx2803LW, ULx2823A, and ULN2823LW have series

input resistors selected for operation directly with 5 V TTL or CMOS. These devices
will handle numerous interface needs — particularly those beyond the capabilities of
standard logic buffers.

The ULx2804A, ULx2804LW, ULx2824A, and ULN2824LW have series

input resistors for operation directly from 6 V to 15 V CMOS or PMOS logic
outputs. The ULx2803A/LW and ULx2804A/LW are the standard Darlington
arrays.
The outputs are capable of sinking 500 mA and will withstand at least 50 V
in the off state. Outputs may be paralleled for higher load current capability.
 The ULx2823A/LW and ULx2824A/ LW will withstand 95 V in the off
state. These Darlington arrays are furnished in 18-pin dual in-lineline plastic packages
(suffix ‘A’) or 18-lead
lead small-outline
small plastic packages (suffix ‘LW’).

All devices are pinned with outputs opposite inputs to facilitate ease of circuit
board layout. Prefix ‘ULN’ devices are rated for operation
operation over the temperature
range of -20°C to +85°C;C; prefix ‘ULQ’ devices are rated for operation to -40°C.

Pin Configuration
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Output Voltage, VCE

 (x2803x and x2804x) ..................... 50 V
 (x2823x and x2824x) ..................... 95 V

 Input Voltage, VIN ..............................30 V

 Continuous Output Current, IC.... 500 mA
 Continuous Input Current, IIN ....... 25 mA

Power Dissipation, PD
 (one Darlington pair) .................. 1.0 W
 (Total package)..................... See Graph

Operating Temperature Range, TA

 Prefix ‘ULN’ .............. -20°C to + 85°C
 Prefix ‘ULQ’ ............... -40°C to +85°C

Storage Temperature Range,

 TS................................ -55°C to +150°C

PARTIAL SCHEMATICS
ALLOWABLE PACKAGE POWER DISSIPATION IN WATTS

DEVICE PART NUMBER DESIGNATION

TEST Figure of ULN 2803
 16 x 4 Characters LCD

FEATURES

• 5 x 8 dots includes cursor

• Built - in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
• + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
• 1/16 duty cycle
• B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2, or pin 15, pin 16 or A and K
• N.V. optional for + 3V power supply

MECHANICAL DATA

ITEM STANDARD VALUE UNIT

Module Dimension 70.6 x 60.0 mm
Viewing Area 60.0 x 32.6 mm
Mounting Hole 65.6 x 50.0 mm
Character Size 2.95 x 4.75 mm
 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING
ITEM SYMBOL STANDARD VALUE UNIT
MIN. TYP. MAX.
Power Supply VDD-VSS - 0.3 – 7.0 V
Input Voltage VI - 0.3 – VDD V

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

ITEM SYMBOL CONDITION STANDARD VALUE UNIT

MIN. TYP. MAX.

Input Voltage VDD VDD = + 5V 4.7 5.0 5.3 V

VDD = + 3V 2.7 3.0 5.3 V
Supply Current IDD VDD = + 5V – 1.65 – mA

Recommended VDD - V0 - 20 °C 5.0 5.1 5.7 V

LC Driving
0°C 4.6 4.8 5.2
Voltage for
Normal Temp. 25°C 4.1 4.5 4.7
Version
50°C 3.9 4.2 4.5
Module
70°C 3.7 3.9 4.3

EL Power IEL Vel = 110VAC; – – 5.0 mA

Supply Current 400Hz
Pin Configuration

PIN NUMBER SYMBOL FUNCTION

1 Vss GND
2 Vdd + 3V or + 5V
3 Vo Contrast Adjustment
4 RS H/L Register Select Signal
5 R/W H/L Read/Write Signal
6 E H → L Enable Signal
7 DB0 H/L Data Bus Line
8 DB1 H/L Data Bus Line
9 DB2 H/L Data Bus Line
10 DB3 H/L Data Bus Line
11 DB4 H/L Data Bus Line
12 DB5 H/L Data Bus Line
13 DB6 H/L Data Bus Line
14 DB7 H/L Data Bus Line
15 A/Ve + 4.2V for LED (RA = 0Ω)/Negative Voltage
Output
16 K Power Supply for B/L (0V)
Dimensions In Millimeter
DS1820
1–Wire Digital Thermometer

FEATURES

Unique 1–WireTM interface requires only one port pin for communication
Multidrop capability simplifies distributed temperature sensing applications
Requires no external components • Can be powered from data line
Zero standby power required
Measures temperatures from –55°C to +125°C in 0.5°C increments. Fahrenheit
equivalent is –67°F to +257°F in 0.9°F increments
Temperature is read as a 9–bit digital value. • Converts temperature to digital
word in 200 ms (typ.)
User–definable, nonvolatile temperature alarm settings
Alarm search command identifies and addresses devices whose temperature is
outside of programmed limits (temperature alarm condition)
Applications include thermostatic controls, industrial systems, consumer
products, thermometers, or any thermally sensitive system

PIN ASSIGNMENT

• GND – Ground

• DQ – Data In/Out

• VDD – Optional VDD

• NC – No Connect
DESCRIPTION

The DS1820 Digital Thermometer provides 9–bit temperature readings which

indicate the temperature of the device.

Information is sent to/from the DS1820 over a 1–Wire interface, so that only one
wire (and ground) needs to be connected from a central microprocessor to a
DS1820. Power for reading, writing, and performing temperature conversions can
be derived from the data line itself with no need for an external power source.

Because each DS1820 contains a unique silicon serial number, multiple DS1820s
can exist on the same 1–Wire bus. This allows for placing temperature sensors in
many different places. Applications where this feature is useful include HVAC
environmental controls, sensing temperatures inside buildings, equipment or
machinery, and in process monitoring and control.

DS1820 BLOCK DIAGRAM

TEMPERATURE MEASURING CIRCUITRY

TEMPERATURE/DATA RELATIONSHIPS

TEMPERATURE DIGITAL OUTPUT (Binary) DIGITAL OUTPUT (Hex)

+125°C 00000000 11111010 00FA

+25°C 00000000 00110010 0032h
+ 1/2°C 00000000 00000001 0001h
+0°C 00000000 00000000 0000h
-1/2°C 11111111 11111111 FFFFh
-25°C 11111111 11001110 FFCEh
-55°C 11111111 10010010 FF92h
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVE
Proximity
Sensor

Inductive proximity sensors operate under the electrical principle of

inductance. Inductance is the phenomenon where a fluctuating current, which by
definition has a magnetic component, induces an electromotive force (emf) in a
target object. To amplify a device’s inductance effect, a sensor manufacturer twists
wire into a tight coil and runs a current through it.

An inductive proximity sensor has four components; The coil, oscillator,

detection circuit and output circuit. The oscillator generates a fluctuating magnetic
field the shape of a doughnut around the winding of the coil that locates in the
device’s sensing face.

When a metal object moves into the inductive proximity sensor’s field of
detection, Eddy circuits build up in the metallic object, magnetically push back, and
finally reduce the Inductive sensor’s own oscillation field. The sensor’s detection
circuit monitors the oscillator’s strength and triggers an output from the output
circuitry when the oscillator becomes reduced to a sufficient level.
KA78XX/KA78XXA
3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

Features

• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Description

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in

the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them
useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output
current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can
be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Internal Block diagram

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Parameter Symbol Value Unit

Input Voltage (for VO = VI 35 V
5V to 18V) (for VO = VI 40 V
24V)
°
Thermal Resistance Junction-Cases RθJC 5 C/W
(TO-220)
°
Thermal Resistance Junction-Air (TO- RθJA 65 C/W
220)
°
Operating Temperature Range TOPR 0 ~ +125 C
(KA78XX/A/R)
°
Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ +150 C
PROGRAMMING
 The programming for µC89s52
The programming is done in “Bascom Software”

$regfile = "805252.DAT"
$romstart = &H500
$crystal = 12000000

Lcd = 16 * 4
Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = P0.4 , Db5 = P0.5
Lcdpin = Pin , Db6 = P0.6 , Db7 = P0.7
Lcdpin = Pin , E = P0.2 , Rs = P0.0
Rw Alias P0.1
Out1 Alias P2.4
Out2 Alias P2.5
Out3 Alias P2.6
Out4 Alias P2.7
Config Scl = P3.6
Config Sda = P3.7

' ***************** constant declaration **********************

Const adc = &H80

Dim A As Single
Dim Channel As Byte
Dim Adc_value As Byte
Dim T2 As Byte
Dim T3 As String * 5
Dim H1 As Byte
Dim H2 As Byte
Dim H3 As Byte
Dim T1 As Byte
Dim V1 As Integer 'Single
Dim V0 As Integer 'Single
Dim Temp As Integer 'Single
Dim Strout As String * 3
Dim Setpoint As Byte

' *********************** Function*************************

Declare Sub Read_adc
Declare Sub Read_adc1
Main:
Rw = 0

Lcdinit
Cls
Upperline
Lcd "Project by"
Secondline
Lcd " NITIN , NIKHIL "
Thirdline
Lcd " ANANT , PAVAN "
Cursor Off
delays 1
Cls
Do
Deflcdchar 0 , 12 , 18 , 18 , 12 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 32
Call Read_adc1(1)
H1 = Adc_value1
Call Read_adc1(2)
H2 = Adc_value2
Call Read_adc1(3)
H3 = Adc_value3
If H3 > 100 Then
H3 = "full"
Else
H3 = "empty"
End If
Upperline
Lcd " SET=" ; H2 ; " " ;
Upperline
Lcd "temp=" ; H1 ;

Call Read_adc(2)
T1 = Adc_value1
'Lcd "T" ; T1 ;
Call Read_adc(0)
T2 = Adc_value2
Lowerline
Lcd " SET=" ; T2 ; " "
Lowerline
Lcd "T=" ; Strout ; Chr(0) ; "C "
Cursor Off
delays 1
 A=A+1
If A > 3 Then
A=0
Goto Prog2
End If
Loop
End

prg2:

Rw = 0
Led1 = 1
Led2 = 1
Lcdinit
Cls
Do
Debounce Up , 0 , Run
thrdline
Lcd "RPM= ";t0; "rpsec=";D;
Waitms 1
Loop

Run:
Wait 15
Goto Startt
Return

Startt:

A=1
D=0
Do
c=c+1
Debounce Up , 0 , Run1
D=D+1
If A = 1 Then
C=D
End If

If D => 900 Then

D=0
Upperline
Lcd "Sens=" ; 0 ; " RPM=" ; D ; " "
 Goto Trip
End If

Upperline
Lcd "Sens=" ; A ; " RPM=" ; C ; " "

Lowerline
Lcd "D=" ; D ; " "
Waitms 1
if c>500 then
goto main
end if
Loop

****************************END********************************
PLANNING
The project planning includes following steps:

 Selection of ‘Project’ from various Internet and some own ideas.

 Approval for project from project guide.
 Collecting required information for proper execution of the Project.
 Purchasing of electronics components, hardware items etc.

First Step:

And I had very creative discussion over the selection of project.

At last we ended discussion by selecting a very innovative model
“MultiTasking Controller” (MTC).

Our project guide Miss. E. A. Darokar took active interest in

the approval of the project .After the approval we started the project. As
per requirement of our project we purchased electronic components from
the electronics market.

After purchasing we tested the components for finding accuracy &

output. Sensors are bought from outside the city for best quality & high
sensitivity. As the project is based on the Electronics, Industrial And
measuring. We see the different problems knowing the difficulties faced
by human .We made a log of it and reminded it while making the
project.

PREPARATION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & PCB

In this part, circuit layout is drawn on the paper with the proper
Component size and measurement this part help to make a PCB of
project.

After drawing circuit diagram, this circuit layout design PCB layout
in Coral Draw software and Print on ‘stressive paper’.

This stressing print copy on copper clad by “Screen Printing
Method”.

Copper clad is dipped into the FeCL3 solution for about half &
hour.

After paths were visible we made holes using drill machine.

MOUNTING OF COMPONETS

In this process all the tracks were checked with the help of
multimeter for continuity.

Components were placed on PCB & soldered perfectly.

After completion of soldering testing was done.

FIXING INTO THE MODEL:

We have made a very interesting model for our project for

making it look alive. We take different shoot with our project at various
places like home, industries, farm etc. And face the entire problem with
electronics appliances so, we designed as per that.
DESIGNING
PCB Layout Process

Layout Planning:

The layout of PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before
one can produce to the art work preparation. This planning procedure
depends upon many factors.

Layout Scale

Depending upon the accuracy, the art work should be at 1.1 or2.1 or 4.1
scales accordingly the size of the art work will be equal to four times of design
of actual PCB.

Layout Procedure

The important rule is to prepare overhead every PCB layout from component
side. The large once are placed first and space in between in filled with
smaller ones. The entire component is placed in possible if they have to be
replaced.

Layout Sketch

The end product of the layout designing is pencil sketched component and
conductor driving which is called layout sketch, which contains all the
relevant information for preparation of artwork.

Etching & Etchants

Final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of all uncoated copper

among the charts available, was the earliest one used on major scale with
availability of etching which can be regenerated and computable with the
common metal etch, resist and feels in still used for small PCB, facilities
etching is occasionally carried out on the board. Other etchants are CaCl3,
Chronic acid alkaline ammonia.
Advantage of FeCl3 is work in short time and well to photo & screen printed
resist for solvent and alkali soluble ones.
PCB LAYOUT
PCB layout design in Corel Draw software
TESTING
 Testing is the main event, which has its own importance in
the electronics field. The least carelessness may lead to the major
fault in case electronic circuit and depends upon the layout and
design of PCB.

Printed Circuit board is used to route electrical current and

signal through the copper tracks which are primary bounded to
an insulating core. After making copper tracks on printed circuit
board test whether;

1. The tracks are open or not.

2. The distance between two tracks is sufficient to avoid
capacitors.
3. The tracks links with the other related tracks is proper or
not.
4. The jumpers which go from one track to another track
should not short with the tracks.

Thus by testing the tracks of the printed circuit board it

helps the project for making successful. After testing copper
tracks the components were tested with help of instruments like
multi meter, CRO, Signal generator.

After mounting the components on PCB the possibly of dry

soldering was checked to avoid the possibility of shorting those
tracks as well as all the tracks. This testing was carried out with
help of multimeter keeping a range of ohm.

After all Check the power was supplied and operations of

the circuits were observed.
APPLICATIONS
It’s the multi-acting device with lots of functions which are
controlled automatically.

As multitasking controller and electronics uses.

Temperature control system.

Voltages measurement system.

RPM Measurement.

Auto water level controller and monitoring.

Overflow controller

Temperature monitoring system.

Use in industrial application.

COSTING
Sr.No. Components Name Quantit Value COST/PIECE Total Cost in
y in Rs. Rs.
1 Resistor 2 1 KΩ 1.00 2.00
2 10 KΩ 2.00 4.00
2 100 Ω 3.00 6.00
2 Resistor (Trim pot) 1 3296-3/8’’ 30.00 30.00

3 Resistor Packages 2 A472J 15.00 30.00

4 Potentiometer 1 220 KΩ 20.00 20.00

5 Capacitor ( Ceramic ) 2 33pf 5.00 10.00

6 Capacitor (electrolyte) 1 1000uf/25v 20.00 20.00

1 100uf/19v 10.00 10.00
1 10uf/50v 10.00 10.00
7 Diode 2 IN4007 6.00 12.00

8 Crystal Oscillator 1 11.0592 MHz 35.00 35.00

9 Voltage Regulator IC 1 LM7805/KA78XX 20.00 20.00

10 Micro-controller IC AT89s52 1 AT89s52 120.00 120.00

11 ADC 8-bit IC 2 PCF8591 680.00 1360.00

12 Driver IC 1 2803/2824 120.00 120.00

13 IC 4011Level Indicator 1 4011 20.00 20.00

14 Digital Thermometer 1 DS1820/LM35 160.00 160.00

15 Transformer ( 12-0-12 ) 1 500mA 55.00 55.00

16 16*4 Bit LCD Display 1 16*4 Bit 775.00 775.00

17 Indicator (LED) 2 Red & Green 2.00 4.00

18 Buzzer 1 _ 70.00 70.00

19 IC Bases 2 16 Pins 2.00 4.00

1 18 Pins 3.00 300
1 40 Pins 6.00 6.00
20 Proximity Sensor 1 PNP-350 mAmp 1150.00 1150.00

21 Copper Clad 1 1’*1’ 190.00 190.00

22 Ferric Chloride 100gm - 110.00 110.00

23 PCB Printing - - 350.00 350.00

24 Misc: nuts, bolts, screws, project _ _ 500.00 500.00

box, wires, connectors, Jumper.
The Total Cost of Our Multitasking Controller

Rs. 7,500/-
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the project report “Microcontroller Based
Multitasking and monitoring system”. We can say that the
project is successfully operating with desire result and we can
conclude the following:

1. It provides various functions

2. It can perform various jobs

3. It provides the secure and safe operation

Keeping in mind the various electronics and industrial application

will be done by our project, it serves a great to electronics field.
This is the advantage of success in the field of new technology
which will beneficial to the mankind.
FUTURE SCOPE
 In future, this controller and multitasking system can be driver
on computer and internet technology, so it’s easy to handle
and operate.

 It has low power consumption so it will use with electronics

appliances in regular form.

 Due to miniaturization techniques this device will be portable

and more reliable.

 Can be increasing the battery life by placing solar plates by it

to charge itself.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES:

References form microcontroller book of “mazidi” (Muhammad Ali

Mazidi) for interfacing of LCD.

References from “mazidi” book for interfacing of ADC.

Sensor Manufacturers (www.sensorsportal.com)

www.nationalsemicodutor.com.

Multi-tasking low-power controller having multiple program

counters, Perotto, Jean-felix (Colombier, CH), Lamothe, Christian
(Neuchatel, CH).