CHAPTER 2 : BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

2.1 Transport System in Humans

1. Humans have a transport system called the blood circulatory system.

2. Functions: to transport substances around the body. It is made up of heart, blood vessels and
blood.
3. Structure of the human heart. (copy figure 2.1 page 16)
a) A thick wall of tissue (septum) divides the human heart into right and left halves.
b) Each half of the heart are divided into two chambers:
• Upper chamber – atrium
• Lower chamber - ventricle
c) The atria and ventricles are separated by valves
Function of valves : prevent the backflow of blood from ventricles to atria.
d) The chambers of the heart are connected to the blood vessel which allow blood to flow in
and out of the heart.
RA – vena cava Keyword :
LA – pulmonary vein R : right
RV – pulmonary artery L : left
LV - aorta A : atrium
V : ventricle

FUNCTION OF HEART
 to pump blood to all parts of the body.
• (Right side : blood has less oxygen pumps to the lungs
• Left side : blood has more oxygen pumps to other parts of the body.)
 human heart pumps by contracting and relaxing its muscles.
 the left and right atria contract and relax at the same time.

(copy figure 2.1 page 16)

What is heartbeat ?
- one complete contraction and relaxation of the heart

i)Heart relaxes : blood flows into the two atria through the veins

ii)Atria contract : the blood is pushed through the valves into the ventricles
.
iii)Ventricle contract : the blood is pushed to the other part of our body through the pulmonary artery
and aorta.
BLOOD VESSELS
• 3 main types of blood vessels:
arteries , veins and capillaries

a) Arteries (copy figure 2.3 pg 17)

• carry blood from heart to all the body part.
• carry oxygenated blood.
• walls are thick and elastic.
• can withstand the high pressure of the blood that pumped from the heart.
• the lumen is small.
• branches into smaller arteries called capillaries when reach an organ.
b) Capillaries (copy figure 2.4 pg 18)
tiny blood vessel found inside organ and tissues.
lie close to the cells.
have a very small lumen.
walls very thin.
cells absorbs oxygen and digested food from the
blood and release carbon dioxide and other waste product into blood.
capillaries join up to form larger blood vessel called
veins.
c) Veins (copy figure 2.5 pg 18)
carry blood back to the heart.
have thinner and less muscular walls.
bigger lumen than arteries.
have valves to ensure the one way flow of blood.
BLOOD
• Function : transport variety of substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, urea and
hormones around the body.
a) Oxygen - is carried by the haemoglobin in red blood cells from lungs to all part of our body.
b) Carbon dioxide - is carried in a pale yellow liquid (plasma) from all part of our body to the lungs.
c) Digested food - is carried from small intestine to liver, then to all part f our body.
d) Urea - is carried in plasma from liver to kidneys.
e) Hormones - is carried in plasma from glands to the target organ.

Haemoglobin (deoxygenated blood ) Oxyhaemoglobin ( oxygenated blood ):

• gives blood a dark red colour • gives blood a bright red colour.
• Blood that has low concentration of oxygen • Blood that rich in oxygen
is called.

Activity 2.1 AIM : To compare the colour of oxygenated blood and

deoxygenated blood
PROCEDURE :
1. Set up the two conical flasks containing chickenblood
mixed with sodium citrate as shown in the figure
2. Bubble oxygen through the blood in conical flask A.
3. Bubble carbon dioxide through the blood in conical
flask B
OBSERVATION :
1. The oxygenated blood becomes bright red.
2. The deoxygenated blood becomes dark purplish red
 .

HUMAN BLOOD

1. An adult human body contains 5 litres of blood.

2. Human blood is a suspension of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a pale yellow
liquid called plasma.
Plasma
Pale yellowish liquid
Consist of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances.
Function: carry dissolve substance and heat around the body.
Dissolved substances in plasma are glucose, amino acids and mineral salts.
Red blood cells
Contain a red pigment called haemoglobin.
Have a biconcave shape .
Have no nuclei.
Function: transport oxygen in their haemoglobin to all parts of the body.

White blood cells

Larger than red blood cells but fewer in number.
Irregular in shape and colourless.
Has a nucleus.
Function: to fight infections by killing microorganisms in our body.

Platelets
Platelets are not cell and do not have nuclei.
It is a pieces of broken cells and irregular in shape.
Smaller than red and white blood cells.
Function: to help in blood clotting to stop bleeding.

RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS

HUMAN BLOOD GROUP

-Human blood group are classified into four different group,

 A, B, AB and O.
-When people lose a lot of blood, the blood must be replaced through a blood transfusion (pemindahan
darah).
-The blood groups of the donors and recipient must be the same or compatible. If not, the blood will
agglutinate and may kill the recipient.

(copy table 2.1 page 21)

-A universal donor can donate blood to everyone.

-A universal recipient can receive blood from anyone.

Blood group
Universal donor O
Universal recipient AB

Blood donation

1. Anyone who is healthy , weighs over 50kg, age between 17-60 can donate blood.
2. Blood from donor is taken from vein in arm.
3. The blood is collected in a sterilised bag containing sodium citrate which prevents clotting of the
blood.
4. It takes about 5 to10 minutes to donate one bag of blood.
5. The sterilised bag of blood then stored in a refrigerator at 5ºC for 10 days or longer if glucose is
added.
6. A sample of blood is removed from the bag of donated blood to test its group and the presence of
viruses like AIDS.
7. Bags with the tainted with viruses or other unwanted substance will be rejected.
8. Before the blood is transferred, it is carefully tested against the recepient’s blood to make sure it is
a good match.
9. Then the blood is transferred into recipient through a vein in the recipient’s arm.