Table of content:

i. Abstract……………………………..................…………………………………….……2

ii. Introduction.....……….....……………..............................................................................2

iii. Objectives ……………………….......................................................................................3

iv. Scope of work ..............................................................................................…..................3

v. Technical approach..........................................……………………………….........……3

i. Essential parameter..………………………………......……...............……..4

ii. Availability in the market………………………………...........................…4

iii. Programming the microcontroller ….………………………..............……4

vi. Transmitter block diagram…………….…….……....………………........…...……….4

vii. Transmitter block diagram description ……...……………...………......…...………...5

viii. Receiver block diagram........................…….…………………...............…...………5

ix. Frame structure ………….………….………….…………….............……......………..5

x. Project features..............………….……..…….………...........................…....…….……5

xi. Deliverables ……………….…………..……….………......……...............................…..5

xii. Recourses required .......................…………...……………....................…....….………6

xiii. Gantt chart ……………….……………...……………..............................………..6

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i. Abstract
In communication security is a major issue we have a lot of information that we don't want
other people to see like Credit-card information, Social Security numbers, Private
correspondence, Personal details, and Bank-account information. Frequency-hopping spread
spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier
among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter
and receiver. In this project we will be designing a transmitter which will send our
information over different frequency channels and a receiver will receive that information
signal by tuning to that frequency channels. The microcontroller will generate the
pseudorandom sequence which will change the carrier frequency.

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ii. Introduction
Frequency hopping is one of two basic modulation techniques used in spread spectrum signal
transmission. It is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission, often to
minimize the effectiveness of "electronic warfare" - that is, the unauthorized interception or
jamming of telecommunications. It also is known as frequency- hopping code division
multiple accesses (FH-CDMA).
Spread spectrum modulation techniques have become more common in recent years. Spread
spectrum enables a signal to be transmitted across a frequency band that is much wider than
the minimum bandwidth required by the information signal. The transmitter "spreads" the
energy, originally concentrated in narrowband, across a number of frequency band channels
on a wider electromagnetic spectrum. Benefits include improved privacy, decreased
narrowband interference, and increased signal capacity. We are going to design a secure
communication system in which our information signal will be transmitted at different carrier
frequencies.

iii. Objectives
Our objective is to create the hardware of frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
using a microcontroller and to design some efficient code for hopping sequence in C#
language. Our designed hardware can be used in military secret communication, Banks for
communicating bank account information, credit card number personal detail information

iv. Scope of Work

A transmitter using VHF frequency of 153 MHz with hopping rate of 1/10ms and 10ms
hopping duration and the number of hopping channel will be 75 each with 0.5 MHz
bandwidth switching between channel will be according with the hopping sequence
generated by the microcontroller. To design microcontroller code we will use proteus to
remove our coding errors and to generate efficient code about hopping sequence and frame
structure of our information sequences. We have an understanding of fields of C# language
programming and we have studied about amplifiers, filters and oscillators which are used in
our project.

v. Technical Approach
a. Plan of attack
The intended design procedure for designing frequency hopping spread spectrum hardware is
shown as follows:
i. Select essential parameters
ii. Search for the availability in the market.
iii. Programming microcontroller.
iv. Basic circuit diagram designing.

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 i. Essential Parameters
We have chosen the operating frequency to be 153MHz and the number of
hopping channel 75 with the bandwidth of 0.5 MHz

ii. Availability in the market

We search for the appropriate oscillator available in the market that can work at
that frequency and found that MC12146 is available for generating our desired
frequency. We have decided to use 8051 microcontroller which is easily available
in the market for processing our information bits and to generate the appropriate
frame structure for our data and to generate the hopping sequence for selecting
channel.

iii. Programming the microcontroller

 We have learned proteus and we know about C# language programming.
We will use our skills to program our microcontroller for to improve our
communication performance by adding some channel coding bits and start
and stop bits for the synchronization purposes.
 We will program our microcontroller to generate a symbol sequence
which will change our oscillator frequency.

vi. Transmitter Block diagram

Antenna

DATA FSK RF carrier

Modulator

Microcontroller Frequency
Hopping pattern
synthesizer
Generator

Figure 1: Block diagram of the transmitter

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 vii. Transmitter Block diagram description
We have deiced to use PIC 16F877A microcontroller to generate hopping sequences. PIC
16F877A microcontroller has 1.64 Kb of Ram and 64Kb of ROM and is easily available in
the market we will use this microcontroller to generate hopping sequences of about 7 to 8 bit.
Using each bit sequence the frequency synthesizer will generate a frequency by searching in
its frequency table composed of 75 different frequencies. Then the transmitter will propagate
our signal through antenna into air. We have decided a suitable frame structure for our digital
data to include some channel coding bits in our data to make channel reliable and make the
probability of error lower.

viii. Receiver block diagram

Antenna

RF carrier FSK Data

Demodulator

Frequency Microcontroller
synthesizer Hopping pattern
Generator

g
Figure 2: receiver block diagram

ix. Frame structure:

Start bit Data Channel Frame Stop bit

coding bits number

x. Project features

Transmission frequency 153 MHz

Number of channels 75
Channel bandwidth 0.5MHz
Hope time 10 ms
Hopping rate 100 Hz

xi. Deliverables
We will provide a transmitter and receiver to the costumer working on the basic principle of
frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS). The costumer can communicate their secret data
without any worry of illegal copy of data. In this communication system there would be no
any jamming and eavesdropping.

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xii. Resources required
i. The software that we will be using is proteus 7.2 available in our university lab.
ii. For PCB designing we will use Eagle PCB designer available at university.
iii. The soldering equipment is available in our lab.
iv. The microcontroller, oscillator, A/D convertor and D/A, antenna and PCB board are
all easily available in the market convertor are available at the market.

xiii. Gantt chart in table view:

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF MAIN ACTIVITIES/STEPS

Dates
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEM-BER
Gen- AUGUST 2010
2010 2010 2010 2010
eral
steps
Collect and
compare the
information August- mid
about August (until
components 15/08/10)
and their
availability

Microcontroller Whole September and 2/3 of

programming October (until 5/10/07)

End of
PCB designing October
30/10/10

Project Up to end of
November
assembling and 30/11/10
soldering.

Mid of
Project report December
15/12/10

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