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LESSON 1 : POPULATION AND SAMPLE

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the definition of Population and Sample

2. Apply the formula for the Population size and Sample size
3. Solve problems involving Population and Sample size

II. Learning Activities

Input

Population – Refers to the total of all objects under study

Sample – Small part of the population that serves as a representation

n= N
1+ Ne ²

Where:
N is the Population size
e is the margin of error
n is the Sample size

Example 1:
Find the sample size of the population is 250 at 95% accuracy

At 95% accuracy, the corresponding percentage error is 5% or .05.

n= 250
1+ 250(.05) ²

n = 153.85
n = 154

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III. Problem Solving

a. N = 290 ; e = 20%
b. N = 521 ; e = 5%
c. N = 3520 ; e = 2%
d. N = 90 ; e = 10%

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LESSON 2 : PERCENTAGE
I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the definition of Percentage

2. Apply the formula for the Percentage
3. Solve problems involving Percentage

II. Learning Activities

Input

Percentage – Is the number of hundredth part of one number is up another

P% = b1
X 100
bo

Where
P% = number of p-arts of 100
b1 = data to be compared with the base
bo = is the base use for comparison

Example:
Out of 28,000 took the I.I entrance examination, 6,000 accepted in to the institute.
What is the percentage of students who were accepted at I.I

Given:
b1 = 6,000 P% = 6,000
X 100 21.43
bo = 28,000 28000

What is the percentage marked up if Angie bought a can in the amount

of 8,250.00 and sale it for 9,000.00

Given:
b1 = 8,250.00 P% = 8,250
X 100 91.67
Bo = 9,000.00 9000

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III. Problem Solving

a. b1 = 500 ; bo = 700
b. b1 = 25 ; bo = 76
c. b1 = 3520 ; bo = 5000
d. b1 = 100 ; bo = 900

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LESSON 3 : SUMMATION
I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Understand the sigma to the Summation

2. Apply the rules for the Summation
3. Apply the formula for the Summation
4. Solve problems involving Summation

II. Learning Activities

Input

Summation
In Algebra, the sum of two numbers is usually represented by the expression x + y.
There are some instances, however, that we are required to percent the sum of
quantities. The sum of the series of numbers can best be represented by using
the sigma notation or the Greek letter ∑.

Rule 1 – if C is a constant, then the sum of of n c constant is equal to C times

the no. of constant.

Where
∑ - sigma
n – number]
c – constant
n
∑c = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . Cn
I=1

Example 3
∑ 6 = 6 + 6+ 6 = 18
I=1

Rule 2 – if C is a constant multiplied by x1, then the sum of the products is equal
to c times the sum of observation

Where
∑ - sigma
n – number]
c – constant

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∑cx = cx1 + cx2 + cx3 + . . . . .Cn or c(x1 + x2 + x3 + . . . . .xn)
I=1

n n
∑ cxi = c∑xi
I=1 I=1
4 4
Example Suppose the value of ∑xi = 16 then evaluate the value ∑ 5xi
I=1 I=1
4 4
∑xi = 5 ∑ xi = 5 (16) = 80
I=1 I=1

Consider the ff. Observation x1 = 12, x2 = 7, x3 = 10, x4 = 13, x5 = 8.

Determine the value of the ff.

a. 5 b. 5
∑xi ∑ 3xi
I=1 I=1

a. 5
∑xi = (12 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 8) = 50
I=1

b. 5
∑ 3xi = 3 (12 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 8) = 150
I=1

Rule 3 1f xi and yi are two random quantitive then

n
∑ (xi +yi) = (x1 + y1) + (x2 + y2) + . . . . .(xn + yn)
I=1 or = ( x1 +x2 + . . . xn) + (y1 + y2 + . . . yn)

n n n
∑ (xi +yi) = ∑ xi + ∑ yi
I=1 I=1 I=1

Example x1 = 3, x2 = 5, x3 = 7, x4 = 6
y1 = 5, y2 = 8, y3 = 8, y4 = 7
4
Evaluate the expression ∑ (xi +yi)
I=1

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4
∑ (xi +yi) = ( 3 + 5) + (5 +8) + (7 + 8) + (6 + 9)
I=1 = 8 + 13 + 15 + 15
= 51

4
∑ (xi +yi) = (3 + 5 + 7 + 6) + ( 5 + 8 + 8 + 9)
I=1 = 21 + 30
= 51

III. Problem Solving

Evaluate the following:

Given: x1 = 12, x2 = 8, x3 = 14, x4 = 6, x5 = 10

y1 = 9, y2 = 15, y3 = 11, y4 = 20

5 5
1 ∑ xi 2 ∑ 4xi
I=1 I=1

4 5
3 ∑ (3xi – yi) 4 ∑ xi²
I=1 I=3

5 4
∑ xiyi
I=1

Consider the ff. Measurements

Given: X = 12. 15, 8, 3 , 7, 10, 15, 15

Y = 11, 12, 10, 15, 9, 8, 17, 14

Determine the value of the ff.

1 ∑ xy 3 ∑ xy² 5 ∑ x²
2 ∑ x²y 4 ∑ 3 ( x + y)

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LESSON 4 : FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the definition of Frequency Distribution

2. Apply the contraction of Frequency Distribution
3. Apply the formula of Frequency Distribution
4. Solve problems involving Frequency Distribution
II. Learning Activities

Input

Frequency Distribution – Data that are summarize into classes on category to

show the occurrence value or objects in each class or
categories

Example
Test Score Obtained by Sixty Students in a STAT class
48 73 57 57 69 88 11 80 87 47
46 70 49 45 75 81 33 65 38 59
94 59 62 36 58 69 45 55 58 65
30 49 73 29 41 53 37 35 61 48
22 51 56 55 60 37 56 59 57 36
12 36 50 63 68 30 56 70 53 28

Exam Score F.D. Frequency Distribution

11 - 22 3 - 14 3
23 - 34 5 - 16 5
35 - 46 11 - 22 11
47 - 58 19 - 30 19
59 - 70 14 - 25 14
71 - 82 6 - 17 6
83 - 94 2 - 13 2
100 111 100

Construction of Frequency Distribution

1 Get the lowest and highest score
2 Get the value of the range
R=H–L
3 Determine the no. of Class
K = 1 + 33 log n
4 Determine the size of the class interval
R
c
K
5 Construct the classes

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6 Determine the frequency

Frequency Distribution of examination score of 60 students in stat class

1 HS = 94
LS = 11

2R = HS - LS = 94 - 11
= 83
3K = 1 + 33 log 60
= 6.87 0r 7
R 83
c = = 11.86 or 12
4 K 7

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LESSON 5: COMULATATIVE FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION
I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

2. Apply the Greater than Cumulatative Frequency Distribution

3. Apply the Related Frequency Distribution
2. Apply the Less than Cumulatative Frequency Distribution
II. Learning Activities

Input
f
%f = x 100
n

Where Greater than Cumulatative Frequency = > cumf

Less than Cumulatative Frequency = < cumf
Related Frequency Distribution = %f

Example
Test Score Obtained by Sixty Students in a STAT class
48 73 57 57 69 88 11 80 87 47
46 70 49 45 75 81 33 65 38 59
94 59 62 36 58 69 45 55 58 65
30 49 73 29 41 53 37 35 61 48
22 51 56 55 60 37 56 59 57 36
12 36 50 63 68 30 56 70 53 28

Exam Score > cumf fd %f <cumf

11 - 22 60 3 5.00 3
23 - 34 57 5 8.33 8
35 - 46 52 11 18.33 19
47 - 58 41 19 31.67 38
59 - 70 22 14 23.33 52
71 - 82 8 6 10.00 58
83 - 94 2 2 3.33 60
60 100.00

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LESSON 6: MEAN

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the definition of Mean

2. Apply the formula for the Mean ungroup data
3. Apply the formula for the Weighted Mean
4. Apply the formula for the Mean group data
4.1 Apply the formula of Midpoint data
4.2 Apply the formula of Unit Deviation
5. Solve problems involving Mean

II. Learning Activities

Input
Mean - The simplest and most efficient in measuring the central tendency

MEAN FOR UNGROUP DATA

Where
Sum of all value in the distribution
X=
no. of values of distribution

∑n
X=
n

Example
Consider the following value
12, 15, 16, 13, 11, 10, 9, 14, 20

12 + 15 + 16 + 13 + 11 + 10 + 9 + 14 + 20 120
X= X= = 13.33
9 9

Example
Consider the following value
23, 10, 14, 16, 18, 27, 31, 25, 12

Find the X
23 + 10 + 14 + 16 + 18 + 27 + 31 + 25 + 12 176
X= X= = 19.56
9 9

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WEIGHTED MEAN

Where
Sum of the product per unit qty
X=
Total no. of unit

∑wx where
X=
∑w x = represent the qty
w = represents the unit associated

Example
Considerd we are interest in computing the weighted mean grade of student

Subject No. of Unit Grade ∑wx

(w) (x)
1 3 2.00 6
2 3 3.00 9
3 5 1.25 6.25
4 1 3.00 3
5 2 2.50 5
6 3 2.50 7.5
∑w = 17 ∑wx = 36.75

∑wx ###
X= = 2.16
∑w 17

3(2) + 3(3) + 5(1.25) + 1(3) + 2(2.50) + 3(2.50 36.75

X= =
17 17

X = 2.16

MEAN FOR GROUP DATA

Midpoint Method

∑fx
X=
n
where
f = frequency of each data
x = for midpoint of each data
n = the total no. of frequency

Step
1. Get the midpoint of each class
2. multiply each midpoint by its coresding frequency
3. Get the sum of the product in step 2
4. Devide the sum obtained in step 3 by the total no. of frequency

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Test Score Obtained by Sixty Students in a STAT class

Class f x fx
11 - 22 3 16.5 49.5
23 - 34 5 28.5 142.5
35 - 46 11 40.5 445.5
47 - 58 19 52.5 997.5
59 - 70 14 64.5 903
71 - 82 6 76.5 459
83 - 94 2 88.5 177
n= 60 ∑fx = 3174

∑fx 3174
X= = 52.9
n 60

Unit Devotion Method

X = Xa+ ( ∑fd
n )c

Where
xa = assumed mean
f = frequency
d = distribution
n = sample sizse
c = size of the class interval
Example 1
60 students in Stat Class
Class f d fd
11 - 22 3 -3 -9 47
23 - 34 5 -2 -10 + 58
35 - 46 11 -1 -11 125 / 2= 52.5
47 - 58 19 0 0
59 - 70 14 1 14
71 - 82 6 2 12
83 - 94 2 3 6
n= 60 ∑fd = 2

X = Xa+ ( ∑fd
n )c
X= 52.5 +( 2
60 )12
2
= 52.5 +( 60 )12
X= 52.9
Example 2
Ages of 70 Mayor
Class f d fd
25 - 30 3 -3 -9 43

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31 - 36 6 -2 -12 + 48
37 - 42 11 -1 -11 91 / 2= 45.5
43 - 48 27 0 0
49 - 54 15 1 15
55 - 60 8 2 16
61 - 66 4 3 12
67 - 72 1 4 4
n= 75 ∑fd = 15

X = Xa+ ( ∑fd
n )c
X= 45.5 +( 15
75 )6
15
= 45.5 +( 75 )6
X= 46.7

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LESSON 7: MEDIAN

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the formula for the Median ungroup data

2. Apply the formula for the Median group data
3. Solve problems involving Median

II. Learning Activities

Input
Median for Ungroup data
x(n+1)
X= odd
2

n n
X=
y( 2 ) + x( 2 )
+1 even
2

Example
Find the mean of the Following

1 21, 10, 36, 42, 39, 52, 30, 25, 26

To get the mean arrange first the given numbers from

lowest to highest no. and find the odd no.

10, 21, 25, 26, 30, 36, 39, 42, 54

x(9+1)
X=
2
10
= = 5 = 36
2

Median for Group data

( )
n
- cumfb
2
X = xlb + c

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Where
xlb = refers to the lowest boundaries of the median class
cumfb = cumulative frequency before the median class
fm = frequency of the median class

Example
Classes f <cumf
70 - 75 2 2
76 - 81 8 10
82 - 87 19 29
88 - 93 21 50 cumfb
94 - 99 28 frequency 78 median class
100 - 105 38 116
106 - 111
lower boundary 15 131
112 - 117 9 140
140
To get the median class

xlb = ∑fn 140

= 70
2 2
To get the xlb get first the lower boundary of the median class
then divide in to 2

93+94
= 93.5
2

( )
n
- cumfb
2
X= xlb + c
fm

( )
70
-50
= 93.5 + 2
28 6

= 93.5 + (70 -50)12

= 152.8
28

Problem solving
Classes f
11 - 22 3
23 - 34 5
35 - 46 11
47 - 58 19
59 - 70 14
71 - 82 6
83 - 94 2
60
Find the Following
a Size of the class interval
b median class

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c median

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LESSON 8: MODE

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. to apply the definition of Mode

1. Apply the used of Mode
1. Apply the formula for the Mode for group data
2. Solve problems involving Mode

II. Learning Activities

Input
Mode for Group Data
d1
X = xlb + ( d1 - d2
)c
Where
d1 = modal class frequency of the interval prociding the modal class
d2 = modal class frequency of the internal after the modal class
xlb = lower boundery
Moidal class - hihest frequency of the distribution

Example
Classes f
70 - 75 2
76 - 81 8
82 - 87 19
88 - 93 21
94 - 99 28 d1
100 - 105 38 Modal class
106 - 111 15 d2
112 - 117 9
Given
d1 = 28
d2 = 15

d1
X = xlb + ( d1 - d2 )c
X = 99.5 + ( 28 -2815 )6

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= 112.42

III. Problem Solving

Class f
73 - 75 2
76 - 78 6
79 - 81 12
82 - 84 16
85 - 87 18
88 - 90 39
91 - 93 36
94 - 96 21
97 - 99 5

Find the mean, median, mode for group data

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LESSON 9: QUARTILES, DECILES,

PERCENTILES

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the parts of each distribution

2. Apply the formula for the Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
3. Solve problems involving Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles

II. Learning Activities

Input
kn
Qk = xlb +
( 4
= cumfb

fqk
) c
where
xlb = lower boundery of the Kth quartile
cumfb = cumulative frequency before the Kth quartile
fqk = frequency before the Kth quartile

where
Quartiles = 4 parts of distribution
Deciles = 10
Percentiles = 100

QUARTILES

Determine the quartile class

1
Q1 = (n + 1)
4

3
Q3 = (n + 1)
4
Classes f cumf
11 - 22 3 3 cumfb
23 - 34 5 1srt q1 8 1st quartile
35 - 46 11 19
47 - 58 19 38
59 - 70 14 52 cumfb
71 - 82 6 3rdt q3 58 3rd quartile
83 - 94 2 60
60
1 (n +1)
Q1 =
4

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1 (7 +1) 8
Q1 = = = 2
4 4

( )
kn
- cumfb
Qk = xlb + 4
fqk c

( )
60
-3
= 22.5 4
5 12
= 51.3

3 (7 +1) 24
Q3 = = = 6
4 4

( )
kn
- cumfb
Qk = xlb + 4
fqk c

( )
60
-3
= 70.5 4
6 12
= 56.5

DECILE

( )
kn
= cumfb
Dk = xlb + 4
fdk c
where
xlb = lower boundary of the Kth docile
cumfb = cumulative frequency before the Kth Decile
fdk = frequency before the Kth decile

Determine the Decile class

1
D1 = (n + 1)
10

3
D3 = (n + 1)
10
Classes f cumf
11 - 22 3 3
23 - 34 5 8
35 - 46 11 19

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47 - 58 19 38
59 - 70 14 52
71 - 82 6 58
83 - 94 2 60
60
1 (n +1)
D1 =
10

1 (7 +1) 8
D1 = = = 0.8
10 10

( )
kn
- cumfb
Dk = xlb + 4
fdk c

( )
60
-3
= 22.5 4
5 12
= 51.3

3 (7 +1) 24
Q3 = = = 6
4 4

( )
kn
- cumfb
Qk = xlb + 4
fqk c

( )
60
-3
= 70.5 4
6 12
= 56.5

PERCENTILE
Refers to those values that divides a distribution into 100 equal part
Note: There are 99 percentile is P1, P2, P3, …. P99

( )
kn
- cumfb
Pk = xlb + 100
fpk c

Example
Determine the value of 50th percentile using the score of 60
students in stat

Classes f cumf
11 - 22 3 3
23 - 34 5 8
35 - 46 11 19
47 - 58 19 38
59 - 70 14 52

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71 - 82 6 58
83 - 94 2 60
60

( )
kn
- cumfb
Pk = xlb + 100
fpk c

( )
50(60)
-19
P50 = 46.5 100
100 12
= 53.45

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LESSON 10: AVERAGE DEVIATION

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the definition of Average Deviation

2. Apply the formula for the Average Deviation
2.1 Apply the formula for Ungroup data
2.2 Apply the formula for Group data

II. Learning Activities

Input
Average Deviation - Refers to the atentic mean of the absolute deviation
of the values from the mean of the devation

∑ / X - X/
AD =
n
Average Devation for Ungroup Data

Where
X = midpoint of each class
x = mean of the distribution
n = Total no. of frequency

X /X - x/
6 - 11 = -5 5
7 - 11 = -4 4
9 - 11 = -2 2 ∑ / X - X/ 22
AD =
11 - 11 = 0 0 n 7
13 - 11 = 2 2
15 - 11 = 4 4 = 3.14
16 - 11 = 5 5
X= 77 22
= 11
7

Average Devotion Group Data

Where
f = frequency of each class
X = midpoint of each class
x = mean of the distribution
n = Total no. of frequency

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∑ f/ X - X/
AD =
n
Classes f X fX
11 - 22 3 16.5 49.5
23 - 34 5 28.5 142.5
35 - 46 11 40.5 445.5 ∑ f/ X - X/
AD =
47 - 58 19 52.5 997.5 n
59 - 70 14 64.5 903 3174
=
71 - 82 6 76.5 459 60
83 - 94 2 88.5 177
n= 60 ∑fX= 3174 = 52.9

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LESSON 11: VARIANCE

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

1. Apply the definition of Variance

2. Apply the formula for the Variance
2.1 Apply the formula for Ungroup data
2.2 Apply the formula for Group data

II. Learning Activities

Input

Variance - Square of Average Devation

∑ (X - x)²
S² =
n
Variance for Ungroup Data

Where
X = represent the individual values in the distribution
x = The mean in the list
n = is the simple size

Compute the value of the variance of the ff. information

13, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17, 15, 12

X X-x (X - x)²
5 - -6 36
7 - -4 16
9 - -2 4 ∑ (X - x)²
S²
10 - -1 1 n
12 - 1 1
13 - 2 4 = 14.25
15 - 4 16
17 6 36
X= 88 114
= 11
8

Variance for Group Data

Where

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f = Frequency
x = The mean of the distribution
n = is the simple size

Classes f X fX X -x (X - x)² f(X - x)²

11 - 22 3 16.5 49.5 -36.4 1324.96 3974.88
23 - 34 5 28.5 142.5 -24.4 595.36 2976.8
35 - 46 11 40.5 445.5 -12.4 153.76 1691.36
47 - 58 19 52.5 997.5 -0.4 0.16 3.04
59 - 70 14 64.5 903 11.6 134.56 1883.84
71 - 82 6 76.5 459 23.6 556.96 3341.76
83 - 94 2 88.5 177 35.6 1267.3 2534.6
n= 60 ∑fX= 3174 ∑f(X-x) = 16406.28

∑ fX ∑ f(X - X)²
S² = n S² = n
3174 16406.28
= =
60 60

= 52.9 = 273.44

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LESSON 12: STANDARD DEVIATION

I. Specific Objective

After studying this lesson you should be able to:

2. Apply the formula for the Standard Deviation.

2.1 Apply the formula for Ungroup data
2.2 Apply the formula for Group data

II. Learning Activities

Input

Standard Deviation - Square root of Variance

∑ (X - x)
Sd = √
n
Standard Deviation for Ungroup Data

Where
X = represent the individual values in the distribution
x = The mean in the list
n = is the simple size

Compute the value of the variance of the ff. information

13, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17, 15, 12

X X-x (X - x)²
5 - -6 36
7 - -4 16
9 - -2 4 ∑ (X - x)²
S² √
10 - -1 1 n
12 - 1 1
13 - 2 4 = 14.25
15 - 4 16
17 6 36 = √14.25
X= 88 114 = 3.77
= 11
8

Variance for Group Data

Where

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f = Frequency
x = The mean of the distribution
n = is the simple size

Classes f X fX X -x (X - x)² f(X - x)²

11 - 22 3 16.5 49.5 -36.4 1324.96 3974.88
23 - 34 5 28.5 142.5 -24.4 595.36 2976.8
35 - 46 11 40.5 445.5 -12.4 153.76 1691.36
47 - 58 19 52.5 997.5 -0.4 0.16 3.04
59 - 70 14 64.5 903 11.6 134.56 1883.84
71 - 82 6 76.5 459 23.6 556.96 3341.76
83 - 94 2 88.5 177 35.6 1267.3 2534.6
n= 60 ∑fX= 3174 ∑f(X-x) = 16406.28

∑ fX ∑ f(X - X)²
S² = n S² = n
3174 16406.28
= =
60 60

= 52.9 =√ 273.44

= 16.54

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