GEORGE T.

TSAO

Professor Emeritus
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907
Phone: (317) 494-4068 and 494-7024; Fax: 765-494-4068;
E-mail: tsaogt@ecn.purdue.edu

Education:

B.S. Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1953

M.S. Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1956

Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, January 1960

Honors:

Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, 1992.

John Ericsson Award for "Outstanding Achievement" in Renewable Energy, presented

by Department of Energy, Washington, DC, November, 1988.

Marvin Johnson Research Award, American Chemical Society, 1987.

David Perlman Lectureship, American Chemical Society, 1986.

Shreve Best Teacher Award, Purdue University, 1984

Professional Society Memberships:

American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE)

American Chemical Society (ACS)

American Society of Microbiology (ASM)

Experience:

Visiting Professor, recalled by Purdue University to come back to work on biofuels,

March 15, 2007

Honorary Professor, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangxu, China, October 15, 2006

Honorary Professor, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangxu, China,

January 1, 2006

Professor Emeritus, full retirement from Purdue University, January 1, 2006

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Half retirement from Purdue University, starting January 1, 2001.

Visiting Professor, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, January 1, 2001 – December

31, 2002.

Visiting Professor, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, China, January
1, 1996-May 12, 1996.

Visiting Professor, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, September
3, 1995-December 31, 1995.

Director, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue

University, July 1977-May, 1999.

Associate Director, Food Science Institute, Purdue University, November 1975 to

1980.

Professor, Food and Agricultural Engineering, Purdue University, October 1975, to

present.

Professor, Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, August 1975, to present.

Visiting Professor, Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, August 1974, to July

1975.

Visiting Scientist, Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University (on leave from Iowa
State University), May 1971, to November 1971.

Program Manager, Enzyme Technology and Extractive Metallurgy Programs National

Science Foundation, January 1973 to June 1974. (On leave from Iowa State
University)

Professor, Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, July 1970 to
August 1974.

Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa,

November 1966 to July 1970.

Assistant Director of Research, Union Starch, a Division of Miles Laboratories, Inc.,

January 1965 to November 1966.

Section Leader, Union Starch, October 1962 to January 1965.

Research Chemist, Fundamental Research Branch, Division of Chemical

Development, Tennessee Valley Authority, June 1961 to October 1962

Chemical Engineer, Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., June 1960 to May 1961

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Journal Papers:

Gu, T. Y, G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Synthesis of Rigid Cyclodextrin-Containing

Polymeric Resins for Adsorption,” Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and
Macrocyclic Chemistry, 56, 375-379 (2006)

Huang, W. C., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Effect of Pressure Pulsation on Oxygen

Transfer Rate Measured bySulfite Method,” Applied Biochem and Biotechnology,
105-108, 471-480 (2003)

Yang, X., T. Huang, and G. T. Tsao, "Pressure Pulsation in Solid-Phase

Fermentation." Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 99-100, 599-610 (2002).

Huang, H., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, "Production of 1,3-Propanediol by Klebsiella

pneumoniae." Applied Biotechm. Biotechnol. 99-100, 687-698 (2002).

Huang, W. C., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, "Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer by

Pressure Pulsation in Aqueous Glycerol Fermentation," Applied Biotechm. Biotechnol.
99-100, 909 - 920 (2002).

Gong, C. S., J. X. Du, N. J. Cao and G. T. Tsao, “Co-Production Ethanol and Glycerol
by Yeasts,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 84-86, 543-559 (2000).

Zhou, Y., J. Du, and G. T. Tsao, “Investigation of Mycelial Pellet Formation by

Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344,” Applied Biocehm Biotechnol. 84-86, (2000).

Tsao, G. T., N. J. Cao, and C. S. Gong, “Repeated Solid Phase Fermentation and
Extraction for Enzyme Production,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol 84-86, 505-524
(2000).

George T. Tsao, Liming Xia, Ningjun Cao, Cheng S. Gong, "Solid State Fermentation
with Aspergillus niger for Cellobiase Production," Applied Biochem. Biotechnol 84-86,
743-749 (2000)

Dominguez, J. M., Ningjun Cao, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, "Ethanol Production

from Xylose with the Yeast Pichia stipitis and Simultaneous Product Recovery by Gas
Stripping Using a Gas-Lift Loop Fermentor with Attached Side-Arm (GLSA)",
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 67, 336-343 (1999).

Gong, C. S., N. J. Cao, J. X. Du, and G. T. Tsao, “Ethanol Production from Renewable
Resources.” Advance Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 65, 207-241 (1999).

Tsao, G. T., N. J. Cao, J. X. Du and C. S. Gong, “Production of Multifunctional

Organic Acids from Renewable Resources,” Advances Biochem Eng./Biotechnol. 65,
243-286 (1999).

Krishnan, M. S., Nancy Ho, and G. T. Tsao, “Fermentation Kinetics of Ethanol

Production from Glucose and Xylose by Recombinanat Saccharomyces 1400(pLNH
33),” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 77-79, 373 (1999).

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Zhou, Y., J. M. Dominguez, N. Cao, J. Du, and G. T. Tsao, “Optimization o f L-Lactic
Acid Production from Glucose by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 52311,” Applied Biochem.
Biotechnol. 77-79, 401 (1999).

Gong, C. S., N. J. Cao, and G. T. Tsao, “Organic Compounds, Cellulose Conversion,”

a review, in Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis &
Bioseparation. 1895-1905, (1999).

Tsao, G. T., N. J. Cao, and C. S. Gong, “Hemicellulose Conversion,” a review, in

Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, & Bioseparation.
1391-1400 (1999).

Zheng, Yizhou, H. M. Lin, and G. T. Tsao, “Pretreatment for Cellulose Hydrolysis by

Carbon Dioxide Explosion,” Biotechnol. Prog. 14, 890-896 (1998).

Du, J. X., N. J. Cao, C. S. Gong and G. T. Tsao, “Production of L-Lactic Acid by

Rhizopus oryzae in a Bubble Column Fermenter,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 70-
72, 323-329 (1998).

Wang, F. S., C. H. Jing, and G. T. Tsao, “Fuzzy Decision Making Problems of Fuel
Ethanol Production Using a Genetically Engineered Yeast,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37,
3434-3443 (1998).

Wang, X., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, ”Production of L-Malic Acid via Biocatalysis
Employing Wild type and Respiratory Deficient Yeasts.” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol.
70-72. 845-852 (1998).

Wang, X., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, ”Bioconversion of Fumaric Acid to Succinic

Acid by Recombinant E. coli,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 70-72, 919-928 (1998).

Lark, N., Y. Xia, C. G. Qin, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Ethanol from
Recycled Paper Sludge Using Cellulase and a Thermotolerant Yeast, Kloveromyces
marxianus,” Biomass and Energy 12, 135-143 (1997)

Dominguez, J. M., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Xylitol from D-Xylose

by Debrayomyces hansenii,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65 117 - 127 (1997).

Krishnan, M. S., Y. Xia, N. W. Y. Ho, and T. T. Tsao, “Fuel Ethanol Production from
Lignocellulosic Sugars: Studies Using a Genetically Engineered Saccharomyces
Yeast,” ACS Symp. on Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, Series no. 666, 74 - 92
(1997).

Du, J. X., N. J. Cao, C. S. Gong, G. T. Tsao and Naiju Yuan, “Fumaric Acid Production
in Airlift Loop Reactor with Porous Sparger,” Applied. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65
541-556 (1997).

Dominguez, J. M., N. J. Cao, M. S. Krishnan, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Xylitol

Production from Hybrid Poplar Wood Chips Pretreated by Ammonia Steeping
Process,” Biotechnol. Techniques 11, 339-341 (1997).

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Gong, C. S., N. J. Cao, and G. T. Tsao, “Biological Productin of 2,3-Butanediol from
Renewable Biomass,” ACS Symp. on Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass , Series no.
666, 280 - 293 (1997).

Cao, N. J., Y. K. Xia, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of 2,3-Butanediol from

Pretreated Corn Cob by Klebsiella oxytoca in the Presence of a Fungal Cellulase,,”
Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65, 129-139 (1997).

Tsao, G. T., Y. Z. Zheng, and C. S. Gong, “Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions by

Immobilized Phytic Acid,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65 731-741 (1997).

Cao, N. J., J. X. Du, C. S. Chen, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Fumaric

Acid by Immobilized Rhizopus Using Rotary Biofilm Contactor,” Applied. Biochem.
Biotechnol. 63-65 387-394 (1997).

Wang, X. , C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “L-Malic Acid Production from Fumaric Acid
by a Laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SHY 2,” Biotechnol. Letters 18,
1441-1446 (1996).

Tsao, G. T., N. J. Cao, and C. S. Gong, “Improved Alcohol Production Employing SSF
with Thermotolerant Yeast,” Bioenergy’96: Partnership to Develop and Apply
Biomass Technologies, 358-362 (1996).

Cao, N. J., M. S. Krishnan, J. X. Du, C. S. Gong, N. W. Y. Ho, Z. D. Chen, and G. T.

Tsao, “Ethanol Production from Corn Cob Pretreated by the Ammonia Steeping
Process Using Genetically Engineered Yeast,” Biotechology Letters 18, 1013-1018
(1996).

Cao, N., J. Du, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Simultaneous Production and Recovery
of Fumaric Acid from Immobilized Rhizopus oryzae with a Rotary Biofilm Contactor
and an Adsorption Column,” Applied Environ. Microbiology 62, 2926-2931 (1996).

Zheng, Y., X. Ting, P. Cen, C. W. Yang, and G. T. Tsao, “Lactic Acid Fermentation
and Adsorption on PVP,” Applied Biochem. Biotechnology 57/58, 627-632 (1996).

Gong, C. S., N. J. Cao, Y. Sun, and G. T. Tsao, "Production of L-Malic Acid from
Fumaric Acid by Resting Cells of Brevibacterium sp.," Applied Biochem.
Biotechnology. 57/58, 481-488 (1996).

Zheng, Y., H. M. Lin, J. Wen, N. Cao, X, Yu, C. S. Gong and G. T. Tsao, "Avicel
Hydrolysis by Cellulase Enzymes in Supercritical CO2” Biotechnology Letters.18/4,
451-454 (1996).

Liu, D., S. Huang, M. Li, Y. Sun, T. Liu, F. Ouyang, and G. T. Tsao, "Improvement of
Productivity of Yeast Cell with a Novel Air-Lift Loop Reactor," Applied Biochemistry
and Biotechnology 57/58, 593-598 (1996).

Dominquez, J. M., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, "Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse

Hemicellulose Hydrolysate for Xylitol Production by Yeasts," Applied Biochem.
Biotechnology 57/58 49-56 (1996).

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Srinivasan, N., N. Kasthurikrishnan, R. G. Cooks, M. S. Krishnan and G. T. Tsao,
"On-line Monitoring with Feedback control of Bioreaactors using Ethanol Tolerance
Yeast by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry," Analytic Chimica Acta. 316,
269-276 (1995).

Yang, X. and G. T. Tsao, "Enhanced Acetone-Butanol Fermentation Using Repeated

Fed-Batch Operation Coupled with Cell Recycle by Membranes and Simultaneous
Removal of Inhibitory Product by Adsorption," Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47,
444-450 (1995).

Lu, Jean, L. B. Tsai, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, "Effect of Nitrogen Source on Xylitol
Production by Candida sp.L-102," Biotechnology Letters 17, 167-170 (1995).

Lee, C. Y., J. Wen, S. N. Thomas, W. N. Delgass, J. B. Grutzner, and G. T. Tsao,

"Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol: Isomerization of Xylose over HY Zeolite." Applied
Biochem. Biotechnol. 51, 29-41 (1995).

Xia, Y., X. Yu, and G. T. Tsao, "Identification of Required Nutrient Components of

Yeast Nitrogen Base for Candida shehatae Fermenting Xylose to Ethanol,"
Biotechnology Letters 17, 161-166 (1995).

Krishnan, M. S., G. T. Tsao, N. Kasthurikrishnan, N. Srinivasan, and R. G. Cooks,

"Process Engineering of High Ethanol Tolerance Yeast for the Manufacture of
Ethanol," Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. 51, 479-493 (1995).

Lu, Z., C. W. Yang, and G. T. Tsao, "Fermentation of Xylose to Glycerol by Rhizopus

javanicus," Applied Biochem. Biotechenol. 51, 83-95 (1995).

Zheng, Y. Z., H. M. Lin, and G. T. Tsao, “Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Explosion as a

Pretreatment for Cellulose Hydrolysis,” Biotechnology Letters, 17(8), 845-850
(1995).

Yang, C. W., Z. Lu, and G. T. Tsao, "Lactic Acid Production by Pellet-Form Rhizopus
oryzae in A Submerged System," Applied Biochem. Biotechnnol. 51 , 57-71 (1995).

Yang, X., and G. T. Tsao, "Mathematical Modeling of Inhibition Kinetics in Acetone-

Butanol Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum," Biotechnol. Progress , 10,
532-538 (1994).

Yang, X., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Enhancement of in situ Adsorption on the

Acetone-Butanol Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum,” Sep. Technol., 4, 1-
12 (1994).

Beronio, P. B. Jr., and G. T. Tsao, "Optimization of 2,3-Butanediol Production by

Klebsiella oxytoca Through Oxygen Transfer Rate Contol," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42,
1263-1269 (1993).

Berorio, P. B. Jr., and G. T. Tsao, "An Energetic Model for Oxygen-Limited

Metabolism," Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, 1270-1276 (1993).

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Lee, Ching-Yi, R-C. Ruaan, J. Wen, S. N. Thomas, W. N. Delgass, J. B. Grutzner, and
G. T. Tsao, “Isomerization of Xylose over Zeolites in Xylose Fermentation,”
Proceedings of Seminar on Biochem. Eng., 137-140, Taipei, Taiwan, China (1993).

Ruaan, R. C., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Surface Area and Anchorage-Dependent

Growth of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells,” Biotechnol. Progress, 9, 362-365 (1993).

Syu, M-J., and G. T. Tsao, “Neural Network Modeling of Batch Cell Growth Pattern,”
Biotechnol. Bioeng., 42, 376-380 (1993).

Lee, W-C., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Analysis of Chromatography by Plate Theory,”

Sep. Technol., 3, 178-197 (1993).

Gu, T., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Multicomponent Radial Flow Chromatography,”

Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol., 49, 73-96 (1993).

Gu, T., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Model of Non-linear Multicomponent

Chromatography,” Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol., 49, 45-72 (1993).

Syu, M.-J., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Artificial Neural Network Modeling of

Adsorptive Separation,” in Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 49, 97-122 (1993)

Ruaan, R. C., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Monitoring and Modeling Density-

Dependent Growth of Mammalian Cell,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 41, 380-389 (1993).

Cen, P., and G. T. Tsao, “Recent Advances in the Simultaneous Bioreaction and
Product Separation Processes,” Sep. Technol., 3,1-18 (1993).

Truei, Y. H., T. Gu, G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Gradient Elution Chromatography,”

Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol., 47, 1 (1992).

Gu, T., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Multicomponent Affinity Radial Flow

Chromatography,” Sep. Technol., 2, 176-182 (1992).

Toldra, F., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Hydrolysis of Maltose and Cornstarch by

Glucoamylase Immobilized in Porous Glass Fibres and Beads,” Proc. Biochem., 27,
177-181 (1992).

Austin, G. D., S. K. Sankhe, and G. T. Tsao, “Monitoring and Control of Methanol

Concentration During Polysaccharide Fermentation Using an On-Line Methanol
Sensor,” Bioprocess Engineering, 7, 241-247 (1992).

Tsai, G. J. and G. T. Tsao, “Dynamic Response of an Isothermal Three-Phase Slurry

Reactor. II. The PM-PM-HS/ID Model: Analytical Solutions for Two Kinds of Batch
Operation,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 47(6), 1461-1468 (1992).

Gu, T., Y. H. Truei, G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Modeling of Gradient Elution in

Multicomponent Nonlinear Chromatography,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 47(1), 253-262
(1992).

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Tsai, G-J., G. D. Austin, M. J. Syu, G. T. Tsao, M. J. Hayward, T. Kotiaho, and R. G.
Cooks, “Theoretical Analysis of Probe Dynamics in Flow Injection/Membrane
Introduction Mass Spectrometry,” Anal. Chem., 63, 2460-2465 (1991).

Gu, T., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Multicomponent Adsorption and Chromatography

with Uneven Saturation Capacities,” AIChE J., 37(9), 1333-1340 (1991).

Kotiaho, T., F. R. Lauritsen, T. K. Choudhury, R. G. Cooks, and G. T. Tsao,

“Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry,” Anal. Chem., 63(18), 875A-883A
(1991).

Gu, T., G.-J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Simulation of Multicomponent Elution with the
Mobile Phase Containing Competing Modifiers,” Sep. Technol., 1, 184-194 (1991).

Austin, G. D., G. T. Tsao, M. J. Hayward, T. Kotiaho, A. K. Lister, and R. G. Cooks,

“Reaction Network Modeling of the Butanediol Fermentation Using Mass
Spectrometric Data,” Proc. Control Qual., 1, 117-126 (1991).

Gu, T., G-J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “A Theoretical Study of Multicomponent Radial Flow
Chromatography,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 46 (5/6), 1279-1288 (1991).

Tsai, G. J. and G. T. Tsao, “Dynamic Response of an Isothermal Three-Phase Slurry

Reactor. I. The PM-PM--HS/ID Model - Analytical Solutions for Continuous and
Semi-batch Operations,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 46,(3), 889-900 (1991).

Tsai, G. J. and G. T. Tsao, “Dynamic Response and Parameter Estimation in a Two-

Phase Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 46(3) 881-888
(1991)

Hayward, M. J., D. E. Riederer, T. Kotiaho, R. G. Cooks, G. D. Austin, M-J. Syu, and

G. T. Tsao, “Bioreactor monitoring using flow injection/membrane introduction mass
spectrometry with an ion trap detector,” Proc. Control Qual., 1, 105-116 (1991).

Celebi, S. S., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Characterization of Immobilized

Glucoamylase on Celite,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 27(2), 163-171 (1991).

Gu, T., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Some Considerations for Optimization of

Desorption Chromatography,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 37, 65-70 (1991).

Toldra, F., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Maltose Hydrolysis Kinetics with

Glucoamylase Immobilized in Porous Glass Fibers in a Tubular Flow Reactor,” Die
Nahrung 34, 10, 945-951 (1990).

Gu, T., G. T. Tsao, G-J. Tsai, and M. R. Ladisch, “Displacement Effect in

Multicomponent Chromatography,” AIChE J. 36(8), 1156-1162 (Aug. 1990).

Austin, G. D., P. B. Beronio, Jr., and G. T. Tsao, “Biochemical Engineering Education

Through Videotapes,” Chem. Eng. Educ. 24 (4), (1990).

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Hayward, M. J., T. Kotiaho, A. K. Lister, R. G. Cooks, G. D. Austin, R. Narayan, and
G. T. Tsao, “On-Line Monitoring of Bioreactions of Bacillus polymyxa and Klebsiella
oxytoca by Membrane Introduction Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Flow Injection
Analysis Sampling,” Anal. Chem., 62, 1798-1804 (1990).

Shen, Z-Y., S. L. Huang, G. J. Tsai, Z. X. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Synthesis and

Characterization of cyclomaltoheptaose (Z)-2-butenedioic monoesters,”
Carbohydrate Research, 201, 241-238 (1990).

Lee, W. C., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Radial-Flow Affinity Chromatography for

Trypsin Purification,” Protein Purification from Molecular Mechanisms to Large-Scale
Processes, ACS Symposium Series 427, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
pp. 104-117 (1990).

Lee, W. C., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “Effects of Isotherm Non-Linearity on the

Determination of the Binding Constant in Affinity Chromatography,” J. Chromatogr.,
504, 55-67 (1990).

Gu, T., G. J. Tsai, and G. T. Tsao, “A New Approach to a General Nonlinear

Multicomponent Chromatography Model,” AIChE J., 36(5), 784-788 (1990).

Ho, N.W.Y., F. P. Lin, Huang, S., Andrews, P. C., and G. T. Tsao, “Purification,
Characterization, and Amino Terminal Sequence of Xylose Reductase from Candida
shehatae,” Enzyme Microbial Technol., 12, 33-39 (1990).

Hayward, M. J., A. K. Lister, T. Kotiaho, R. G. Cooks, G. D. Austin, R. Narayan, and

G. T. Tsao, “Tandem Mass Spectrometry for On-Line Fermentation Monitoring,”
Biotechnol. Tech., 3(6), 361-364 (1989).

Shieh, W.-J., G. J. Tsai, M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Ultraviolet Difference

Spectroscopic Study on the Interactions of Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei with
Cellodextrins,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 22, 13-29 (1989).

Reig, M., Toldra, F., Tsai, G-J., Jansen, N. B., and Tsao, G. T., “Methane Generation
from Chemically Pretreated Cellulose by Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Reactors,”
Biological Wastes, 29, 201-210 (1989).

Lee, W. C., S. H. Huang, and G. T. Tsao, “Design Equations of Chromatography by

Perturbation Method,” Chem. Eng. J., 40, 165-173 (1988).

Huang, S. H., S. Roy, K. C. Hou, and G. T. Tsao, “Scaling Up of Affinity

Chromatography by Radial Flow Cartridges,” Biotechnol. Progress, 4(3), 159 (1988).

Lee, W. C., S. H. Huang, and G. T. Tsao, “A Unified Approach for Moments in

Chromatography,” AIChE J., 34(12), 2083-2087 (1988).

Huang, S. H., W. C. Lee, and G. T. Tsao, “Mathematical Models of Radial

Chromatography,” Chem. Eng. J., 38, 179-186 (1988).

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Narayan, R., T. Kiessling, and G. T. Tsao, “Glycerol from the Tubers of Jerusalem
Artichoke,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 17, 45-54 (1988).

Schwartz, L. S., N. B. Jansen, N.W.Y. Ho, and G. T. Tsao, “Plasmid Instability

Kinetics of the Yeast S288C pUCKm8 [Cir+] in Non-Selective and Selective Media,”
Biotechnol. Bioeng., 32, 733-740 (1988).

Feldman, K. A., J. S. Lovett, and G. T. Tsao, “Isolation of the Cellulase Enzymes from
the Thermophilic Fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus and Regulation of Enzyme
Production,” Enzyme Microb. Technol., 10(5), 262-272 (1988).

de Mas, C., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Optically Active 2,3-

Butanediol by Bacillus polymyxa,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 31(4), 366-377 (1988).

Feldman, K., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Utilization of a Wood-Based Syrup as

Fermentation Carbon Sources,” Biotechnol. Lett., 10(1), 31-36 (1988).

Toldra, F., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Immobilization of Glucoamylase in Porous

Glass Fibers,” J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 40, 275-284 (1987).

Bungay, H. R., L. S. Clesceri, and G. T. Tsao, “Microbial Cells and Enzymes,”

Advanced Biochemical Engineering, H. R. Bungay and G. Belfort, eds., Wiley-
Interscience Publication, New York, pp. 13-31 (1987).

Tsao, G. T., M. R. Ladisch, and H. R. Bungay, “Biomass Refining,” Advanced

Biochemical Engineering, H. R. Bungay and G. Belfort, eds., Wiley-Interscience
Publication, New York, pp. 79-101 (1987).

Ramkrishna, D., D. S. Kompala, and G. T. Tsao, “Are Microbes Optimal Strategists?”

Biotechnol. Prog., 3(3), 121-126 (1987).

Tsao, G. T., “Pre-/Posttreatment,” Chapter 6 in Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass,

Chynoweth and Isaacson, eds., pp. 91-108, Elsevier Publisher (1987).

Leeper, S. A. and G. T. Tsao, “Membrane Separations in Ethanol Recovery: An

Analysis of Two Applications of Hyperfiltration,” J. Membr. Sci., 30, 289-312 (1987).

Bienkowski, P. R., M. R. Ladisch, R. Narayan, G. T. Tsao, and R. Eckert, “Correlation

of Glucose (Dextrose) Degradation at 90 to 190°C in 0.4 to 20% Acid,” Chem. Eng.
Commun., 51, 179-192 (1987).

Toldra, F., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Use of Porous Glass Fiber as a Support for
Biocatalyst Immobilization,” Biotechnol. Lett., 8(11), 785-790 (1986).

Narayan, R. and G. T. Tsao, “Anionic Graft Polymerization onto Cellulose,” Cellulose:

Structure, Modification, and Hydrolysis, (R. A. Young and R. M. Rowell, eds.), John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 177-185 (1986).

Voloch, M., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Methyl t-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Process
Catalyst Parameters,” Reactive Polymers, 4, 91-98 (1986).

10
Ladisch, M. R. and G. T. Tsao, “Engineering and Economics of Cellulose
Saccharification Systems,” Enzyme and Microb. Tech., 8(2), 66-69 (1986).

Sproull, R. D., P. R. Bienkowski, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Furfural from Corn

Stover Hemicellulose,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., 15, 561-577 (1985).

Tsao, G. T., “Ethanol and Chemicals from Cellulosics in Solid Wastes,”

Biotechnological Advances in Processing Municipal Wastes for Fuels and Chemicals,
(A. A. Antonopoulos, ed.), Proceedings of the First Symp. on Biotechnological
Advances in Processing Municipal Wastes for Fuels and Chemicals, Minneapolis, MN,
August 15-17, 1984, December (1985).

Voloch, M., N. B. Jansen, M. R. Ladisch, G. T. Tsao, R. Narayan, and V. W. Rodwell,

“2,3-Butanediol,” Comprehensive Biotechnology, (C. L. Cooney and A. E. Humphrey,
eds.), Pergamon Press, 933-947 (1985).

Fond, O., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “A Model of Acetic Acid and 2,3-Butanediol
Inhibition of the Growth and Metabolism of Klebsiella oxytoca,” Biotechnol. Lett.,
7(10), 727-732 (1985).

Tsao, G. T., “Ethanol and Chemicals From Cellulosics,” Alternative Sources of Energy
for Agriculture, FFTC Ser. #28, 177-196 (March 1985).

Dhurjati, P., D. Ramkrishna, M. C. Flickinger and G. T. Tsao, “A Cybernetic View of

Microbial Growth: Modeling of Cells as Optimal Strategists,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 27,
1-9 (1985).

Tsao, G. T., “Structures of Cellulosic Materials and Their Hydrolysis by Enzymes,” in

New Approaches to Research on Cereal Carbohydrates, (edited by R. D. Hill and L.
Munch) Biotechnol. Prog., 1, 297-301 (1985).

Roman, G. N., N. B. Jansen, H. Y. Hsiao, and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetic Studies of the

enzymatic Isomerization of Xylose,” Enzyme Microb. Technol., 7, 129 (1985).

Narayan, R., G. Durrence, and G. T. Tsao, “Ethylene Glycol and Other Monomeric
Polyols from Biomass,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. Ser., 14, 563-571 (1984).

Tsao, G. T., “Bacterial Hydrolysis: A Review,” in Anaerobic Digestion and

Carbohydrate Hydrolysis of Wastes, (G. L. Ferrero, M. P. Ferrauti and H. Naveau,
eds.), pp. 83-99, Elsevier Publishers (1984).

Bienkowski, P. R., M. R. Ladisch, M. Voloch, and G. T. Tsao, “Acid Hydrolysis of

Pretreated Lignocellulose from Corn Residue,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. Ser., 14,
511-524 (1984).

Chang, M. and G. T. Tsao, “Petroleum Formation: A Spontaneous Chemical Reaction

from Carbohydrate to Hydrocarbon,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. Ser., 14, 439-445
(1984).

11
Bungay, H. R., G. T. Tsao and A. E. Humphrey, “Biochemical Engineering,” Section
27 in Perry's Chemical Engineering Handbook, 6th Edition (1984).

Kompala, D. S., D. Ramkrishna, and G. T. Tsao, “Cybernetic Modeling of Microbial

Growth on Multiple Substrates,” .Biotechnol. Bioeng., 26(11), 1272-1281 (1984).

Hamilton, T. J., B. E. Dale, M. R. Ladisch and G. T. Tsao, “Effect of Ferric

Tartrate/Sodium Hydroxide Solvent Pretreatment on Enzyme Hydrolysis of Cellulose
in Corn Residue,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 26, 781-787 (1984).

Jansen, N. B., M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “Application of Bioenergetic to

Modeling the Microbial Conversion of D-Xylose to 2,3-Butanediol,” .Biotechnol.
Bioeng., 26, 573-582 (1984).

Ladisch, M. R., M. Voloch, J. Hong, P. Bienkowski, and G. T. Tsao, “Cornmeal

Adsorber for Dehydrating Ethanol Vapors,” .Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev.,
23(3), 437-443 (1984).

Cannon, J. J., L. F. Chen, M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “The Development of an

Immobilized Lactate Oxidase System for Lactic Acid Analysis,” .Biotechnol. Bioeng.,
26, 167-173 (1984).

Voloch, M., M. R. Ladisch, M. Cantarella, and G. T. Tsao, “Preparation of

Cellodextrins Using Sulfuric Acid,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 26, 557-559 (1984).

Jansen, N. B., M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of 2,3-Butanediol from D-

xylose by Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 26, 362-369 (1984).

Anderson, A. W. and G. T. Tsao, “Analysis of 2-Keto-Gluconic Acid and Fermentation

Substrates by HPLC,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 26, 374-376 (1984).

Roman, G. N., N. B. Jansen, and G. T. Tsao, “Ethanol Inhibition of D-Xylulose

Fermentation by Schizosaccharomyces pombe,” Biotechnol. Lett., 6(1), 7-12 (1984).

Callec, G., A. W. Anderson, J. E. Rollings, and G. T. Tsao, “System Development for

Aqueous Gel Permeation Chromatography,” J. Polymer Sci.: Polymer Chem. Ed., 22,
287-293 (1984).

Voloch, M., M. Ladisch, P. Bienkowski, and G. T. Tsao, “Bioutilization of Cereal

Lignocellulose,” Cereal Polysaccharides in Technology and Nutrition, V. F. Rasper,
ed., The American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, MN 1984.

Narayan, R. and G. T. Tsao, “Applications of Crown Ethers as Phase-Transfer

Catalysts in the Electron Transfer Reactions of Coal,” ACS Div. Fuel Chem., 28(5),
261 (1983).

Ho, N.W.Y., P. Stevis, S. Rosenfeld, J. J. Huang, and G. T. Tsao, “Expression of E.

coli Xylose Isomerase Gene by a Yeast Promoter,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. No. 13,
245-250, J. Wiley & Son (1983).

12
Rollings, J. E., A. Bose, J. M. Caruthers, M. Okos, and G. T. Tsao, “Calibration in
Aqueous Size Exclusion Chromatography,” Adv. Chem. Ser., 203, 345 (1983).

Ho, N.W.Y., S. Rosenfeld, P. Stevis, and G. T. Tsao, “Purification and

Characterization of the D- Xylose Isomerase Gene from E. coli,” Enzyme Microb.
Technol. 5, 417-420 (1983).

Narayan, R. and G. T. Tsao, “Mechanism of Graft Copolymerization of Vinyl

Monomers onto Cellulose by Periodate,” J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Lett. 21, 437-439
(1983).

Tsao, G. T. and L. C. Chiang, “Cellulose and Hemicellulose Technology,” The

Filamentous Fungi, 4, 296-326 (1983).

Jansen, N. B. and G. T. Tsao, “Bioconversion of Pentoses to 2,3-Butanediol by

Klebsiella pneumoniae,” Adv. in Biochem. Engr./Biotechnol. 27, 85-99 (1983).

Baillargeon, M. W., N. B. Jansen, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Effect of Oxygen

Uptake Rate on Ethanol Production by a Xylose-Fermenting Yeast Mutant, Candida
sp. XF217,” Biotechnol. Lett. 5(5), 339-344 (1983).

Gilbert, I. G., and G. T. Tsao, “Interaction Between Solid Substrate and Cellulase
Enzymes in Cellulose Hydrolysis,” Ann. Reports on Ferm. Proc. 6, 323-358 (1983).

Ladisch, M. R., K. W. Lin, M. Voloch, and G. T. Tsao, “Process Considerations in the

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biomass,” Enzyme and Microb. Technol. 5, 82-102 (1983).

Hsiao, H. Y., L.-C. Chiang, C. M. Yang, L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Preparation and
Performance of Immobilized Yeast Cells in Columns Containing No Inert Carrier,”
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25(2) 363-375 (1983).

Gong, C. S., T. A. Claypool, L. D. McCracken, C. M. Maun, P. P. Ueng, and G. T.

Tsao, “Conversion of Pentoses by Yeasts,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25, 85-102 (1983).

Voloch, M., M. R. Ladisch, V. W. Rodwell, and G. T. Tsao, “Reduction of Acetoin to

2,3-Butanediol in Klebsiella pneumoniae: A New Model,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25,
173-183 (1983).

Gong, C. S. and G. T. Tsao, “Conversion of D-Xylose to Ethanol by Yeasts,”

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ethanol From Biomass, The Royal
Soc. of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada, Oct. 13-15, 1982.

Mo, X. Y., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Ethanol from Cellobiose and
Glucose by Candida lusitaniae,” Biotechnol. Lett., 4 (1982).

Tsao, G. T., “The Present and Future Industrial Processing of Maize Grain and Maize
Stover” in Processing, Utilization and Marketing of Maize, Swaminathan, et al., eds.,
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 300-315 (1982).

13
Yang, C. M. and G. T. Tsao, “Packed-Bed Adsorption Theories and Their Applications
to Affinity Chromatography,” Adv. Biochem. Engr. 25, 1-18 (1982).

Bose, A., J. E. Rollings, J. M. Caruthers, M. R. Okos, and G. T. Tsao, “Polyelectrolytes

as Secondary Calibration Standards for Aqueous Size-Exclusion Chromatography,” J.
Appl. Polymer Sci., 27, 795-810 (1982).

Tsao, G. T., M. R. Ladisch, M. Voloch, and P. Bienkowski, “Production of Ethanol and

Chemicals from Cellulosic Materials,” Proc. Biochem., 17, 34-38, (1982).

Yang, C. M. and G. T. Tsao, “Affinity Chromatography,” Adv. Biochem. Engr., 25, 19-
42 (1982).

Chen, L. F., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose

Pretreated With Zinc Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., 12,
91-102, (1982).

Ho, N.W.Y., P. Stevis, S. Rosenfeld, J. J. Huang, and G. T. Tsao, “Expression of E.

coli Xylose Isomerase Gene by Yeast Promoter,” Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology
for Fuels and Chemicals (1982).

Emerson, R. R., M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetics of Dehydration of Aqueous

2,3-Butanediol to Methyl Ethyl Ketone,” I&EC Prod. Res. Dev., 21, 473-477 (1982).

Ueng, P. P., L. D. McCracken, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Fructose Production from

Sucrose and High Fructose Syrup: A Mycelial Fungal System,” Biotechnol. Lett. 4(6),
353-358 (1982).

Hsiao, H. Y., L. C. Chiang, P. P. Ueng, and G. T. Tsao, “Sequential Utilization of

Mixed Monosaccharides by Yeasts,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43, 840-845, (1982).

Dale, B. E., and G. T. Tsao, “Crystallinity and Heats of Crystallization of Cellulose: A

Microcalorimetric Investigation,” J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 27, 1233-1241 (1982).

Hong, J., M. Voloch, M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Adsorption of Ethanol/Water

Mixtures by Biomass Materials,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 24, 725-730 (1982).

Chiang, L. C., H. Y. Hsiao, M. C. Flickinger, L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Ethanol

Production from Pentoses by Immobilized Microorganisms,” Enzyme Microb. Technol.
4, 93-95 (1982).

Hsiao, H. Y., L. C. Chiang, L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Effects of Borate on

Isomerization and Yeast Fermentation of High Xylulose Solution and Acid Hydrolyzate
of Hemicellulose,” Enzyme Microb. Technol. 4, 25-31 (1982).

Taylor, F., L. F. Chen, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetics of Immobilized Sucrose

Phosphorylase,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 24, 317-328 (1982).

14
Lin, K. W., M. R. Ladisch, D. M. Schaefer, C. H. Noller, V. Lechtenberg, and G. T.
Tsao, “Review on Effect of Pretreatment on Digestibility of Cellulosic Materials,”
AIChE Symp. Ser. 77, 102 (1981).

Gong, C. S., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Wood Hemicellulose

Hydrolyzates by a Xylose-Fermenting Yeast Mutant Candida sp. XF217,” Biotechnol.
Lett., 3(11), 657-662 (1981).

Hong, J., M. R. Ladisch, C. S. Gong, P. C. Wankat, and G. T. Tsao, “Combined

Product and Substrate Inhibition Equation for Cellobiase,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23,
2779-2788 (1981).

Chiang, L. C., H. Y. Hsiao, P. P. Ueng, L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao “Ethanol Production

from Xylose by Enzymic Isomerization and Yeast Fermentation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng.
Symp. No. 11, 263-274, (1981).

Chiang, L. C., H. Y. Hsiao, P. P. Ueng, and G. T. Tsao, “Enzymatic and Microbial

Preparation of D-Xylulose from D-Xylose,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 41(1), 66-69
(1981).

Ueng, P. P., C. A. Hunter, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “D-Xylulose Fermentation in

Yeasts,” Biotechnol. Lett., 3, 315-320 (1981).

Chiang, L. C., C. S. Gong, L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “D-Xylulose Fermentation to

Ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42, 284-289
(1981).

Gong, C. S., L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Quantitative Production of Xylitol from D-

Xylose by a High-Xylitol Producing Yeast Mutant Candida tropicalis, Biotechnol. Lett.,
3, 125-130 (1981).

Chang M. and G. T. Tsao, “The Effect of Structure on Hydrolysis of Cellulose,”

Cellulose Chem. Technol. 15, 383-395 (1981).

Jansen, N. B., M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “A Model for the Growth and Product
Kinetics of Facultative Anaerobes Based on ATP Synthesis and Consumption,” Adv. in
Biotechnol., 1, M. Moo-Young, C. S. Robinson, and C. Vezina, eds., Pergamon Press,
New York, NY (1981).

Ladisch, M. R., J. Hong, M. Voloch and G. T. Tsao, “Cellulase Kinetics,” Trends in the
Biology of Fermentation for Fuels and Chemicals, Basic Life Sciences Vol. 18, 55-83
(1981).

Tsao, G. T. and A. Bose, “Studies on the Structure of Solvent Pretreated Cellulose by

Aqueous Gel Permeation Chromatography,” Bioconversion and Biochemical
Engineering Vol. 1, 279-295 (1981).

Tsao, G. T. and A. Bose, “Utilization of Hemicellulose by Fermentation,”

Bioconversion and Biochemical Engineering Vol. 1, 313-314 (1981).

15
Gong, C. S., L. D. McCracken and G. T. Tsao, “Direct Fermentation of D-Xylose to
Ethanol by a Xylose-Fermenting Yeast Mutant, Candida sp., XF217,” Biotechnol.
Lett., 3(5), 245-250 (1981).

Chang, M., T.Y.C. Chou, and G. T. Tsao, “Structure, Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of
Cellulose,” Adv. in Biochem. Eng. 20, 15-42 (1981).

Gong, C. S., L. F. Chen, M. C. Flickinger, L. C. Chiang, G. T. Tsao, “Production of

Ethanol from D-Xylose by Using D-Xylose Isomerase and Yeasts,” Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 41(2) 430-436 (1981).

Russell, M. H. and G. T. Tsao, “Alternative Technology for Corn Milling and High
Fructose Corn Syrup Production,” Agricultural Energy, 3, Food Processing, ASAE
Publications, 635-639 (1981).

Gong, C. S., C. M. Maun, and G. T. Tsao, “Direct Fermentation of Cellulose to

Ethanol by a Cellulolytic Filamentous Fungus, Monilia Sp.,” Biotechnol. Lett. 3, 77-82
(1981).

Dale, B. E. and G. T. Tsao, “Heats of Reaction of Two Common Cellulose Solvents

with Various Model Compounds,” J. Poly. Sci. 19, 999-1009 (1981).

Voloch, M., M. R. Ladisch, V. W. Rodwell, and G. T. Tsao, “Separation of Meso and

Racemic 2,3-Butanediol by Aqueous Liquid Chromatography,” Biotechnol. Bioeng.
23, 1289-1296 (1981).

Hong, J., G. T. Tsao, and P. C. Wankat, “Membrane Reactor for Enzymatic Hydrolysis
of Cellobiose,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23, 1501-1516 (1981).

Hong, J., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of the Water-Ethanol

System at Low Alcohol Concentrations,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 26, 305-307 (1981).

Gong, C. S., L. F. Chen, M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “Conversion of

Hemicellulose Carbohydrates,” Adv. in Biochem. Eng. 20, 93-118 (1981).

Forrest, E. H., N. B. Jansen, M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “A Simple Hobby

Computer-Based Off-Gas Analysis System,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23, 455-460
(1981).

Chen, L. F., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Immobilized Glucose Isomerase on DEAE

Cellulose Beads,” Die Starke, 33, 58-63 (1981).

Bao, Y., A. Bose, M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “New Approach to Aqueous Gel
Permeation Chromatography of Nonderivatized Cellulose,” J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 25,
263-275 (1980).

Lee, Y. H., G. T. Tsao, and P. C. Wankat, “Hydrodynamic Effect of Surfactants on

Gas-Liquid Oxygen Transfer,” J. AIChE, 26(6), 1008-1012 (1980).

16
Hsu, T. A., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Alcohol from Cellulose,” Chemtech. 10(5),
315-319 (1980).

Hsu, T. A., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetic Studies of Cellodextrins Hydrolyses

by Exocellulase from Trichoderma reesei,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 22, 2305-2320
(1980).

Tsao, G. T., “Industrial Processing of Corn Grain and Cornstover,” F. O. Licht's Sugar
International Sweetener Report, December, 27-36 (1980).

Ladisch, M. R., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Cellobiose Hydrolysis by Endoglucanase

(Glucan Glucanohydrolase) from Trichoderma reesei: Kinetics and Mechanism,”
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 1107-1126 (1980).

Gong, C. S., L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Purification and Properties of Glucose

Isomerase of Actinoplanes missouriensis,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 22, 833-845 (1980).

Dale, B. E. and G. T. Tsao, “A Microcalorimetric Study of Complex Formation

between Alkaline Sodium Tartrate and Iron (III),” J. Polymer Sci.: Polymer Chem.
Ed. 18, 3163-3175 (1980).

Gong, C. S., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Biosynthesis, Purification and Mode of

Action of Cellulases of Trichoderma reesei,” Adv. Chem. Ser. No. 181, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 261-287 (1979).

Gong, C. S., L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Affinity Chromatography of Endoglucanase

of Trichoderma viride by Concanavalin A-Agarose,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 21, 167-171
(1979).

Tsao, G. T., “Sugars and Sweeteners from Sugarcane,” F. O. Licht's International

Sweetener Report 2, 3-7 (1979).

Ladisch, M. R., A. W. Anderson, and G. T. Tsao, “Measurement of Cellulolytic Activity

of Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography,” J. Liq. Chrom. 2(5), 745-760 (1979).

Jansen, N. B., M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “Rapid Analytical Extraction of

Volatile Fermentation Products,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 21, 1881-1883 (1979).

Ladisch, M. R., M. C. Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, “Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass,”
Energy 4, 263-275 (1979).

Tsao, G. T., “Elementary Principles of Microbial Reaction Engineering,” Microbial

Technology 2nd Edition Vol II, H. Peppler and D. Perlman (eds.), Academic Press,
223-241 (1979).

Krug, E., H. C. Lim, and G. T. Tsao, “Single-Cell Protein from C1 Compounds,”

Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes Vol. 3, D. Perlman (ed.), Academic Press,
141-195 (1979).

17
Gong, C. S. and G. T. Tsao, “Cellulase and Biosynthesis Regulations,” Annual Reports
on Fermentation Processes Vol. 3, D. Perlman (ed.), Academic Press, 111-140
(1979).

Hsu, T. A. and G. T. Tsao, “Convenient Method for Studying Enzyme Kinetics,”

Biotechnol. Bioeng. 21, 2235-2246 (1979).

Lee, Y. H. and G. T. Tsao, “Dissolved Oxygen Electrodes,” Adv. in Biochem. Eng. 13,
35-86 (1979).

Maeda, H. and G. T. Tsao, “Glucoamylase Immobilized on DEAE Cellulose Beads in

Column Reaction,” J. Ferment. Technol. 57(3), 238-43 (1979) (Japan).

Lee, Y. H., G. T. Tsao, and P. C. Wankat, “Ultramicroprobe Method for Investigating

Mass Transfer Through Gas-Liquid Interface,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 17, 59-66
(1978).

Hsu, T. A. and G. T. Tsao, ”Effect of Density Ratio of Two Liquids in Extraction and
Dispersion,” AIChE Symposium Series 172(74), 253 (1978).

Ladisch, M. R., A. L. Huebner, and G. T. Tsao, “High Speed Liquid Chromatography

of Cellodextrins and Other Saccharide Mixtures Using Water as the Eluent,” J.
Chrom. 147, 185-193 (1978).

Papoutsakis, E., H. C. Lim, and G. T. Tsao, “SCP Production on C1 Compound,” J.

AIChE 24(3), 406-417 (1978).

DiBiasio, D., H. C. Lim, W. A. Weigand, and G. T. Tsao, “Phase-Plane Analysis of

Feedback Control of Unstable Steady States in a Continuously-Fed Stirred Tank
Biological Reactor,” J. AIChE 24, 686-692 (1978).

Ladisch, M. R., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Cellobiose Hydrolyzing Activity of

Selected Cellulase Components,” Third Joint US/USSR Engineering Seminar, Tallin,
USSR, December 1977, Adv. in Enzyme Eng. 3, 339-363 (1978).

Tsao, G. T., “A Further Discussion on Interfacial Oxygen Transfer in Fermentation,”

Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20, 157-158 (1978).

Shaw, A. J., III and G. T. Tsao, “Isomerization of D-Glucose Using Sodium

Aluminate.1: Mechanism of the Reaction,” Carbohydrate Res. 60(2), 327-335
(1978).

Shaw, A. J., III and G. T. Tsao, “Isomerization of D-Glucose Using Sodium

Aluminate.2: Kinetics as a Function of Temperature,” Carbohydrate Res. 60(2), 376-
382 (1978).

Tsao, G. T., M. R. Ladisch, C. Ladisch, T. A. Hsu, B. Dale, and T. Chou,

“Fermentation Substrates from Cellulosic Materials: Production of Fermentable
Sugars from Cellulosic Materials,” Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes Vol. 2,
D. Perlman (ed.), Academic Press, 1-22 (1978).

18
Flickinger, M. C. and G. T. Tsao, “Fermentation Substrates from Cellulosic Materials:
Fermentation Products from Cellulosic Materials,” Annual Reports on Fermentation
Processes Vol. 2, D. Perlman (ed.), Academic Press, 23-42 (1978).

Chen, L. F., H. Maeda, and G. T. Tsao, “Preparation of Immobilized Soybean Beta-

amylase by Using Cellulose Beads and Continuous Maltose Production,” Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 20, 383-402 (1978).

Papoutsakis, E., H. C. Lim, and G. T. Tsao, “Role of Formaldehyde in the Utilization

of C1 Compounds via the Ribulose Monophosphate Cycle,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20,
421-442 (1978).

Ladisch, M. R., C. M. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Protein Determination in the Presence

of Cellulose,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20, 461-462 (1978).

Ladisch, M. R., C. M. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Cellulose to Sugars: New Path Gives
Quantitative Yield,” Science 201, 743-745 (1978).

Tsao, G. T., “Gas Absorption Enhancement with Enzymatic Reaction,” Chem. Eng.
Sci. 33, 627-628 (1978).

Hirt, W., E. Papoutsakis, E. Krug, H. C. Lim, and G. T. Tsao, “Formaldehyde

Incorporation by a New Methylotroph (L3),” Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 36, 56-62
(1978).

Tsao, G. T., “Fermentable Sugar from Cellulosic Waste as a Natural Resource,” J.

Chinese Inst. Chem. Eng. 9, 1-8 (1978).

Huebner, A., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Preparation of Cellodextrins: An

Engineering Approach,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20, 1669-1677 (1978).

Tsao, G. T., “Cellulosic Material as a Renewable Resource,” Process Biochem. 13(10),

12-14 (1978).

Ladisch, M. R. and G. T. Tsao, “Theory and Practice of Rapid Liquid Chromatography

at Moderate Pressures Using Water as Eluent,” J. Chrom. 166, 85-100 (1978).

Tsao, G. T., “Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, “Proceedings of 1st US/USSR Joint

Enzyme Conference, Moscow, USSR, Advances in Enzyme Engineering Vol. 1, 344
(1977).

Tsao, G. T. and M. R. Ladisch, eds., Advances in Enzyme Engineering, Vol. 1,

American Society for Microbiology Publication (1977).

Tsao, G. T., “Interfacial Oxygen Transfer in Fermentation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19,

557-559 (1977).

Ladisch, M. R., C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao, “Corn Crop Residues as a Potential

Source of Single Cell Protein: Kinetics of Trichoderma viride Cellobiase Action,” Ind.
Microbiol. 18(9), 157-168 (1977).

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Tsao, G. T. and Y. H. Lee, “Aeration,” Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes Vol.
1, D. Perlman (ed.), Academic Press, 115-149 (1977).

Dickensheets, P., L. F. Chen, and G. T. Tsao, “Invertase Immobilized on Porous

Cellulose Beads,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 365-375 (1977).

Chen, B. J., W. E. Hirt, H. C. Lim, and G. T. Tsao, “Growth Characteristics of a New

Methylomonas,” J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33(2), 269-274 (1977).

Gong, C. S. and G. T. Tsao, “A Scheme Useful in Isolation and Purification of

Cellulases,” Adv. in Enzyme Eng. 2, 253-262 (1977).

Gong, C. S., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Cellobiase from Trichoderma viride:

Purification, Properties, Kinetics, and Mechanism,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 959-981
(1977).

Chen, L. F. and G. T. Tsao, “Chemical Procedures for Enzyme Immobilization on

Porous Cellulose Beads,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19, 1463-1473 (1977).

Ladisch, M. R., C. S. Gong and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetics of Cellobiase Enzyme

Component in Utilization of Corn Crop Residues,” Dev. Ind. Micro. 18, 157-168
(1977).

Yang, C. M. and G. T. Tsao, “Extended Monod Equation,” Proc. International. Ferm.

Symp. 5, 85 (1976).

Tsao, G. T., “Glucose Isomerase and Related Enzyme Technology,” Proc. Internt'l.
Ferm. Symp. 5, 302 (1976).

Marsh, D. R. and G. T. Tsao, “A Heat Transfer Study on Packed Bed Reactor of

Immobilized Glucoamylase,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 349 (1976).

Marsh, D. R. and G. T. Tsao, “A Theoretical and Computation Study of the Heat

Effects of Packed Bed Reactors of Immobilized Enzymes,” J. Solid Phase
Biochemistry 1, 67 (1976).

Lee, D. D., Y. Y. Lee, P. J. Reilly, E. V. Colline, and G. T. Tsao, “Pilot Plant Production
of Glucose with Glucoamylase Immobilized to Porous Silica,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18,
253-267 (1976).

Patel, A. K. and G. T. Tsao, “Measurements of the Effect of Suspended Small

Particles on Turbulent Mixing in Pipe Flow,” J. AIChE, 22, 401 (1976).

Lee, Y. Y., A. R. Fratzke, K. Wun, and G. T. Tsao, “Glucose Isomerase Immobilized

on Porous Glass,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 389-413 (1976).

Chen, B. J., H. C. Lim, and G. T. Tsao, “A Model for Bacterial Growth on Methanol,”
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 507 (1976).

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Chou, C. C., M. R. Ladisch, and G. T. Tsao, “Studies on Glucose Isomerase from a
Streptomyces Species,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32(4), 489-493 (1976).

Tsao, G. T., “Enzymes in Disposal and Utilization of Food Wastes,” Enzymes: Use
and Control in Foods, F. W. Cooler (ed.), Inst. Food Tech., 12-21 (1976).

Chen, L. F. and G. T. Tsao, “Physical Characteristics of Porous Cellulose Beads as

Supporting Material for Immobilized Enzymes,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 1507 (1976).

Yang, C. M. and G. T. Tsao, “Cell Growth and Extended Monod Equation,” Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 18, 1827 (1976).

Lee, D. D. and G. T. Tsao, “Oxygen Transfer in Fermentation,” J. AIChE 21, 979

(1975).

Lee, Y. Y., K. Wun, and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of
Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Porous Glass,” in Immobilized Enzyme
Technology, H. H. Weetall and S. Suzuki (eds.), 126 (1975).

Weetall, H., W. P. Vann, W. H. Pitcher, D. D. Lee, Y. Y. Lee, and G. T. Tsao, “Scale-

Up Studies on Immobilized Purified Glucoamylase, Covalently Coupled to Porous
Ceramic Support, in Immobilized Enzyme Technology, H. H. Weetall and S. Suzuki
(eds.), 269 (1975).

Hanson, T. P. and G. T. Tsao, “Extended Monod Equation for Batch Cultures with
Multiple Exponential Phases,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17, 1591-1598 (1975).

Lee, D. D., Y. Y. Lee and G. T. Tsao, “Continuous Production of Glucose from Dextrin
by Glucoamylase Immobilized on Porous Silica,” Die Starke 27(11), 384-387 (1975).

Christiansen, L. R. and G. T. Tsao, “Suspension Studies on Granular Starch Slurries,”

Die Starke 27, 405 (1975).

Lee, Y. Y. and G. T. Tsao, “Engineering Problems of Immobilized Enzymes,” J. Food

Tech. 39, 667 (1974).

Lee, Y. Y. and G. T. Tsao, “Starch Particles in Enhancement of Iodine Extraction,” J.

AIChE 10, 849 (1973).

Marsh, D. R., Y. Y. Lee and G. T. Tsao, “Immobilized Glucoamylase on Porous Glass,”

Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 483 (1973).

Lee, Y. Y .and G. T. Tsao, “Absorption of Iodine into Starch Granules in Aqueous

Suspension,” Die Starke 25, 167 (1973).

Bungay, H. R. and G. T. Tsao, “Microbiology Applied to National Needs,” Am. Soc.

Microbiol. News 39(2), 95 (1973).

Tsao, G. T., ”The Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase on Carbon Dioxide Absorption,”

Chem. Eng. Sci. 27, 1593 (1972).

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Hanson, T. P. and G. T. Tsao, “Kinetics Studies of the Lactic Acid Fermentation in
Batch and Continuous Cultures,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14, 233 (1972).

Mukerjee, A., Y. Y. Lee, and G. T. Tsao, “Gas-Liquid-Cell Oxygen Absorption in

Fermentation,” Fermentation Technology Today, Proceedings of the 4th International
Fermentation Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, 65 (1972).

Cramer, W. D. and G. T. Tsao, “Waldhof Fermentor in Disposal of Food Wastes,”

Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Series, Food Bioeng. 158, (1971).

Smith, G. B. and G. T. Tsao, “Water Sorption by Frozen-Thawed Starch,” Chem. Eng.

Prog. Symp. Series, Food Bioeng. 24 (1971).

Freeman, R. S., E. B. Lancaster, and G. T. Tsao, “Absorption of Iodine Vapor by

Starch Granules Suspended in Potassium Iodide,” Die Starke 23, 4 (1971).

Schierholz, P. M., E. B. Lancaster, and G. T. Tsao, “Oxygen Transfer in Fermentation

and Other Particle Suspensions,” Chinese Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 2, 39 (1971).

Lee, Y. Y. and G. T. Tsao, “Oxygen Absorption into Glucose Solution: Part 1,

Oxidation in the Presence of Platinum Catalyst, and Part 2, Oxidation in the Presence
of Glucose Oxidase,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 27, 1601 (1971).

Roth, D. D., E. B. Lancaster, and G. T. Tsao, “Thermal Conductivity of Starch

Granules,” Die Starke 22, 40 (1970).

Tsao, G. T., ”Industrial Microbial Enzymes,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 12, 157 (1970).

Tsao, G. T., ”Oxygen Absorption in Microbiological Systems of Zero Order Reaction

Rate,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 12, 51 (1970).

Tsao, G. T., “A Course in Biochemical Engineering,” Chem. Eng. Educ. 4, 192 (1970).

Cramer, W. D., E. B. Lancaster, and G. T. Tsao “Sorption Characteristics of Starch

Granules,” J. Macromol. Sci.-Physics B3(4), 611 (1969).

Tsao, G. T., ”Simultaneous Gas-Liquid Interfacial Mass Transfer and Uptake by Small
Particles,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 11, 1071 (1969).

Tsao, G. T., “Oxygen Transfer Rate Measured by Gluconic Acid Production,”

Biotechnol. Bioeng. 11, 1289 (1969).

Tsao, G. T., ”Vortex Behavior and the Waldhof Fermentors,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 10,
1977 (1968).

Tsao, G. T., “Simultaneous Gas-Liquid Interfacial Oxygen Absorption and Biochemical

Oxidation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 10, 766 (1968).

Wheelock, T. D. and G. T. Tsao, “Drying Theory and Calculations,” Chem. Eng. J.

74(3), 201 (1967).

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Tsao, G. T., “Production of Oxalic Acid by a Wood-Rotting Fungus,” Appl. Microbiol.
11, 294 (1963).

Tsao, G. T., ”Production of Oxalic Acid by a Strain of Agaricus campestris,” Appl.

Microbiol. 11, 255 (1963).

Tsao, G. T., ”Thermal Conductivity of Porous Materials,” Ind. Eng. Chem. 53, 395
(1961).

Kempe, L. L. and G. T. Tsao “Oxygen Transfer in Fermentation Systems,”

Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2, 129 (1960).

Block, S. S., L. H. Han and G. T. Tsao “Experiments on the Cultivation of Pleurotus

ostreatus,” Mushroom Sci. 4, 309 (1959).

Block, S. S., L. H. Han and G. T. Tsao, “Production of Mushrooms from Sawdust,” J.

Agr. Food Chem. 6, 923 (1958).

Patents:

“Fructose from Dextrose,” G. T. Tsao, U. S. Patent, 3,432,345 (1976).

“Porous Cellulose Beads and the Immobilization of Enzymes Therewith,” L. F. Chen,

and G. T. Tsao, U. S. Patent 4,063,017. (1977); Great Britain Patent 1,575,700 (24
Sept. 1980).

“Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Yield Glucose”, G. T. Tsao, M. R. Ladisch, A. Bose,

U.S. Patent 4,174,976 (20 Nov. 1979); Canadian Patent 1,110,233 (20 June 1981).

“Production of Ethanol by Yeast Using Xylulose,” C. S. Gong, L. F. Chen, M. C.

Flickinger, and G. T. Tsao, U. S. Patent 4,490,468 (1984); Republic of South Africa
Patent 812,676 (23 Apr. 1981).

“Nontoxic Cellulose Solvent and Process For Forming and Utilizing The Same,” G. T.
Tsao, B. E. Dale, M. R. Ladisch, U.S. Patent 4,265,675 (5 May 1981).

“Process for Recovering and Utilizing Cellulose Using Sulfuric Acid,” G. T. Tsao, T. Y.
Chou, U.S. Patent 4,266,981 (12 May 1981).

“Process for Treating Cellulosic Materials and Obtaining Glucose Therefrom,” G. T.

Tsao, M. R. Ladisch, C. M. Ladisch, T. A. Hsu, U.S. Patent 4,281,063 (28 July 1981).

“Preparation of Spherical Shaped Mycelial Pellets,” L. F. Chen, C. S. Gong, G. T.

Tsao, U.S. Patent 4,321,327 (23 Mar 1982).

“Media Manipulation for Preparing Biologically Active Hollow Mycelial Pellets,” C. S.

Gong, L. F. Chen, G. T. Tsao, U.S. Patent 4,332,903 (1 June 1982).

“Vapor Phase Dehydration of Aqueous Alcohol Mixtures,” M. R. Ladisch, G. T. Tsao,

U.S. Patent 4,345,973 (24 Aug 1982).

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“Mycellal Pellets Having a Support Core,” L. F. Chen, C. S. Gong, and G. T. Tsao,
U.S. Patent 4,427,774 (1984).

“Biodegradable Graft Copolymers,” R. Narayan, G. T. Tsao and C. J. Biermann, U.S.

Patent 4,891,404 (2 January 1990).

“Recombinant Yeasts for Effective Fermentation of Glucose and Xylose,” N. W. Y. Ho,

and G. T. Tsao, U.S. Patent 5,789,210 (4, August, 1998).

“Process for Producing and Recovering Lactic Acid,” George T. Tsao, U. S. Patent
5,786,185 (28, July, 1998).

Updated as of March, 2007

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