Analysis of portal frame building

In accordance to EN 1993-1-1(2005)
1 description
A/ The portal frame is the main structural element of the

building.

The frame is designed for the following loads

Roof loads such as workmen, snow or hail

Wind loads
Wind loads can be positive as on AB or negative (suction)as on BC,CD and DE. Roof loads are
positive and up to down direction

B/ If The joints at B,C and D are not rigid,they will open up and the frame will be unstable
C/ 1) Vertical loading on the frame results in A and E tending to be pushed outwards.if the foundation
cannot resist this horizontal push,outward movement will occur,and the frame will l oose structural
strength

2) Wind subjects the portal frame to uplift forces(the roof tends to fly-off)like an plane wing,to
overturning forces on the sides and ends of the building,

These destabilizing forces are resisted essentially by the weight of the building,and in this regard,the
foundations contribute significantly to this weight. Generally speaking it is a fact that portal frame
buildings of this kind are light weight structures, and as such they tend to collapse “sideward” and
“upwards” rather than do wnwards”. The effect of wind on a light building cannot be overemphasized.
The destabilization it causes is a major design consideration, and in this context, foundations can be
regarded as the building’s “anchors

D/ the rafter of the portal frame is a slender structural element,and it is restrained it will buckled when
loaded.
In a braced roof this restraint is provided by the purlins acting together with a braced bay.The purlins
provide the restraining force for the rafters,and the braced bay acts as a “buttress” wich absorbs these
purlin restraining forces.

While this system is effective in restraining the top flange of the rafter I-beam,the bottom flange
remains relatively unrestrained, and to achieve the requisite restraint,short lengths of angle iron are
connected at intervals between the bottom flange of the I-beam and the purlins.This simple and
necessary anti-buckling feature is sometimes neglected in the design of the portal frames.

E/
A building frame subjected to wind forces along its length will tend to collapse as shown above ,while a
building with a braced side bay as shown below will be stable,since the braced bay will functions as a
“buttress” to resist the wind forces, and transform them to the foundations

2 portal frame design

2.1 Basic data
Total length b = 70 m Bay width d= 25 m Spacing Height Roof slope Purlin Cladding
s= 7 m h= 7.5 m α= 5° spacing rail
sp=1.5 m spacing
Sp’=2.0m
E=210000N/mm 2 G=80770N/mm 2 Steel:S235
 Articulated purlin purlin

cladding rail

column I nternal portal frame

door 4*5m

α= 5°

7.5m

6.41m

25.0m

Int ernal portal frame

2.2 Loads
2.2.1 Permanent loads

Self-weight of the beam

Roofing with purlins G= 0.35 KN/m 2

For an internal frame G=0.35*7=2.45 KN/m

G=-2.45 KN/m

α=5°

6.406 m 7.5 m

25.0 m
2.2.2 Construction loads

Q=0.5 KN/m 2 EN 1991-1-6 clause 4.11(2005)

For an internal portal frame Q=0.5*7=3.5 KN/m

2.2.3 Wind loads

Take from the document treated “ wind actions to EN 1991-1-4(2005) as a values described below

-3.74 (J)

-6.55 (G)
-3.74 (H)
-8.88(F) -3.74 (I)

92.0 (F1 etF2 )

w1 +2.34(D) -2.34 (E)

1.5 1.5
11 11

2.2.4 Approximation calculations

1/ wind forces applied to duopitch roofs and partial variables live loads

These actions are very small in ccomparison with the wind actions on vertical walls(0.5% to 1.3%). In
this case they will be neglected for calculations.
2/ wind forces (up-to fly)

The actions applied to duopitch roofs are oriented as described above (perpendicular to rafters).For
simplifications we admit that these forces will be oriented vertically as gravity forces.

3/ Forces transmitted by purlins

The forces transmitted to rafters by purlins, (are ponctual forces and must be applied in calculations
of rafters),will be converted to linear forces.The error caused by this simplification is ≈0.5%,and
conduct to increase the moments at B and D

4/ Stiffness at B and D

To conduct manually calculations we consider that the inertia of the column and the rafter are equals
Ic =IR

IR h h
The coefficient of stiffness k will be k
S IC s

This simplification ,justified by the presence of the haunchs ,conduct to increase the moment at C and
decrease moments at B and D.It will be compensated by the simplification applied to purlin
calculations,wich act in opposite sens.

2.3 Simple cases

1/Case 1 Vertical actions

 dead (G) variable (Q) loads

 Y

s IR f=1.09

- + + -

B D

- h=6.41 -

HA A E HE x

VA VE

Rigidity coefficient at B and D

stiffness.of .rafter I h
K   R
stiffness.of .comumn S IC

In application of Castigliano théorem and with the structure symetry

M dM
 ds  0 where H is the horizontal force
ABCDE EI dH

Displacement 1 in AB column.

In any ordinate point ,y, of the column AB , the moment is M  H . y ,then

h h
Hy 1 1 Hh3
  Hy dy 
dM
 y and 1  . y.dy  2

dH 0
EI R EI R 0
EI R 3

Displasment  2 in BC rafter

The moment expression at abscissa ,x,is:

x 2 cos2 
M  H  h  x sin    q  Vx cos 
2

dM
 h  x sin  and
dH

 s
x 2 cos2  
2    H  h  x sin    q  Vx cos    h  x sin   dx
0 
2
 l f
We have cos  and sin   then
2s s
1   f 2s   5 2 1 
2  .  H .  h 2 .s   h. f .s   q  l . f .s  hl 2 s  
EI R   3   96 12 

Then the equation   1  2  0 give the result

ql 2 s 5 f  8h
H 
32 I R h 3
h s 2
f 2 f 
  3  2
3 
IC IR  h h 

and may be reduced if we use the rigidity

h
k in place of the real expression
s
IR h
k
s IC
We obtain the simplified expression

ql 2 5 f  8h
H
32 h  k  3  f  3h  f
2

Conclusion

M B  M D  Hh ql 2 5 f  8h
H A  HE  H 
32 h  k  3  f  3h  f 
2

ql 2 ql
MC   H h  f  VA  VE 
8 2

2/Case 2 Vertical actions( wind up to fly)

M B  M D   Hh ql 2 5 f  8h
H A  HE  H  
32 h  k  3  f  3h  f 
2

ql 2 ql
MC    H h  f  VA  VE  
8 2
 Y

- -

+ B + D

HA A E HE x

VA VE

3/Case 3 Horizontal actions( wind 1 pressure)

qh2 qh2 5kh  6  2h  f 

MB   H E .h HE 
2 16 h2  k  3  f  3h  f 

M D  H E .h H A  q.h  H E
 qh2 qh2
MC   HE h  f  VE  VA 
4 2l

- -

+ B + D

q -

HA A E HE x

VA VE

4/ Case 4 Horizontal actions( wind 1 succions)

qh2 qh2 5kh  6  2h  f 

MD    H A .h HA 
2 16 h  k  3  f  3h  f 
2

M B  H A .h H E  q.h  H A

qh2 qh2
MC    H A h  f  VE  VA 
4 2l

+ -

+ B D

+ q

HA A E HE x

VA VE
Calculation of the rafter in bending

Dead loads G=2.45KN/m

W1 wind in long span (internal surpressure)

Wc,3

Wc,1 Wc,2

wc ,1  2.34 KN / m see fig above

wc ,2  2.34KN / m

wc,3  3.74KN / m

W2 wind in long span (internal depressure)

Wc,3

Wc,1 Wc,2

Take c p ,i  0.3 EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6)note 2)

wc ,1   c p ,e  c p ,i  q p s   0.7   0.3  0.668*7  4.68 KN / m

wc,2  0KN / m

We have choose the max value of G zone for wind calculation but not the better

wc ,3   c p ,e  c p ,i  q p s   1.2   0.3  0.668*7  4.21KN / m

And For the zones H;I,and J this value is

 wc ,3   c p ,e  c p ,i  q p s   0.6   0.3  0.668*7  1.4 KN / m

W3 wind gear ( with internal surpressure)

Wc,3

Wc,1 W3 Wc,2

We take a middle value of the zones G,H and I as described in wind actions to

EN 1991-1-4(2005)

We take also a middle value of the zones A,B and C then we will have

wc,1  wc,2  0.668*7  4.676  4.68KN / m

wc,3  1.0*7  7 KN / m

Calculus actions

It is to determinate:

--the support reactions HA ; H E ;VA and VE

-- the max bending moments M B ;M C and M D

These forces are obtained from the actions mentioned in tables above

Values for calculations: S=12.55; f=1.09 ; h=6.41; k=0.511

2.45*252 5*1.09  8*6.41

H A  HE   16.494KN
32 6.412  0.511  3  1.09 3*6.41  1.09 
2.45* 25
VA  VE   30.625KN
2

2.45*252
MC   16.494  6.41  1.09   67.7 KNm
8

M B  M D  16.494*6.41  105.73KNm
actions case q(KN/m) H A(KN) HE(KN) VA(KN) VE(KN) M B(KNm) M C(KNm) M D(KNm)

G 1 2.45 16.494 16.494 30.625 30.625 105.73 67.7 105.73

Q 1 3.5 23.31 23.31 43.75 43.75 149.42 98.62 149.42

W 1 ;W c,1 3 2.34 11.39 3.61 1.92 1.92 24.933 3.04 23.14

W 1; W c,2 4 2.34 3.61 11.39 1.92 1.92 23.14 3.04 24.933

W 1 W c,3 2 3.74 24.9 24.9 46.75 46.75 159.61 105.44 159.61
Total 39.90 17.12 50.59 42.91 207.68 105.44 111.54

W 2 ;W c,1 3 4.68 22.69 7.21 3.85 3.85 49.93 6.0 46.22

W 2 ;W c,2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

W 2 ;W c,3 2 4.21 28.03 28.03 52.63 52.63 179.67 118.68 179.67

Total 50.72 35.24 56.48 48.78 229.6 124.68 133.45

W 3 ;W c,1 4 4.68 22.79 7.21 3.85 3.85 49.93 6.0 46.22

W 3 ;W c,2 4 4.68 7.21 22.79 3.85 3.85 46.22 6.0 49.93

W 3 ;W c,3 2 7 46.61 46.61 87.5 87.5 298.77 197.3 298.77

Total 31.03 31.03 87.5 87.5 295.06 185.3 295.06

3 Load combinations
Partial factor

 G max  1.35 permanent loads

 G min  1.0 permanent loads

 Q  1.50
variable loads
When there is more then one variable action acting,requiring the actions to be combined, the
expression is

ULS : j
g, j GK , j  0.9  Q ,i QK ,i
i 1
SLS G j
K, j  0.9 QK ,i
i 1
These combinations are obtained from the NADF2 (French,national annex )
the coefficient 1.2 applied for wind will be omitted if we use combinations above
ULS combination
combination Reactions (KN) Bending moments (KNm)
HA HE VA VE MB MC MD
101 1.35G  1.5Q 57.23 57.23 106.97 106.97 366.87 239.33 366.87

102 1.35G  1.5W1 useless

103 1.35G  1.5W2 53.81 30.59 43.38 31.83 201.66 95.63 57.44

104 1.35G  1.5W3 24.28 24.28 89.91 89.91 299.85 186.56 299.85

105 G  1.5W1 43.36 9.19 45.26 33.74 205.79 90.46 61.58

106 G  1.5W2 59.59 36.37 54.09 42.55 238.67 119.32 94.45

107 G  1.5W3 30.05 30.05 100.63 100.63 336.86 210.25 336.86

108 1.35G  1.8W1 49.55 8.55 49.72 35.89 231.09 98.4 58.04

109 1.35G  1.8W2 69.03 41.17 60.32 46.46 270.54 133.03 97.47

110 1.35G  1.8W3 33.59 33.59 116.17 116.17 388.37 242.15 388.37

The maximum values are collected in the table

Reactions (KN) Bending moments (KNm)
HA HE VA VE MB MC MD
57.23 57.23 106.97 106.97 388.37 239.33 388.37
69.03 41.17 116.17 116.17 366.87 242.15 366.87

4/ Rafter
4.1/Resistance
The maximum moment in:

- Apex connection : M B= M D=-366.87 KNm

- Eave connection : M C=+239.33 KNm

M  M Rd
The expression must be verified for bending

W pl . f y M . M 0
M Rd 
W pl . f y M W pl 
With M0 .We have M0 then fy
 366.87
For apex connection Wpl  235000

239.33
eave connection Wpl  235000

Wpl  1561.1cm3
- In apex connection IPE 360+(1/2) IPE 360
Wpl  1018.4cm3
- In eave connection IPE 360
The 1.5 IPE360 section is considered as welded beam . the table below show it’s
characteristics

Caractéristiques du profil P.R.S.

Caractéristiques Caractéristiques Axe neutre Axe neutre

géométriques mécaniques élastique plastique
h = 540 mm g = 66,21 kg/m Zane = 270 mm Zanp = 270 mm
hw = 514,6 mm A = 84,35 cm2 Yane = 85 mm Yanp = 85 mm
tw = 8 mm Iy = 39105,7 cm4
bf = 170 mm Wel.y = 1448,4 cm3
tf = 12,7 mm Wpl.y = 1668,1 cm3
iy = 21,53 cm
Iz = 1042,1 cm4
Wel.z = 122,6 cm3
Wpl.z = 191,7 cm3
iz = 3,52 cm
It = 32 cm4
Iw = 722861 cm6
 This choice is preliminary and will be completed by others
4.2/ Vertical deflection
Vertical deflection of the rafter

The vertical deflection will be calculated under G  Q

The moment in a section is

 ql q 
M x  M B   x  x2 
2 2 
By integration of the equation

d2y M
 
dx 2 EI
We have
l l

dy M 2
1 2
 ql q 2
 dx   0  B 2 2 x dx
M  x 
dx 0 EI EI
l dy
x  0
For 2 we have dx then

1 2
 ql 2 q 3 l ql 3 
y
EI 0  M B .x  4 x  6 x  M B . 2  24  dx

For x=0 we have y=0 then

ymax 
1
384 EI
 5ql 4
 48M B .l 2 

E=210000 MPa=210000N/mm 2=2.1x108 KN/m 2

I=16270 cm 4

q= G  Q =2.45+3.5=5.95KN/m
L=25.1m
M B=105.73+149.42=255.15 KNm
For IPE 360 the vertical deflection is

ymax 
 5*5.95* 25.1 4
 48* 255.15* 25.12 
 0.3119m  31.2cm
384 * 2.1*108 *16270 *10 8
In this case we must upgrade to IPE 500 and we obtain a limit value but less
because we haven’t consider the presence of apex
 ymax 
 5*5.95* 25.1 4
 48* 255.15* 25.12 
 0.1052m  10.52cm
384* 2.1*108 * 48200*10 8
l 2510
f adm    12.55cm
200 200

CARACTERISTIQUES GEOMETRIQUES IPE 500 CARACTERISTIQUES MECANIQUES

h = 500 mm g = 90,70 kg/m

b = 200 mm A = 116,00 cm 2
tw = 10,2 mm Iy = 48 200,00 cm 4
tf = 16 mm Wel.y = 1 928,00 cm 3
r = 21 mm Wpl.y = 2 194,00 cm 3
d = 426 mm iy = 20,43 cm
Avz = 59,87 cm 2
Iz = 2 142,00 cm 4
Wel.z = 214,20 cm 3
Wpl.z = 335,90 cm 3
iz = 4,31 cm
It = 89,29 cm 4

We remark that IPE 500 is very suffisant to resist under positif and negative bending moment
4.3/Classification
The section is class 1 as a similar (but not the same) verification for the column (see§5)

4.4/Buckling resistance
This figure shows different Sections categories and buckling modes
Lateral torsional buckling check using the simplified assessment methods for
beams with restraints in buildings:

8*1.5m

Lateral restraints
(purlins) IPE 500

● 4.19m ●
Lateral restraints
(bracing system) 3*4.18m
 Bracing system

In buildings , members with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to
lateral-torsional buckling if the length L c between restraints or the resulting equivalent compression

flange slenderness
f satisfies:

f  k L c c
 c ,0
M c , Rd

i  f ,z 1 M y , Ed
[6.3.2.4]

Where

M is the maximum design value of the bending moment within the restraint spacing
y,Ed

k is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints, see EN 1993-1-1
c
Table 6.6;
i , is the radius of gyration of the compression flange including 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
fz
area, about the minor axis of the section;

c ,0 is the slenderness parameter of the above compression element:

c ,0  LT ,0  0.10
LT ,0  0.4 then c ,0  0.4  0.10  0.5

E
1    93.9 and
fy

235
  [6.3.2.3]
fy N 

 
mm 2 

  d  tw  
3

  I z   2*  *  
  3  12  
I f ,z 
2 then
   42.6  1.02  
3

  2142   2* * 
   3  12  
I f ,z   1069.74cm4
2

1  d  
Af , z    A   2*  * tw  
2  3    then

1  42.6  
I f , z   116   2*  *1.02   43.52cm
2

2  3  

I f ,z 1069.74
i f ,z    4.96cm
Af , z 43.52

Wy  Wpl , y  2194cm3

E
1    93.9  93.9
fy

Wy f y 2194* 235*103
M c , Rd    515.59 KNm
 M1 1.0
Combination 1.35G  1.5Q

MB=MEd=366.87 KNm

We consider that the coefficient  is the same if the rafter is unrestraint then

M C 239.33
   0.65235
M B 366.87
1 1
Then KC    0.647 table 6.6
1.33  0.33 1.33  0.33*0.65235
But between restraints in the centre of the rafter where the moment are maximum,
the moment distribution may be considered as constant :K C=1.0 table 6.6
KC LC 1.0*150
f    0.322
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9
The maximum bending moment is at the origin B of the rafter then the lateral torsional buckling may
be also in the origin

M y , Ed
 366.87 KNm
c ,0 M c , Rd
 0.5*
515.59
 0.703
M y , Ed
366.59

KC LC 1.0*150
f    0.322
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9

0.322  0.703
Combination 1.35G  1.8W3
MB= M y , Ed
 388.37 KNm

c ,0 M c , Rd
 0.5*
515.59
 0.6637
M y , Ed
388.37

KC LC 1.0* 418
f    0.8975 Not verified
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9
It’s necessary to add other bracing systems each 3m spacing then
LC=3m

M y , Ed
 388.37 KNm

c ,0 M c , Rd
 0.5*
515.59
 0.6637
M y , Ed
388.37

KC LC 1.0*300
f    0.6441
i f , z 1 4.96*93.9

0.644  0.663
Then the lateral torsional buckling is satisfactory

A detailed procedure to do verification for the rafter is sho wn below as for column
When the above procedure is not satisfactory.
NOTA
The real comportement of the rafter is shown in the figure
1 tension flange 7 restraints
2 elastic section 8 bending moment diagram
3 plastic stable length 9 Compression flange
4 plastic stable length 10 plastic stable length
5 elastic section 11 plastic stable length
6 plastic hinge 12 elastic section
Annex A
y
4.5/ the haunch verification
C +
O - D

F S
x

the equation of the bending moment curve is a parabolic form Y  aX 2

 Wel f y 1928*103 * 235
the point F is considered the limit of elastic moment M el    453.8KNm
M0 1.0

X 0m S=12.55
Y M C=242.15 M D+MC=388.37+242.15=630.52

Y 630.52
Then a 2
 4
X 157.5

The bending moment curve equation will be Y  4X 2

Wel f y 1928*103 * 235
For X  12.55  F then Y  M el    453.8 KNm
M0 1.0

Then 454  4 12.55  F  then F 2  100.4 F  176  0

2

Conclusion F  1.78m
Length of the rafter F=2m
The same verification for buckling 1/about yy
2/about zz
3/lateral torsional buckling
as for column in section 5 may be used
5/COLUMN
The verification of the column is carried out for the combination 101 1.35G  1.5Q
N Ed  106.97KN (assumed to be constant along the column)

V Ed  57.23KN (assumed to be constant along the column)

M Ed  366.87 KNm (at the top of the column)

5.1/Classification of the section

c 437.6
Web: the web slenderness is   42.9 §5.5 (tab5.2)
tw 10.2

N Ed 106970
dN    44.63
tw f y 10.2* 235

d w  d N 426  44.63
   0.552  0.50
2d w 2* 426
Then the limit for the class is
 396 396*1
  64.119
13  1 13*0.552  1
Until 42.9 ≤ 64.119 the web is class 1
Flange: the flange slenderness is

 b  t w  2r 
c 2  73.9  4.618
 §5.5 (tab5.2)
tf tf 16

The limit of the class is

9  9*1.0  9
Until 4.618 ≤ 9.0 the flange is class 1

So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on the plastic

resistance of the cross-section.

5.2 /Resistance
Verification for shear force
Shear area

AV  max  A  2bt f   t w  2r  t f ; hwt w  §.6.2.6

AV  max 11600  2*200*16  10.2  2*21 *16;1.0*426*10.2 

AV  max  6035.2; 4345.2 

AV  6035.2mm2

f 
AV  y  6035.2  235 
V pl , Rd   3
  3
*103  818.84 KN
M0 1.0
VEd 57.23
  0.07  0.5 § 6.2.8(2)
V pl , Rd 818.84

The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to axial force

Af y 11600* 235
N Pl , Rd   *103  2726 KN
M0 1.0 §6.2.4

N Ed  106.97KN

0.25N Pl , Rd  0.25*2726  681.5KN

6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.33
0.5hwtw f y 0.5* 426 *10.2 * 235
  510.56 KN
M0 1.0 *1000 6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.34

Since 106.97 ≤ 681.5 and 106.97 ≤ 510.56

The effect of the axial force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to bending moment

WPl , Rd f y 2194* 235

M pl , Rd    515.59 KNm
M0 1.0*1000
M Ed 366.87
  0.711  1.0 Ok! §6.2.5
M pl , Rd 515.59
5.3 serviability limit state
Horizontal Deflection
Horizontal Deflection at the top of the column must be verified for two combinations

and

Combination 201: G+Q combination 202:G+W1

Combination 201 G+Q

The moment at a point x in the column is M x  H A.x

G+Q

x
HA
By introducing a virtual force P at the summit of the column AB

This effort generate the following forces

k 
IR h
s IC

h
s

f
h
  k  3  3  3 2

1    3  2   P    3  2   M B   Ph
 1   RA  1  
2   2 2 

1    3  2   RE  P  RA

2
1 

 M C   Ph



 1    3  2   VA  VE  
Ph
M D   Ph
1  
2 2  l

For an IPE 500 column we obtain :

  0.17004 k  0.511   4.10786   0.56913   0.43087   0.04458

Then we have the results

RA  0.534P RE  0.466P

The moment in the point M is

M X  0.534Px
The resultant moment under the two actions is

M X  H A x  0.534Px
the internal potential energy of the column is:
h
1
W   H A x  0.534Px  dx
2

2EI 0
 h
1
W   H A  0.534P 
2
x 2 dx
2EI 0

h
1 1 3 2
W  3 x  H A  0.534 P  
2 EI 0

h3
W  H A  0.534P 
2

6 EI
dW 1.07 3
 P  0    h HA
dP 6 EI C

1.07*6.413 *3980.4
 6
 1.847cm
6*2.1*10 *48200
l 641
  2.137cm
300 300
Since 1.847 ≤ 2.137 OK!
Combination 202 G+W

H A  16.494  39.9  23.406KN

By application a similar resolution as the above

x2
M X   H A x  q  0.534 Px
2
the internal potential energy of the column is:
2
1  
h
x2
W  
2 EI 0 
 H A x  q
2
 0.534 Px  dx

Using a similar calculation we have
2
1
h
 x2 
W 
2 EI 0   H A x  q 2  0.534Px  dx
1 3  1  1 
W x  qx   H A  0.134 P    H A  0.534P   0.05q 2 x 2 
2

2 EI   4  3 
1 3  1  1 
W h  qh   H A  0.134 P    H A  0.534 P   0.05q 2 h 2 
2

2 EI   4  3 
dW
dP
1
 P  0      0.067qh  0.178H A h 
EI
4 3
 
 0.067*234*6414 *102  0.178*2340.6*6413 
  6
  1.345cm
2.1*10 *48200

P B
M

qx2 /2 x
q
HA A
RA

5.4 Buckling Resistance

The buckling resistance of the column is sufficient if the following conditions are fulfilled
(no bending about the weak axis, M Z,Ed=0): §6.3.3

N Ed M Ed
 k yy 1
 y N RK  LT M y , RK equation 6.61

 M1  M1
N Ed M Ed
 k zy 1
 y N RK  LT M y , RK equation 6.62

 M1  M1
Buckling about yy

L CR , y  6.41m
h 500
  2.5  1.2 t f  16mm  40mm buckling curve :a(αy=0.21) table 6.2
b 200

EI y 210000*48200*104
Ncr , y   2
 2
 24313.64 KN
L2cr , y 64102 *103

Af y 11600 * 235
y    0.335 §6.3.1.2
N cr , y 24313.64 *103
  
y  0.5 1   y  0.2   y   0.5 1  0.21 0.335  0.2   0.3352   0.5703
2

 
1 1
y    0.9691
y     2
y
2
y
0.5703  0.5703  0.335
2 2

Buckling about zz

Buckling curve :b (αz=0.34)

 2 EI z  2 *210000*2142*104
Ncr , z  2
 2
 1080.5KN
L cr , z 6410
Af y 11600* 235
z    1.5883
N cr , z 1080.5*103

z  0.5 1   z   z  0.2    z 

2

 
z  0.5 1  0.34 1.5883  0.2   1.58832   1.9973

1 1
z    0.3117
z     2
z
2
z
1.9973  1.9973  1.5883 2 2
 1 tension flange
2 plastic stable length
3 elastic section
4 plastic hinge
5 restraints
6 bending moment diagram
7 compression flange
8 plastic with tension flange restraint,
9 elastic with tension flange
Column with restraints by cladding rail
along long span
Annex A

Lateral torsional Buckling Annex A

h 500
  2.5  2 then buckling curve c(αLT=0.49)
b 200

Moment diagram with linear variation :  0 then C1  1.77

The simplification of critical moment may be used:

 2 EI z
2
I w Lcr , LT GI t
M cr  C1 
L2cr , LT Iz  2 EI z
 2 210000*2142*10 4 1249000*10 6 6410 2*80770*89.29 *104
M cr  1.77 
64102 *106 2142*104  2 210000* 2142*104

 2 2.1* 21420 1249*105 6412 *8077 *89.29

M cr  1.77   676.32 KNm
6412 2142  2 21* 21420
 Wpl , y f y 2194*10 3 * 235
 LT    0.8731
M cr 676.32*10 6

 
LT  0.5 1   LT LT  LT ,0   y 
2

 
LT  0.5 1  0.49 0.8731 0.4  0.75*0.8731 2  0.9663

With a values of LT ,0  0.4 and   0.75

1 1
 LT    0.6377
LT     
2
LT
2
LT
0.9663  0.96632  0.75*0.87312

1
For   0 Kc   0.7519
then
1.33  0.33 6.3.2.3 table 6.6

Bending moment diagram and the

 coefficient


f  1  0.5 1  K c  1  2  LT  0.8  
2

 
f  1  0.5 1  0.7519  1  2  0.8731  0.8    0.8773  1
2
 
 0.6377
 LT ,mod  LT   0.7269  1
f 0.8773
Calculation of the factor K yy

y 1
K yy  Cmy CmLT
N Ed C yy annex A
1
N cr , y

 y aLT
Cmy  Cmy ,0  1  Cmy ,0 
1   y aLT annex A

aLT
Cm , LT  Cmy
2
1
 N Ed  N Ed  annex A
1    1  
 N cr , z  N cr ,T 
 N Ed
1
N cr , y
y 
N Ed
1  y
annex A
N cr , y

 1.6 2 2   Wel , y
C yy  1   wy  1  2 
1.6 2
Cmy  max  Cmy  max  n pl  bLT  

 w w   Wpl , y
y y 

Calculation of y
106.97
1
y  24313.64  0.9998
106.97
1  0.9691
24313.64
Wpl , y 2194
wy    1.138  1.5
Wel , y 1928
Critical axial force in the torsional buckling mode

A  2 EI w 
N cr ,T   GI t  2 
I 0  Lcr ,T 
For a doubly symmetrical section

I 0  I y  I z   y02  z02   48200  2142  50342cm 4

11600   2 *2.1*105 *124.9*104 *106 

Ncr ,T   80770*89.29*10 
4

50342*104 *103  64102 

Ncr ,T  3113.56KN

 2 EI z Iw L2cr , LT GI t
M cr ,0  C1 
L2cr , LT Iz  2 EI z

M cr ,0 is the critical moment foe the calculation of  0 for uniform bending moment as specified in
annex A . Then we have C1=1

 2 210000*2142*104 1249000*106 64102 *80770*89.29 *104

M cr ,0  1*   382.1KNm
64102 *106 2142*104  2 210000*2142*104
 W pl , y f y 2194*103 * 235
0    1.162
M cr ,0 382.1*106

 N Ed  N Ed 
 0,lim  0.2 C1 4 1   1  
 N cr , z  N cr ,TF 

For doubly symmetrical section Ncr ,TF  Ncr ,T

 106.97  106.97 
 0,lim  0.2 1.77 4 1  1    0.2569

1080.5 
3113.56 

Then  0   0,lim
Calculation of Cmy

 y aLT
Cmy  Cmy ,0  1  Cmy ,0 
1  y aLT
M y , Ed A 366.87*103 11600
y    20.635
N Ed Wel , y 106.97 1928*103

It 89.29
aLT  1   1  0.928
Iw 1249
Calculation of C my,0

Cmy ,0  0.79  0.21 y  0.36  y  0.33

N Ed
table A2
N cr , y

With a value y 0 then

106.97
Cmy ,0  0.79  01188  0.7895
24313.64
20.635 *0.928
Cmy  0.7895  1  0.7895   0.9596
1  20.635 *0.928

aLT
Cm , LT  Cmy
2
1
 N Ed  N Ed 

 1  
 1  

 N cr , z  N cr ,T 
 0.928
Cm, LT  0.95962  0.9457  1
 106.97   106.97 
1   1  
 1080.5   3113.56 

Then  Cm, LT  1
Calculation of C yy

 1.6 2 1.6 2 2   Wel , y

C yy  1   wy  1  2  Cmy  max  Cmy  max  n pl  bLT  
 wy wy 
  Wpl , y


 max  max  y ;  z   z 
M z , Ed  0  bLT  0
N Ed 106970
n pl    0.03924
N Rk 11600* 235
 M1 1.0

 1.6 1.6  
C yy  1  1.138  1  2  *0.95962 *1.5883  *0.95962 *1.58832  *0.03924  0.978
 1.138 1.138  
Wel , y 1928
  0.8787
Wpl , y 2194
Since 0.978 ≥ 0.8787 Ok!

Calculation of K yy

y 1
K yy  Cmy CmLT
N Ed C yy
1
N cr , y
0.9998 1
K yy  0.9596*1*  0.9853
106.97 0.978
1
24313.64
Verification with interaction formula
N Ed M Ed
 k yy 1
 y N RK  LT M y , RK
 M1  M1
 106970 366.87 *106
 0.9853*  0.766  1 OK!
0.9691*11600* 235 2194*103 * 235
0.9663*
1.0 1.0
The buckling resistance of the section is satisfactory
This figure illustrate different categories of buckling modes

A similar method of calculation of the factor K yz in the equation 6.62 mentioned above

May be used for the verification of the second formula(not treated for this sheet)

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