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A High-Efficiency
Transmission-Line GaN HEMT
Class E Power Amplifier
By Andrei Grebennikov
Bell Labs Ireland
I
n modern wireless
This article describes the communication sys-
design of a Class E wireless tems it is required
power amplifier using that the power amplifier
transmission lines for output could operate with high
matching, with the circuit efficiency, high linearity,
implemented using a and low harmonic output
GaN HEMT transistor level simultaneously. To
increase efficiency of the
power amplifier, a switching-mode Class E
mode technique can be applied. This kind of a
power amplifier requires an operation in satu-
ration mode resulting in a poor linearity, and
therefore is not suitable to directly replace lin-
ear power amplifiers in conventional WCDMA
or CDMA2000 transmitters with non-constant
envelope signal. However, to obtain both high
efficiency and good linearity, a nonlinear high- Figure 1 · Transmission-line load networks
efficiency power amplifier operating in a Class for Class-E power amplifiers.
E mode can be used in advanced transmitter
architectures such as Doherty, LINC (linear
amplification using nonlinear components), or instead of lumped capacitors in the load net-
ET (envelope tracking) with digital predistor- work for better harmonic suppression and per-
tion [1-3]. In this paper, a novel transmission- formance predictability [7-10].
line load network for a Class-E power amplifi- Figure 1(a) shows the conventional trans-
er with simple design equations to define its mission-line Class E load-network schematic
load-network parameters is presented. where the series transmission line TL1 and
open-circuited transmission-line stub TL2,
Transmission-Line Class-E Load Networks having an electrical length of 45° each, pro-
Generally, the Class E load network can be vide high impedance at the second harmonic
based on both lumped elements and transmis- [5]. This can be considered as a second-har-
sion lines depending on the operating fre- monic Class E approximation. At the same
quency and convenience of practical imple- time, transformation of the optimum Class-E
mentation [4-6]. At higher frequencies, to pro- load resistance to the standard 50-ohm load
vide a required inductive impedance at the resistance can be realized by proper choice of
fundamental and high reactive impedance the transmission-line characteristic
seen by the shunt capacitance at the second impedances of the Z1 and Z2. The more com-
and higher order harmonics, it is preferable to plicated Class-E load network which provides
use short-circuit and open-circuit stubs the open-circuit conditions simultaneously for
the second and third harmonics by using a 30-degree Figure 3 · Load networks seen by the device output at
open-circuited stub and a short-circuited quarter wave harmonic frequencies.
transmission line is shown in Figure 1(b) [11].
In the latter case intended for a conventional Class-E
mode, the following harmonic conditions seen by the network transmission-line characteristic impedances [5,
device output at the fundamental-frequency, second and 6]. It should be noted that Eqs. (3) and (4) were obtained
third harmonic components must be satisfied: for the idealized optimum (or nominal) zero voltage and
zero voltage-derivative Class E conditions when device is
(
Znet ( ω 0 ) = R 1 + j tan 49.054D ) (1) operated as a lossless switch and a series fundamentally-
tuned resonant circuit provides an infinite impedance for
the second and higher order harmonics. However, for
Im Znet ( 2ω 0 ) = Im Znet ( 3ω 0 ) = ∞ (2) example, for the practical transmission-line Class-E load
networks shown in Figure 1(a), high impedance can be
where provided at the second harmonic only. In this case, the
maximum efficiency can be achieved with nonzero voltage
Vdd2 (3) and voltage-derivative conditions, thus providing a sec-
R = 0.5768
Pout ond-harmonic Class E approximation when Eqs. (3) and
(4) can be considered as an initial guess, with the opti-
is the nominal Class E load-network resistance, Vdd is the mum parameters optimized around these values [4].
supply voltage, and Pout is the fundamental-frequency
output power delivered to the load [12]. The device output Modified Approach: Analysis and Design
capacitance Cout should be equal to the nominal Class E The Class-E load network shown in Figure 1(b) can be
shunt capacitance C defined by modified in order to obtain simple analytical equations to
explicitly define the transmission line parameters. Such a
0.1836 modified transmission-line Class E load network is shown
C= (4)
ω0 R in Figure 2, where the combined series quarterwave
transmission line provides an impedance transformation
and the transformation to the standard load resistance at the fundamental frequency, and the open-circuited
RL = 50 ohms is provided by the proper choice of the load- stubs with electrical lengths of 90° and 30° create the
RL 1
Z12 Z2 = (13)
Im Znet = (9) 2 1 − ω 0 Lout
3 Z2 1.1586R
which allows direct calculation of the characteristic resulting in higher characteristic impedance of the open-
impedances Z1 and Z2. As a result, by using Eq. (1), circuited stub for greater values of series inductance Lout.
quiescent current Iq = 20 mA, and drain supply voltage CDMA base station,” 2006 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave
Vdd = 25 V), achieved without any tuning of the input Symp. Dig., vol. 2, pp. 718-721.
matching circuit and load network. In this case, the deep- 4. A. Grebennikov and N. O. Sokal, Switchmode RF
er the saturation mode, the lower DC supply current is Power Amplifiers, New York: Newnes, 2007.
measured, resulting in an increasing drain efficiency 5. T. B. Mader, E. W. Bryerton, M. Markovic, M.
(70% and higher) with almost constant fundamental out- Forman, and Z. Popovic, “Switched-mode high-efficiency
put power. The slightly lower power gain is explained by microwave power amplifiers in a free-space power-com-
some mismatch at the input due to effect of the lead biner array,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.
inductance of the packaged transistor. MTT-46, pp. 1391-1398, Oct. 1998.
Figure 9 shows the measured output power and drain 6. R. Negra, F. M. Ghannouchi, and W. Bachtold,
efficiency versus dc supply voltage at the operating fre- “Study and design optimization of multiharmonic trans-
quency of 2.14 GHz when an input power Pin was set to mission-line load networks for Class-E and Class-F K-
27.5 dBm. The fundamental output power is varied band MMIC power amplifiers,” IEEE Trans. Microwave
almost linearly from 35 dBm at Vdd = 20 V up to almost Theory Tech., vol. MTT-55, pp. 1390-1397, June 2007.
39 dBm at Vdd = 35 V. In this case, the maximum drain 7. A. J. Wilkinson and J. K. A. Everard, “Transmission-
efficiency of 70% is achieved at an optimum DC supply line load-network topology for Class-E power amplifiers,”
voltage of 25 V. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-49, pp.
1202-1210, June 2001.
Author Information 8. J. Lee, S. Kim, J. Nam, J. Kim, I. Kim, and B. Kim,
Andrei Grebennikov received the MSc degree in elec- “Highly efficient LDMOS power amplifier based on Class-
tronics from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, E topology,” Microwave and Optical Technology Lett., vol.
and the Ph.D. degree in radio engineering from Moscow 48, pp. 789-791, Apr. 2006.
Technical University of Communications and Informatics. 9. H. G. Bae, R. Negra, S. Boumaiza, and F. M.
He can be reached by e-mail at: grandrei@ ieee.org Ghannouchi “High-efficiency GaN Class-E power amplifi-
er with compact harmonic-suppression network,” Proc.
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2009. 12. F. H. Raab, “Idealized operation of the Class E
3. N. Ui and S. Sano, “A 45% drain efficiency, -50dBc tuned power amplifier,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and
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