Advance Railway Automation 2009-10: Dept of Mech Sjce Mysore

Advance Railway Automation 2009-10
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 1

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The Advanced Railway Automation uses the ‘Wireless’ system.

The word “Wireless” means sending the signals without using any wires. The
whole purpose of the ‘Wireless’ is to eliminate the any kind of cabling between
the source and destinations. Not only that, also to get the work done in more
reliable way with fast speed. In simple way, if the process takes place using the
Radio Frequency and Infra Red Rays, without using any type of cabling is
called as Wireless Communication. For example, if the protection of any
vehicle is accomplished using less work supervision and more self-caring and
self-decisive devices. It may be referred as ‘that vehicle is automated’. With the
golden rule ‘prevention is better than cure’, vehicle can be well protected from
any major accident or disaster or damage by automating it. In brief, ‘Vehicle
Automation’ means protecting or doing every-day running processes using any
electronic or computer guided instrument.
A train is the second popular conveyor of the people next to Bus. Railways are
the lifelines of a country. The automation of train is essential as a mishap
makes more damage to its travelers and the department.
Our present Model is a attempt to find out how the aforesaid idea can be
implemented. Yet it is sufficient to show the way through which we can proceed
to make the Train Systems completely automatic with the aid of Electronics.

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 2
Methodology
The Advanced Railway Automation system is comprised of following sections:

1. Station Indicator System.
2. Fire detector & Sprinkler.
The Station Indicator System indicates the approaching station to on-board

passengers by vibrating their seat motor.
In this project there are 3 application’s are implemented
First application is vibrator, means that when a passenger in a train half a KM

before reaching to his destination station his seatbelt or seat band starts
vibrating. Only that particular seat vibrates.
Second. A display will be provided in a train which will display the information
of the upcoming station.
Third, once the fire is detected in a train automatically separation of particular

boogie will be taken place and automatically sprinkler will be turned on.

16 X 2 LCD
MICROCONTROLLER
TO ACTIVATE THE VOLVES

MONOSTABLE
Rx 1 BUFFER DRIVER
MULTIVIBRATOR
VIBRATOR
MONOSTABLE
TRIGERRING STAGE
TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER MULTIVIBRATOR
MODULE MODULE
STATION A STATION B
MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROJECT:

1. Simple in design, easy to operate.

2. Low power consumption and compact size.
3. Linear, smooth & easy control of the units due to employ of RF remote
unit.
4. High reliability, due to the usage of power semiconductor devices.
5. Greater control range due the usage of Radio Frequency communication.

CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 3

Circuit Diagram
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INTERFACING CIRCUIT

R7-R12
IC2
D7-D12
+5V IC1 9
1 16
1
Control Signal Inputs 3 2 15
2
5 4 3 14 RL2 RL3 A
B
7 6 4 13 TO
REST
9 10 5 12 OF
THE
11 12 6 11 CIRC
UIT
15 10 OF
14 7 THE
GAD
8 GET
8 FROM
D1 TO D6 BATT
R1 TO R6 ERY
ELIMI
NATO
R
Note: In this circuit only 6-bits are shown. For other two bits add same circuit with two more inputsBATT
connecte
ERY
D1
DR50
KIA
78x
x
Seri
es
1 2
3
Vibr
atin
g
Dete
ctor
Sens
or
IC1
1
5
6
7
+Vc
c
ut To
Buffe
r&
Drive
Advance Railway Automation 2009-10 r
Stage
C3
Parts List: C2
R3
SEMICONDUCTORS R4
IC1 4050 HEX 1 470
R2
BUFFER/CONVERTER(NON- R1
GN
INVERTER) D
IC2 2004 DARLINGTON ARRY 1 D1
2
RESISTORS 3
R1 to R6 220 Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistors 6 RL4
R7 to R12 2.2 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistors 6
DIODES
D1to D6 1N4148 SIGNAL Diodes 6
D7 to D12 Red Indicator LEDs 6
MISCELLANEOUS
RL1-RL6 12 V, 700 Ohm DPDT Reed Relays 6
Circuit Description:
According to circuit construction, the 'Wireless Antenna Control Cum Device

Switching’ system consists of two main Parts: Transmitter Part & Receiver Part.
The Transmitter Part has RF Transmitter Unit & Power Pack and Receiver Part
is comprised of four circuits. The Receiver Part has following circuits: RF
Receiver; Pulse Amplifier & Oscillator; Buffer & Driver Section; Static Driver
Stage; Counter & Switching Stage; Variable Driver Stage; and finally Power
Supply Unit.
RF TRANSMITTER
The RF transmitter is built around the ASIC and common passive and active
components, which are very easy to obtain from the material shelf. The circuit
works on Very High Frequency band with wide covering range. The Carrier

frequency is 147 MHz and Data frequencies are 17 MHz,19 MHz,22 MHz & 25
MHz. It should be noted that ASIC or Application Specific Integrated Circuit is
proprietary product and data sheet or pin details or working principles are not
readily available to the user.
RF RECEIVER
This circuit is built around the ASIC i.e., Application Specific Integrated
Circuit, hence less circuitry is observed. The Radio Frequency tuned circuit has
147 M Hz carrier frequency with four options viz., 17Khz, 19Khz, 22KHz and
25KHz.
The transmitted signals are received on coil which acts as receiver antenna. The
oscillator transistor removes the received signals from 147MHz carrier
frequency and fed to ASIC. The tank circuit gives the carrier frequency range.
The current limiting resistor and bypass capacitor stabilizes the oscillator. The
resistors provide the biasing voltage to the oscillator transistor T1. Capacitors
bypass the noise and harmonics present in the received signals. Through
coupling capacitor output of the RF Receiver is fed to ASIC.
The ASIC manipulates the received signal and gives out four channels as output
viz., 17 KHz, 19 KHz, 22 KHz and 25 KHz. Each channel is amplified by pre-
amplifier transistor along with bias resistor. The output of the pre-amplifier
transistor is fed to relay driver stage to activate the respective relay ON. The
Darlington pairs are arranged in driver stage to drive the low impedance relay.

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES
Radio must surely be one of the most fascinating aspects of electronics. This
part of explanation provides a brief introduction to radio communication before
Very high frequency, VHF

describing
Ultra high frequency, UHF

the circuitry
of RF
Medium frequency, MFHz
High frequency, HF
receivers and
Low frequency, LF
transmitters.
The aim has
30 MHz
30 MHz
been to
300 KHz
Frequency
30 KHz
provide the
3 GHz
The Radio Frequency Spectrum

user with
sufficient
M
3
information
to what his
or her
appetite for a
Wavelength
subject
10 cm
SW broadcasting
10 Km
LW broadcasting
1 Km
1m
FM broadcasting
MW broadcasting
100 m
10 m
TV bands 1V/V
which has a
broad appeal
to a large
number of
dedicated
enthusiasts
all over the
world.
Radio Frequency Signals:

Radio frequency signals are generally understood to occupy a frequency range,
which extends from a few tens of kilohertz to several hundred giga-hertz. The
lowest part of radio frequency range, which is of practical use (below 30 kHz),
is only suitable for narrow-band communications. At this frequency, signals
propagate as ground waves (following the curvature of the earth) over very long
distance. At the other extreme, the highest frequency range, which is of
practical importance, extends above 30GHz. At these ‘microwave’ frequencies,
considerable bandwidths are available (sufficient to transmit many television
channel using point-to-point links or to permit very high definition radar
systems) and signals tend to propagate strictly along ‘line-of-sight’ paths.

At other frequencies, signals may propagate by various means, including

reflection from ionized layers in the ionosphere. At frequencies between 3MHz
and 30MHz, for example, ionospheric propagation regularly permits
intercontinental broadcasting and communications using simple equipment
within the scope of the enthusiastic radio amateur and short-wave listener.
For convenience, the radio frequency spectrum is divided into a number of

bands, each spanning a decade of frequency.
Frequency and wavelength

Radio waves propagate in air (or space) at the speed of light (300 million meters
per second). The velocity of propagation[v], wavelength[] and frequency [f] of
a radio wave are related by the equation:
V = f = 3 X 108 m/s
This equation can be arranged to make f or  the subject, as follows:
F = 3 X 108/  Hz and  = 3 X 108 / fm
As an example, a signal at a frequency of 1 MHz will have a wavelength of 300
m whereas a signal at a frequency of 10 MHz will have a wavelength of 30m.
Modulation
In order to convey information using a
radio frequency carrier, the signal
information must be superimposed or
‘modulated’ onto the carrier.
Modulation is the name given to the
process of changing a particular
property of the carrier wave in
sympathy with the instantaneous
voltage (or current) signal.
The most commonly used methods of

modulation are amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation
(FM). In the former case, the carrier
amplitude (its peak voltage) varies
according to the voltage, at any
instant, of the modulating signal. In
the latter case, the carrier frequency is
varied in accordance with the voltage,
at any instant, of the modulating
signal.

If the modulating signal (audio) is correctly tailored prior to its application to

the phase modulated stage, the end result is identical to that of frequency
modulation. The reason for this is that, in a true FM system, the deviation
produced is the same for all modulating signals of equal amplitude (i.e. the
amount frequency deviation is independent of the frequency of the modulating
signal). In a phase-modulated system, on other hand, the amount of frequency
deviation is proportional to both modulating signal amplitude and modulating
signal frequency. Thus in a phase modulated system without audio tailoring, a
modulation signal of 2 kHz will produce twice as much frequency deviation as
an equal amplitude modulating signal of 1 kHz. The desired audio response
required to produce FM, therefore, is one, which rolls off the frequency
response by half for each doubling of frequency (equivalent to 6-dB per octave
roll-off). This can be easily achieved using a simple R-C low-pass filter.
Demodulation
Demodulation is the reverse of modulation and is the means by which the signal
information is recovered from the modulated carrier. Demodulation is achieved
by means of a demodulator consists of a
reconstructed version of the original signal information present at the input of
the modulator stage within the transmitter.
The below figure shows the simplified block schematic of a simple radio
communication system comprising on AM transmitter and a ‘tuned radio
frequency’ (TRF) receiver Within the transmitter, the carrier wave (of constant
frequency) is generated by means of a radio frequency oscillator stage. In order
to ensure that the carrier is both accurate and within in frequency, this stage
would normally employ a quartz crystal within its frequency generating
circuitry.
The output of the modulator (a modulated carrier) is amplified before outputting

to the aerial system. The output is usually carefully filtered to remove any
spurious signals (harmonics) which may be present and which may otherwise
cause interference to other services.
Mic
AF
Amplifier
DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE RF Page 13

Modulator
Amplifier
RF
Oscillator
LS
RF Demodulato AF
Amplifier r Amplifier
Typical Radio Transmitter & Receiver

CHAPTER 4
MICRO-CONTROLLER
CHAPTER 4
MICROCONTROLLER

MOTHER BOARD 89C51

The 89C51 Micro-controller is heart of this project. It is the chip that
processes the User Data and executes the same. The software inherited in
this chip manipulates the data and sends the result for visual display.
INTRODUCTION OF MICRO-CONTROLLER
The general definition of a microcontroller is a single chip computer, which
refers to the fact that they contain all of the functional sections (CPU, RAM,
ROM, I/O, ports and timers) of a traditionally defined computer on a single
integrated circuit. Some experts even describe them as special purpose
computers with several qualifying distinctions that separate them from other
computers.
Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some other device (often a consumer

product) so that they can control the features or actions of the product. Another
name for a microcontroller, therefore, is "embedded controller."
Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The
program is stored in ROM (read-only memory) and generally does not change.
Microcontrollers are often low-power devices. A desktop computer is almost

always plugged into a wall socket and might consume 50 watts of electricity. A
battery-operated microcontroller might consume 50 mill watts.
A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often (but not always) has a
small LED or LCD display for output. A microcontroller also takes input from
the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending signals to
different components in the device.
A microcontroller is often small and low cost. The components are chosen to
minimize size and to be as inexpensive as possible.
Introducing the Intel’s Microcontroller 89C51

Features

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The mother board of 89C51 has following sections: Power Supply, 89C51 IC,
Oscillator, Reset Switch & I/O ports. Let us see these sections in detail.
POWER SUPPLY:
This section provides the clean and harmonic free power to IC to function
properly. The output of the full wave rectifier section, which is built using two
rectifier diodes, is given to filter capacitor. The electrolytic capacitor C1 filters
the pulsating dc into pure dc and given to Vin pin-1 of regulator IC 7805.This
three terminal IC regulates the rectified pulsating dc to constant +5 volts. C2 &
C3 provides ground path to harmonic signals present in the inputted voltage.
The Vout pin-3 gives constant, regulated and spikes free +5 volts to the mother
board.
The allocation of the pins of the 89C51 follows a U-shape distribution. The top
left hand corner is Pin 1 and down to bottom left hand corner is Pin 20. And the
bottom right hand corner is Pin 21 and up to the top right hand corner is Pin 40.
The Supply Voltage pin Vcc is 40 and ground pin Vss is 20.
OSCILLATOR:
If the CPU is the brain of the system then the oscillator, or clock, is the
heartbeat. It provides the critical timing functions for the rest of the chip. The
greatest timing accuracy is achieved with a crystal or ceramic resonator. For
crystals of 2.0 to 12.0 MHz, the recommended capacitor values should be in the
range of 15 to 33pf2.

Across the oscillator input pins 18 & 19 a crystal x1 of 4.7 MHz to 20 MHz
value can be connected. The two ceramic disc type capacitors of value 30pF are
connected across crystal and ground stabilizes the oscillation frequency
generated by crystal.
I/O PORTS:
There are a total of 32 i/o pins available on this chip. The amazing part about
these ports is that they can be programmed to be either input or output ports,
even "on the fly" during operation! Each pin can source 20 mA (max) so it can
directly drive an LED. They can also sink a maximum of 25 Ma current.
Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the
peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that
pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin.
Micro-controller Pin diagram

Description
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and
80C52 instruction set and pin out.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system

or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high impedance inputs.
Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus
during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has
internal pull ups.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external

count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively.

Port 2
because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during
fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port
2 uses strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external
data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents
of the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during
Flash Programming and verification.
Port 3
because of the pull ups.
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.
Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a

constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing
or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each
access to external data memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no
effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H
up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched

on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR)
space. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses
may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in
general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate
effect.
Data Memory
The AT89C52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes
occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. That means
the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are
physically separate from SFR space.

When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the

address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the
upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct
addressing access SFR space.
For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at
location 0A0H (which is P2).
MOV 0A0H, #data
Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM.
For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains
0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is
0A0H).
LCD INTERFACING
LCDs can add a lot to any application in terms of providing an useful interface
for the user, debugging an application or just giving it a "professional" look.
The most common type of LCD controller is the Hitatchi 44780 which provides
a relatively simple interface between a processor and an LCD. Using this
interface is often not attempted by inexperienced designers and programmers
because it is difficult to find good documentation on the interface, initializing
the interface can be a problem and the displays themselves are expensive.
The most common connector used for the 44780 based LCDs is 14 pins in a
row, with pin centres 0.100" apart. The pins are wired as:
Pins Description LCD DATA WRITE WAVEFORM

1 Ground
2 Vcc
DATA
3 Contrast Voltage
4 "R/S" _Instruction/Register Select
5 "R/W"
R/_S _Read/Write LCD
Registers
6 "E" Clock
7 – 14 Data
R/_WI/O Pins
E
450 nSec

The interface is a parallel bus, allowing simple and fast reading/writing of data
to and from the LCD.
The LCD Data Write Waveform will write an ASCII Byte out to the LCD's
screen. The ASCII code to be displayed is eight bits long and is sent to the LCD
either four or eight bits at a time. If four bit mode is used, two "nibbles" of data
(Sent high four bits and then low four bits with an "E" Clock pulse with each
nibble) are sent to make up a full eight bit transfer. The "E" Clock is used to
initiate the data transfer within the LCD.
Sending parallel data as either four or eight bits are the two primary modes of
operation. While there are secondary considerations and modes, deciding how
to send the data to the LCD is most critical decision to be made for an LCD
interface application.
Eight bit mode is best used when speed is required in an application and at least
ten I/O pins are available. Four bit mode requires a minimum of six bits. To
wire a microcontroller to an LCD in four bit mode, just the top four bits (DB4-
7) are written to.
The different instructions available for use with the 44780 are shown in the
table below:
R/ R/W D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Instruction/Description
S
4 5 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 Pins
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear Display
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * Return Cursor and LCD to
Home Position
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ID S Set Cursor Move Direction
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Enable Display/Cursor
0 0 0 0 0 1 S R * * Move Cursor/Shift Display
C L
0 0 0 0 1 DL N F * * Set Interface Length

0 0 0 1 A A A A A A Move Cursor into CGRAM
0 0 1 A A A A A A A Move Cursor to Display
0 1 B * * * * * * * Poll the "Busy Flag"
F
1 0 D D D D D D D D Write a Character to the
Display at the Current
Cursor Position
1 1 D D D D D D D D Read the Character on the
Display at the Current
Cursor Position
Once the initialization is complete, the LCD can be written to with data or
instructions as required. Each character to display is written like the control
bytes, except that the "R/S" line is set. During initialization, by setting the "S/C"
bit during the "Move Cursor/Shift Display" command, after each character is
sent to the LCD, the cursor built into the LCD will increment to the next
position (either right or left). Normally, the "S/C" bit is set (equal to "1") along
with the "R/L" bit in the "Move Cursor/Shift Display" command for characters
to be written from left to right (as with a "Teletype" video display).
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
General
 The LCD of the unit is STN (Super Twisted Nematic) Gray, Transflective
type.
 Low power consumption with the dot-matrix LCD panel and CMOS LSI.
 Built-in backlight LED with high luminance and stable radiation.
 Thin, lightweight design permits easy installation in a variety of
equipment.
 Allowing for being connected at general-purpose CMOS signal level, the
unit can be easily interfaced to a microprocessor with common 4-bit and
8-bit parallel inputs and outputs.
 Multiplexing driving : 1/16duty, 1/4bias, 6 o’clock

 Built-in character generator ROM and RAM, and display data RAM:
 Character generator ROM 225 different 5 x 7 dot-matrix character
patterns (Alphanumeric and symbols)
 Character generator RAM 8 different user programmed 5 x 7 dot-matrix
patterns
 Display data RAM 80 x 8 bits
 Numerous instructions Display clear, Cursor home, Display ON/OFF,
Cursor ON/OFF, Blink character, Cursor shift, Display shift
 The unit operates from a single 5V power supply
 Liquid crystal panel service life 100,000 hours minimum at 25 oC -10 oC
 3.3 definition of panel service life
 Contrast becomes 30% of initial value
 Current consumption becomes three times higher than initial value
 Remarkable alignment deterioration occurs in LCK cell layer
 Unusual operation occurs in display functions
Safety
 If the LCD panel breaks, be careful not to get the liquid crystal in your
mouth. If the liquid crystal touches your skin or clothes, wash it off
immediately using soap and plenty of water.
Handling
 Avoid static electricity as this can damage the CMOS LSI.
 The LCD panel is plate glass; do not hit or crush it.
 Do not remove the panel or frame from the module.
 The polarizing plate of the display is very fragile; handle it very carefully

Mounting and Design

 Mount the module by using the specified mounting part and holes.
 To protect the module from external pressure, leave a small gap by
placing transparent plates (e.g. acrylic or glass) on the display surface,
frame, and polarizing plate
 Design the system so that no input signal is given unless the power-
supply voltage is applied.
 Keep the module dry. Avoid condensation; otherwise the transparent
electrodes may break.
Storage

 Store the module in a dark place, where the temperature is 25 oC - 10 oC

and the humidity below 65% RH.
 Do not store the module near organic solvents or corrosive gases.
 Do not crush, shake, or jolt the module (including accessories).
TIMER:
PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF TIMER IC 555
GROUND 1 8 VCC
TRIGGER 2 7
555 DISCHARGE
OUTPUT 3 6 THRESHOLD
RESET 5 CONTROL
4
This Timer Circuit gets its trigger pulse from Schmitt Trigger and provides the
one minute delay to the System and then switches OFF the Counter circuit’s
trigger line to avoid further counting & displaying incremented value. And also
stops the Beeper sounding after one minute alarm.
The standard 555 timer is housed in an 8-pin DIL package and operates from
supply rail voltages of between 4.5V and 15V. This encompasses the normal
range for TTL devices and thus the device is ideally suited for use in
conjunction with TTL circuitry.

RELAY: The traditional method of switching current through a load, which

requires isolation from the controlling circuit, involves the use of an
electromechanical relay. Such devices offer a simple, low-cost solution to the
problem of maintaining adequate isolation between the controlling circuit and
the potentially lethal voltages associated with an a.c. main supply. The coils,
which provide the necessary magnetic flux to operate a relay, are available for
operation on a variety of voltages between 5V and 115V d.c. and 12V to 250V
a.c. at currents of between 5 mA and 100 mA.
DRIVER: Since the digital outputs of the some circuits cannot sink much
current, they are not capable of driving relays directly. So, high-voltage high-
current Darlington arrays are added to this time delay circuit for interfacing
low-level logic circuitry and peripheral power loads. Typical loads include
relays, solenoids, stepping motors, magnetic print hammers, multiplexed LED
and incandescent displays, and heaters. In this case it is Train’s motor supply
pins.
INTRODUCTION TO VIBRATOR (STATION AND FIRE) Sensor

Section:
Each timer section of dual timer IC 556 can be used in either Astable mode (to
generate a continuous pulse train) or in Mon stable mode (to generate a single
pulse of accurately defined length). In Astable mode, the range of pulse
repetition frequencies (p.r.f) that can be reliably obtained extends from less than
0.1Hz (ten seconds per cycle) to over 100 kHz. In Mon stable mode, pulses of
duration ranging from 10µs to 10s can be generated. In either case, accuracy
will be determined primarily by the external components (resistors and
capacitors employed).

In some applications it may be necessary to vary the duty cycle of a one timer
without affecting the p.r.f of its output. Otherwise a pulsed, rather than
continuous output is required, and then a need of adding second Astable timer
arises. This situation employs dual timer IC 556, where each timer section is
used in its own way. One timer is used in Mon stable mode and the other in
pulse generator mode.
Specification
 DC Voltage 12.0 v
 Shaft Speed 2500 rpm
 Output Power 0.0027 HP
 Torque Constant 3.5 amp
Detector Section
The first part of the dual timer IC 556 can be used as a Rising Light Level
Switch. In Mon stable pulse generator mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 14 and
that to +Vcc. The threshold pin 2 and the discharge pin 1 are connected together
to +Vcc by a resistance R1. The control pin 3 is connected to ground via
capacitor C1. The trigger input pin 6 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up
resistor R1. Here the smoke sensor, R6 & C3 gives the triggering pulse needed
for Multivibrator.
The current through Smoke Sensor will depends upon the amount of light
between LDR & the light source [both are packaged inside]. In total darkness
the reverse current flowing through LDR will be very small. When the optical
sensor LDR is not illuminated by a light source the capacitor C3 is uncharged
and the trigger input is low and that switching transistor TR1 (at pin-1) is in the
non-conducting state. Thus the output (at pin-5) is high. The capacitor C1 will

begin to charge toward +Vcc with current supplied by means of the series
resistors R1 and R2.
SEMICONDUCTORS
IC1 556 DUAL TIMER IC 1
IC2 3561 TONE GENERATOR 1
TR1 AC 187 NPN Transistor 1
RESISTORS
R1 & R2 10 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistors 2
R3 & R4 33 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistors 2
R5 & R6 1 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistors 2 Parts List:
R7 1 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistor 1
R8 220 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon 1
Resistor
DIODES
D1& D2 1N4148 SIGNAL Diodes 6
CAPACITORS
C1 & C2 0.01 F CERAMIC CAPACITORS 2
C3 & C4 100 F CERAMIC CAPACITORS 2
MISCELLANEOUS
Smoke Sensor
DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Some Sensor Module 1 Page 30
Temperature Sensor DR25 Temperature Sensor Diode 1
SP Loud Speaker, 8 Ohm 1
Fire Sensor Section

The second part of the dual timer IC 556 can be used as a Rising Temperature
Level Switch. In Mon stable pulse generator mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 14
and that to +Vcc. The threshold pin 6 and the discharge pin 7 are connected
together to +Vcc by a resistance R2. The control pin 5 is connected to ground
via capacitor C2. The trigger input pin 8 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up
resistor R4.Here the temperature sensor DR 25, R4 & C5 gives the triggering
pulse needed for Multivibrator.
A reverse biased germanium diode is used here as a heat sensor. The diode DR
25 works as a sensor but base-emitter junction of germanium transistors such as
AC128, AC 188 or 2N360 can also be used. At room temperature the reverse
resistance of the diode is very high (i.e. over 1O K Ohm). Thus capacitor C2 is
uncharged and the trigger input is low and that switching transistor TR1 (at pin-
13) is in the non-conducting state. Thus the output (at pin-9) is high. The

capacitor C1 will begin to charge toward +Vcc with current supplied by means
of the series resistors R1 and R2.
When temperature in the vicinity of sensor diode increases in case of a fire, the
reverse resistance of DR25 drops. At about 70 °C its resistance drops to a value
below 1 K Ohms. Thus Mon stable timing period is initiated by a falling edge
(i.e. ‘high’ to ‘Low’ transition) applied to the trigger input (at pin 8). When such
an edge is received and the ‘trigger’ input voltage falls below ⅓ of Vcc, the
output of the lower comparator goes ‘high’ and the Bitable is placed in the ‘set’
state. The Q output of the Bitable then goes low, switching transistor TR1 is
placed in the ‘OFF’ (non-conducting) state and the final ‘output’ (at pin-9) goes
High. The circuit can be readily adapted to drive a load with operating current
less than about 150mA. So, the indicator LED (D1) goes ‘ON’ stating the load
is in ON position. Also, a proper rated relay is employed to switch ON the
mains operated load. The output is latched in the same condition until the
temperature comes down to room temperature.
Specification of water sprinkler motor
 DC voltage 12 to 24 V
 Speed 3500 rpm
 Output Power 0.004 HP

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS: Sprinkler system
caption:
1. main water tank

2. main water pump
3. main pilot valve (dry)
4. pilot valve (wet)
5. sprinkler head - standing configuration
6. sprinkler head - hanging configuration
7. pressure tank
8. testing piping
9. testing piping
10.filling piping
11.compressor
12.alarm bell
13.fire central
14.alarm bell
15.pressure gauge
16. switchboard

Movement Detector Section

The typical application of Movement Detector Section is shown in the Circuit
diagram. Here the Magnetic sensor consists of two pieces, one is of magnetic
material and the other is magnet. These two pieces are arranged such that they
come direct in contact. When these pieces are in contact it triggers 555 which
drives the relay through buffer and relay driver. When the unauthorized person,
unknowingly breaks this contact, 555 inputs gets low and relay gets off which
drives IR transmitter again.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 555 vibrating DETECTOR

C1
Parts List:
SEMICONDUCTORS
IC1 555 Timer IC 1
R1 33 K Ohm ¼ Watt 1
R2 1K Ohm ¼ Watt 1
R3 10K Ohm ¼ Watt 1
R4 470 Ohm ¼ Watt 1
D1 Red Light Emitting Diode 1
CAPACITORS
C1 & C3 10 µf / 25V Electrolytic 1
C2 0.1µF Ceramic Disc type 1
MISCELLENOUS
SENSOR Movement Detector Sensor 1
Circuit Description:
The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as a Rising Light
Level Switch. In Mon stable pulse generator mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 8
and that to +Vcc. The threshold pin 6 and the discharge pin 7 are connected
together to +Vcc by a resistance R3. The control pin 5 is connected to ground
via capacitor C2. The trigger input pin 2 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up
resistor R1.Here the Movement Detector, R2 & C1 gives the triggering pulse
needed for Multivibrator.
The current through Movement Detector will depend upon the distance between
the two pieces. In full contact the reverse current flowing through Movement
Detector will be very small. When the Movement Detector is parted by each
other the capacitor C2 is uncharged and the trigger input is low and that
switching transistor TR1 (at pin-7) is in the non-conducting state. Thus the

output (at pin-3) is high. The capacitor C1 will begin to charge toward +Vcc
with current supplied by means of the series resistors R1 and R2.
When both the pieces break contact, the reverse current flowing through
Movement Detector increases markedly. Thus Monostable timing period is
initiated by a falling edge (i.e. ‘High’ to ‘Low’ transition) applied to the trigger
input (at pin 2). When such an edge is received and the ‘trigger’ input voltage
falls below ⅓ of Vcc, the output of the lower comparator goes ‘high’ and the
Bitable is placed in the ‘set’ state. The Q output of the Bitable then goes low,
switching transistor TR1 is placed in the ‘OFF’ (non-conducting) state and the
final ‘output’ (at pin-3) goes High. The circuit can be readily adapted to drive a
load with operating current less than about 150mA. So, the indicator LED (D1)
goes ‘ON’ stating the relay is in ON position. The output is latched in the same
condition until the contact-break is not restored again.
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

The circuit needs two different voltages, +5V & +12V, to work. These dual
voltages are supplied by this specially designed power supply.
The power supply, unsung hero of every electronic circuit, plays very important
role in smooth running of the connected circuit. The main object of this ‘power
supply’ is, as the name itself implies, to deliver the required amount of
stabilized and pure power to the circuit. Every typical power supply contains the
following sections:
1. Step-down Transformer: The conventional supply, which is generally

available to the user, is 230V AC. It is necessary to step down the mains supply
to the desired level. This is achieved by using suitably rated step-down
transformer. While designing the power supply, it is necessary to go for little

higher rating transformer than the required one. The reason for this is, for
proper working of the regulator IC (say KIA 7805) it needs at least 2.5V more
than the expected output voltage
2. Rectifier stage: Then the step-downed Alternating Current is converted into

Direct Current. This rectification is achieved by using passive components such
as diodes. If the power supply is designed for low voltage/current drawing
loads/circuits (say +5V), it is sufficient to employ full-wave rectifier with
centre-tap transformer as a power source. While choosing the diodes the PIV
rating is taken into consideration.
3. Filter stage: But this rectified output contains some percentage of

superimposed a.c. ripples. So to filter these a.c. components filter stage is built
around the rectifier stage. The cheap, reliable, simple and effective filtering for
low current drawing loads (say up to 50 mA) is done by using shunt capacitors.
This electrolytic capacitor has polarities, take care while connecting the circuit.
4. Voltage Regulation: The filtered D.C. output is not stable. It varies in

accordance with the fluctuations in mains supply or varying load current. This
variation of load current is observed due to voltage drop in transformer
windings, rectifier and filter circuit. These variations in D.C. output voltage
may cause inaccurate or erratic operation or even malfunctioning of many
electronic circuits. For example, the circuit boards which are implanted by
CMOS or TTL ICs.


CHAPTER 5
GENERAL COMPOENTS

CHAPTER 5
GENERAL COMPONENTS
RESISTORS:
In many electronic circuit applications the resistance forms the basic part of the
circuit. The reason for inserting the resistors is to reduce current or to produce
the desired voltage drop. These components which offer value of resistance are
known as resistors. Resistors may have fixed value i.e., whose value cannot be
changed and are known as fixed resistors. Such of those resistors whose value
can be changed or varied are known as variable resistors.
There are two types of resistors available. They are:

1. Carbon resistors.
2. Wire wound resistors.
Carbon resistors are used when the power dissipation is less than 2W because
they are smaller and cost less. Wire wound resistors are used where the power
dissipation is more than 5W. In electronic equipments carbon resistors are
widely used because of their smaller size.
All resistors have three main characteristics:

(i) Its resistance R in ohms (from 1 ohm to many mega ohms).
(ii) Power rating (from several 10 W to 0.1 W).
(iii) Tolerance (in percentage).

PRESET
There are two general categories of variable resistors:
1. General purpose resistors.
2. Precision resistors.
The general purpose type can again be wire wound type and carbon type .These
follows either linear or logarithmic law. The precision type are always wire
wound and follow a linear law .The variable resistors can be broadly classified
as potentiometer , rheostats , presets and decade resistance boxes.
The general purpose wire wound potentiometers are available in 1, 2, 3 and 4

watts. The usual tolerances ratings 10 % and 20% are available. The widely
used potentiometers are of the standard diameters 19mm, 31mm, and 44mm.
The temperature coefficient depends on the wire used and on the resistors
values. The resolution of these wire wound resistors is proper than carbon
resistors because the wiper has to move from one winding to the other, where as
in carbon potentiometers it is continuous. These resistors are highly linear, the
linearity falling with 1%.
CAPACITORS:
Devices which can store electronic charge are called capacitors. Capacitance
can be understood as the ability of a dielectric to store electric charges. Its unit
is Farad, named after the Michael Faraday. The capacitors are named according
to the dielectric used. Most common ones are air, paper, and mica, ceramic and
electrolytic capacitors.
Physically a capacitor has conducting plates separated by an insulator or the

dielectric. The plates of the capacitor have opposite charge, this gives rise to an

electric field .In capacitor the electric field is concentrated in the dielectric
between the plates.
Like resistors, capacitors are also crucial to the correct working of nearly every
electronic circuit and provide us with a means of storing electrical energy in the
form of an electric field. Capacitors have numerous applications including
storage capacitors in power supplies, coupling of A.C. signals between the
stages of an amplifier, and decoupling power supply rails so that, As far as A.C.
signal components are concerned, the supply rails are indistinguishable from
zero volts.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS:
CERAMIC CAPACITORS:
The Ceramic Capacitors use ceramic dielectric with thin film as electrodes
bonded to the ceramic .these capacitors are available as low permittivity,
medium permittivity and high permittivity types .The ceramic is used is
generally thick because they cannot with stand high potential gradients .The
leads are soldered to metal electrodes and the entire assembly is enclosed in a
ceramic or epoxy molded cases. Capacitors are available as tubular disk,
monolithic and barrier type.
DISC CAPACITORS :
In the disk form, silver is fired on to both sides of the ceramic to form the
conductor plates. The sheets are then baked and cut to the appropriate shape and
size & attached by pressure contact and soldering. These have high capacitance
per unit volume and are very economical. The disks are lacquered or
encapsulated in plastic or Phenolic molding. Round disk are used at high
voltages the capacitance of values up to 0.01F can be obtained. They have
tolerance of +20% or –20%. In general these capacitors have voltage ratings up
to 750 V d.c.
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS :
These capacitors derive the name from electrolyte which is used as a medium to
produce high dielectric constants. These capacitors have low value for large
capacitances at low working voltages.

There are two types of Electrolytic capacitors:

Aluminum Electrolytic capacitor .
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors.
Electrolytic capacitors are used in circuits that have combination of D.C.

voltage and A.C. The D.C. voltage maintains the polarity . They are used as
‘ripple filter ‘ where large capacitance are required at low cost in small space .
They are also used as ‘biased capacitors ‘ and ‘decoupling capacitors ‘ and even
as ‘coupling capacitors ‘ in R- C amplifier.
DIODES:
To ensure unidirectional flow of liquid we use mechanical valves in its path. By
properly arranging these valves in a system we get useful devices such as
pumps and locomotives. In the field of electronics too we have a valve called
semiconductor diode (a counterpart of thermionic valve) for controlling the flow
of electric current in one direction. But we use these diodes in circuits for
limited purposes like converting AC to DC, by passing EMF etc. a diode allows
current to pass through it provided it is forward biased and the biasing voltage is
more than potential barrier (forward voltage drop) of the diode.
TRANSISTOR
INTRODUCTION:
The transistor an entirely new type of electronic device is capable of achieving
amplification of weak signals in a fashion comparable and often superior to that
realized by vacuum tubes. Transistors are far smaller than vacuum tube, have no
filaments and hence need no heating power and may be operates in any position.
They are mechanically strong, hence practically unlimited life and can do some
jobs better than vacuum tubes.
Invented in 1948 by J. Bardeen and W.H.Brattain of Bell Telephone

Laboratories, a transistor has now become the heart of most electronic
appliance. Though transistor is only slightly more the 45 years old, yet it is fast
replacing vacuum tubes in almost all applications.
Transistor:
A transistor consists of two pn junction formed by sand witching either p-type
or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite type. Accordingly, there are
two types of transistors namely:
n-p-n transistor
p-n-p transistor

An n-p-n is composed of two n-type semiconductors separated a by thin section

of p-type. However, a p-n-p is formed by two p-section separated by a thin
section of n-type.
These are two pn junctions. Therefore, a transistor may be regarded as a

combination of two diodes connected back to back.
There are 3 terminals, taken from each type of semiconductor.
The middle section is very thin layer. This is the most important factor in the
functioning of a transistor.
NAMING THE TRANSISTOR TERMINALS:

A transistor (pnp or npn) has three sections of doped semiconductors. The
section on one side is the emitter and the section on the opposite side is the
collector. The middle section is called the base and forms two junctions
between the emitter and collector.
Emitter: - The section on one side that supplies charge carriers (electrons or
holes) is called the emitter. The emitter is always forward biased w.r.t base so
that it can supply a large number of majority carriers.
Collector: - The section on the other side that collects the charge is called the
collector. The collector is always reversing biased. Its function is to remove
charges from its junction with the base.
Base: - The middle section, which forms to pn junctions between the emitter
and collector, is called bas. The base emitter junction is forward biased,
allowing low resistance for the emitter circuit. The base-collector junction is
reversed biased and provides high resistance in the collector circuit.
CHARCTERISTICS OF TRANSISTORS
Whenever we have to decide about the applications of a transistor certain
question arises. Some of these are – how much amplification gets from it? What
is the highest frequency upto which it can be used? How much power output
could we get from it? And what should be the values of different components
used in the circuits? The answers to these entire questions lie in the electrical
properties of the transistor. These properties depend on the size, manufacturing
techniques and materials used in the manufacturer of transistor and are know as
characteristics. Transistor manufacturers give these characteristics in the data
sheets published by them.
(a) Current gain factor ‘alpha’ ()
(b) Current gain factor ‘beta’ ()
(c) Input resistance (Rin)
(d) Output resistance (Rout)
(e) Cut-off frequency (F  and F)

(f) Leakage current (I ‘co)
(g) Maximum permissible limits:
1) Maximum collector voltage (Vceo)
2) Maximum emitter current (IC Max)
3) Maximum Power dissipation (P max)
POWER TRANSFORMER
The main object of this ‘power supply’ is, as the name itself implies, to deliver
the required amount of stabilized and pure power to the circuit. Every typical
power supply contains one transformer which steps-down the main voltage,
which is 230V AC, to the required level. The national standard for line
frequency of the mains supply is 50 Hz.
The transformer simply transfers 230 Voltage Alternating Current from primary
side to secondary side, without altering the voltage and frequency. The
secondary voltage is depends on the number of turns in secondary winding. This
turns ration of primary to secondary windings gives the rating of the
transformer.
The transformers are classified on various parameters: based on the core – air
core, ferrite core, iron core etc.; based on the turns ration- step up, step down,
isolation etc; based on the tapping- centre tap or normal etc. As per the circuit
requirements one can choose the correct type of transformer.

ADVANTAGERS &
LIMITATIONS

Advantages & Limitations
Advantages
 It reduces the risk of getting fire to all bogies.

 It prevents the passenger to skip the station.
 It helps to provide more secure to the passengers.
Limitation
 The signals may not work when the climate is not good.

CONCLUSION
Conclusion

With the rapid technological advancements in Advance

Railway Automation, it will reduce the accidents in railway department.
Implementation of this technology will make aware of missing the station by
the passengers. This technology will meet all the challenges with
conventional railway automation systems.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
1- Automobile Engineering By Kurazia
2- Railway and Automotive Engines By Kirpal Singh.
3- Railway Engineering By Satish Chandra & M.M.Agarwal.
4- Physics in Technology By R.J. Hill.
Website’s
1- www.howstuffworks.com
2- www.engineersedge.com
3- www.wikipedia.com
4- www.google.co.in

Advance Railway Automation 2009-10: Dept of Mech Sjce Mysore

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DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 1

The Advanced Railway Automation uses the ‘Wireless’ system.

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 2

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 3

The Advanced Railway Automation system is comprised of following sections:

The Station Indicator System indicates the approaching station to on-board

First application is vibrator, means that when a passenger in a train half a KM

Third, once the fire is detected in a train automatically separation of particular

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 4

TO ACTIVATE THE VOLVES

MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROJECT:

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 5

1. Simple in design, easy to operate.

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 6

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INTERFACING CIRCUIT

R7 to R12 2.2 K Ohm ¼ Watt Carbon Resistors 6

According to circuit construction, the 'Wireless Antenna Control Cum Device

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 9

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 10

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES

Very high frequency, VHF

Ultra high frequency, UHF

Medium frequency, MFHz

The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Radio Frequency Signals:

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 11

At other frequencies, signals may propagate by various means, including

For convenience, the radio frequency spectrum is divided into a number of

Frequency and wavelength

The most commonly used methods of

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 12

If the modulating signal (audio) is correctly tailored prior to its application to

The output of the modulator (a modulated carrier) is amplified before outputting

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE RF Page 13

Typical Radio Transmitter & Receiver

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 14

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 15

MOTHER BOARD 89C51

Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some other device (often a consumer

Microcontrollers are often low-power devices. A desktop computer is almost

Introducing the Intel’s Microcontroller 89C51

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 16

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 17

Micro-controller Pin diagram

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 18

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system

In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 19

Port Pin Alternate Functions

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 20

Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched

Special Function Registers

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 21

When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the

Pins Description LCD DATA WRITE WAVEFORM

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 22

0 0 0 0 1 DL N F * * Set Interface Length

 Multiplexing driving : 1/16duty, 1/4bias, 6 o’clock

DEPT OF MECH SJCE MYSORE Page 25

Mounting and Design