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Project Leaders:
Project Duration
Date Started: November 2, 2005
Date Completed: April 30, 2008
Project Funding
Amount approved for the three years= PhP 3,258,754.48
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Several species of insects including ACB and the
European corn borer, were reported to developed
resistance to Bt corn.
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INTRODUCTION
Transgenic Bt plants typically provide continuous
protection against damage from susceptible insect
species, thereby, increasing the potential of insect
selection for resistance and the probability of negative
effects on natural enemies.
General Objectives:
1. Survey the occurrence of resistant ACB poplns in
selected growing areas (Bt corn planted for 2 years)
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METHODOLOGY:
METHODOLOGY……………….
Bioassay studies using lyophilized non-Bt and
Bt-corn leaves
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METHODOLOGY………..
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CONC’N %
POPULATION
(ng/uL) MORTALITY
San Felix, Sto Tomas, Batangas 0.10- 2.5 17.20ab
Tranca, Bay, Laguna 0.10- 2.5 14.70c
Bungo, Calamba, Laguna 0.10- 2.5 16.88bc
Sto Tomas, Calauan, Laguna 0.10- 2.5 18.80ab
Pili Drive, CES, UPLB 0.10- 2.5 19.50a
BIOTECH, UPLB 0.10- 2.5 19.60a
Purified Cry1Ab protein obtained from Dr. William Moar, Professor,
Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
All populations of ACB neonates showed comparable susceptibility
against Cry1Ab toxin except Tranca, population.
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Bungo, Calamba, Lag. 0.060 0.012 – 0.122 0.216 0.099 – 0.339 17.46 5.35 - 321
Sto Tomas, Calauan, Lag 0.059 0.005 – 0.147 0.216 0.058 – 0.385 19.39 6.43 – 377.92
Pili Drive, CES, UPLB 0.020 0.002 – 0.057 0.091 0.021 – 0.177 17.28 5.28 – 310.33
BIOTECH, UPLB 0.124 0.038 – 0.216 0.298 0.152 – 0.436 6.191 3.045 – 29.75
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Study Leaders:
Project Staff:
Evangeline G. Punzalan - University Res. Associate I:
Jonathan Dechitan - Laborer
Objectives % Accom-
Specific Study Objectives plishment
1. Determine the effect of feeding ACB larvae with Bt corn leaf, Bt 100
corn leaf extracts and Bt corn potted plants.
2. Determine the LD50 & LD99 of Cry1AB on 3rd instar ACB larvae 100
3. Determine the effect of feeding on tassel w/ pollen & decaying Bt
corn leaves/organic matter (additional objectives after the 100
inception meeting).
4. Determine predatory consumption of earwig feed w/ ACB larvae
reared on artificial diet only & those fed w/ ACB larvae imbibed 100
w/ Bt-protein & from those fed w/ dog food-corn cob diet.
5. Determine the effect of integrating earwigs & Bt corn in delaying
development of resistant ACB popln (budget was not released). 30
6. To determine popl’n of natural enemies in Bt corn plants &
ordinary hybrid corn with & without earwig releases. 30
7. Determine effect of Cry1Ab protein on the life cycle, fecundity,
egg viability, survival, sex ratio & longevity of earwigs fed w/
100
ACB larvae reared on artificial diet, fed w/ ACB larvae imbibed
w/ Bt-protein and from those feed with dog food-corn cob diet .
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METHODOLOGY-STUDY 2
Effect of feeding ACB larvae with Bt- CL and Bt corn leaf extracts
(Bt-LE)
ACB reared on artificial diet (Ceballo); predatory earwigs on dog
food-corn cob combination (Punzalan & Moralllo-Rejesus, 2004).
METHODOLOGY- STUDY 2
Screen house
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METHODOLOGY – STUDY 2
Predatory capacity
Four nymphal instars of earwigs starved for 48 hrs were
introduced with different ACB larval instars 24, 48, and
72 hours.
METHODOLOGY – STUDY 2
Insect rearing
Mass rearing of ACB and Predatory earwigs, Euborellia annullipes
Treatments:
Prey A = earwigs fed with ACB larvae imbibed with LD25 (300 ng)
Prey B = earwigs fed with ACB larvae imbibed with LD50 (600 ng)
Prey C = earwigs fed w/ ACB larvae imbibed w/ pure Bt corn leaf extracts
P1 earwigs were reared until adult stage using artificial diet (dog food &
corn cob combination) & soil MC was maintained at 27 to 30%.
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METHODOLOGY – STUDY 2
Bt & non- Bt corn (IPB 911) tassel & leaves
were collected from pots planted with corn
in the screen house.
Materials were wet, stored in a covered
plastic container for 15 days.
200 g each were placed inside an acrylic A
pan & one pair of 3rd nymphal instar
earwig was released & allowed to feed
on it .
20 containers/replicate, replicated 3X (60
pairs/medium)
Artificial diet served as the control. B
METHODOLOGY – STUDY 2
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METHODOLOGY – STUDY 2
Earwigs and other NE’s monitored at
pre-vegetative, whorl & tassel stages
by putting traps and by sweepings B
Table 4. The lethal time (LT50) that caused 50% mortality of the third instar
ACB larvae fed w/ the different portions Bt corn leaf & imbibed
with its leaf extract1.
LT50 (Hours)
Parts of the leaf
Imbibed (pure) Feed
Lower 48.95 80.35
Middle 31.27 63.42
Tip 11.68 23.12
1Ten insects per replicate; replicated 3X (n=90)
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Table 5. The lethal time (LT50) that caused death of different ACB larval
instars fed with whole Bt –corn leaf kept inside an acrylic pan.
Adult Male
Adult Female
50
0
6h 12h 18h 24h 6h 12h 18h 24h 6h 12h 18h 24h 6h 12h 18h 24h 6h 12h 18h 24h 6h 12h 18h 24h
eggmass 1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar 4th instar 5th instar
-50
Fig. 6. Average number of the different stages of ACB consumed by the different stages of
predatory earwigs in 24 hour.
All the nymphal instars & adult earwigs prefer to fed on early instar prey
especially neonates
Due to the bigger size of 4th & 5th instar ACB larval preys, adult earwigs have
difficulty in paralyzing the larvae through their forceps.
Some of the adult earwigs that persist on preying had their notal membrane
split, consequently resulting to their death.
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Percent Survivor
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Days of Counting Days of Counting
Fig. 7. % earwig survivor when fed with A – Bt corn tassel & B –Bt corn decaying eaves.
No difference in % earwig survivor when the predator was fed with both Bt &
non-Bt corn tassel w/ pollen & decaying leaves for 30 days (Fig. 7).
Tassel, pollen and decaying Bt corn leaves were not detrimental to the
earwigs indicating that the continuous planting of Bt corn will not reduce the
popln of predatory earwig in the field.
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1Based on 90 females (5 trials); Prey A - ACB larvae imbibed with LD25 (300 ng); Prey B - ACB larvae
imbibed with LD50 (600 ng); Prey C - ACB larvae imbibed with pure Bt corn leaf extracts ; Prey D - ACB
larvae imbibed 1,250 ng (amount of Bt protein expressed in Bt corn leaf obtained by ELISA) ; Prey E -
untreated ACB larvae (control); Prey F – Dog food –corn cob combination diet (control)o death of an adult
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Based on the life cycle, percent survival and fecundity, earwigs preyed
with Cry1Ab-treated and –untreated ACB larvae showed no differences.
In effect, Cry1Ab is not detrimental to earwigs.
RECOMMENDATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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